英語高考的實(shí)詞與虛詞

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上英語的虛詞與實(shí)詞虛詞<介詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞>虛詞沒有實(shí)在意義，不能獨(dú)立承擔(dān)句子成分，包括冠詞、介詞、連詞和感嘆詞:而且還有一個重要的特點(diǎn)，那就是，虛詞沒有詞形的變化： 一、冠詞(art.)：用在名詞前，幫助說明名詞。如：a，an，the. 1.不定冠詞:a，an 2.定冠詞：the 二、介詞(prep.)：表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in，on，from，above，behind, across, against, along, around, among, before, below, beneath, besides, bey

2、ond, despite, during, except, front, including, inside, like, into, next, near, of, onto, out, out of, outside, over, owning to, per, regarding, since, through, till, towards, under, unlike, until, up, upon, via, while, with, within, without 1.簡單介詞：是由一個單詞構(gòu)成的介詞?？煞譃槿悾?普通介詞:如at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to

3、，with等 合成介詞:如onto，into，within等 分詞介詞：如including等 2.二重介詞：是由兩個簡單介詞連用而構(gòu)成的介詞。 如：from behind，since before，until after等 3.短語介詞：是由兩個或兩個以上的詞所組成的短語構(gòu)成的介詞。如：in front of，because of，instead of等 三、連詞(conj.)：用來連接詞、短語或句子。按在句子中的作用可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞： After, although, also, and, anywhere, as, as long as, as soon as, because,

4、 before, both and but, considering, either or even if, even so, even though, everywhere, for, hence, however, if, in case, in order that, instead of, likewise, never, nevertheless, not onlybut also, now that, once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so that, such that, thus, till, until, unless,

5、when, whenever, wherever, whether, where, while1.并列連詞 表示平行或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系的并列連詞：and，bothand，as well as，not onlybut also，neithernor等 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞:but，yet，while等 表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞：or，eitheror等 表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞：for，so等 2.從屬連詞：是引導(dǎo)從句的連詞 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞：that，whether，if 引導(dǎo)副詞性從句的連詞：when，while，as，since，before， after，once，as soon as，unt

6、il，till，because，now that，although，though，even if，even though，no matter how，no matter what，whatever，however，whetheror，if，unless，so long as，as long as，in order that，so that，sothat，as if，as though，than，where，wherever等 四、代詞(pron.)：主要用來代替名詞。如：all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, ev

7、ery, everybody, everything, he, her, himself, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine, yours, neither, nobody, none, nothing, other, others, so, some, something, someone, that, these, they, this, those, us, what, whatever, when, whenever, who, whoever, whose, 五、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hell

8、o一篇文章10個空， 一般7個空是有提示詞的， 相當(dāng)于用所給詞的正確形式填空；另外3個是沒有提示詞的，需要我們填入連詞，代詞，介詞，冠詞等虛詞。1）. 名詞前面一般用冠詞，代詞或介詞等。. A young man, while traveling through a desert, came across a spring of clear water. _ water was sweet. Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not _ pleasant experience. The young man went home

9、 _ a happy heart. Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for _ great works._ time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man. .The girl danced _ the music of Paul Mallrats band.（2）. 缺主語或賓語，一般填代詞。. Here are two bags. The blue _ is mine. Suddenly the wall moved_ was made of trees. New technologies have made _

10、possible to turn out new products faster._ is important for our students to exercise one hour every day.（3）. 并列的兩個或多個單詞，短語，或句子之間設(shè)空，一般填入并列連詞and, but, or等。. Each winner receives a gold medal, a diploma _ a sum of money. He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, _ he felt very happy. Whic

11、h do you prefer, folk music _ pop music?（4）. 兩句之間，如果不是并列句，則很可能是主從句，因此需要填入從屬連詞（what， which， who, how, when等）。比如賓語從句，定語從句或者是狀語從句的連接詞。這種空格需要同學(xué)們根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，分析到底是什么從句，從而選擇合適的從屬連詞。. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. _hard your try, it is difficult to lose

12、weight. If you happen to get lost in the wild, youd better stay _ you are. _we have enough evidence, we cannot win the case. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_ their parents speak at home.At the same time, there had been a growing number of overseas stu

13、dents _came back to China after study.My face turned red on hearing _ my mother said._ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. .It was the ability to do the job _ matters not where you come from or what you are. .No sooner had she gone out_ a s

14、tudent came to visit her.     實(shí)詞是指有實(shí)在意義，能獨(dú)立承擔(dān)句子成分的詞，包括名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞和數(shù)詞。而且還有一個重要的特點(diǎn)，那就是，實(shí)詞有詞形的變化，尤其是動詞，可謂變化多端： 1、名詞(n.)：表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange. 2、形容詞(adj.)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good，right，white，orange . 3、數(shù)詞(num.)：表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one，two，three，first，se

15、cond，third，fourth. 4、動詞(v.)：表示動作或狀態(tài)。如：am，is，are，have，see . 5、副詞(adv.)：修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞，說明時間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：well，very，here，often，quietly，slowly. 構(gòu)詞法 Word Formation在英語中詞的構(gòu)成方式主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。一、 合成 Compounding 兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。方式：1. 直接寫在一起。 2. 用連字符(-)連接。 3. 由兩個分開的詞構(gòu)成。(1) 合成形容詞方式例詞1形容詞形容詞red-hot2形容詞名詞first-class, full

16、-time, part-time3形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容詞過去分詞ready-made5形容詞名詞-edgood-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded6名詞名詞-ediron-willed7名詞形容詞world-famous, day-long 8名詞現(xiàn)在分詞beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名詞過去分詞man-made, water-covered, 10副詞形容詞ever-green11副詞現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working, far-seeing

17、12副詞過去分詞well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13數(shù)詞名詞five-year14數(shù)詞名詞+形容詞five-year-old15數(shù)詞名詞-edfour-legged, six-storied (2)合成動詞構(gòu)成方式例詞1名詞動詞day-dream2副詞動詞overcome, upturn翻起3形容詞動詞white-wash(3)合成名詞構(gòu)成方式例詞1名詞名詞horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容詞名詞back-yard, forehead, 3動名詞名詞hiding place, read

18、ing-room4動詞副詞get-off, break in, 5副詞動詞output, overflow(4)合成副詞however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代詞whoever, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前綴前綴含義例詞a-處在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disord

19、er, disagreeun-不做相反動作unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conduct

20、or, non-stopde-向相反方向發(fā)展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解凍）anti-反（對）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-錯誤的，壞的misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere重復(fù)，再rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele遠(yuǎn)程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-在上面，超級supermarke

21、t, superpower, under-在之下underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之間international, interact, inter-changesub-下，次subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans-過，穿過，變transformation(變形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi兩個bicycle, bi

22、ennial兩年一次的tri三個triangle三角形, tricycle三輪腳踏車, triplets三胞胎mul-多，多種multiply, multi-national, multi-colouredkilo-千kilometre, kilogram 后綴 后 綴例 詞名詞-erfarmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-essactress, waitress, princess, hostess-orconductor, sailor, t

23、ransistor, operator, -arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istscientist, dentist, communist, socialist, -ent/-antassistant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tiondictation, preparation, repetition, acti

24、on, information, invention-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ageshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependen

25、ce, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial, arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -domfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以構(gòu)成名詞，又可以構(gòu)成形容詞。-er 構(gòu)成的名詞，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后綴例 詞形容詞-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anE

26、uropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sun

27、ny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-like

28、childlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excellent, frequent -lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后綴例 詞動詞-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shor

29、ten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后 綴例 詞副詞-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward，afterwards-lyslowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly三、轉(zhuǎn)化 Conversion: 指一個詞不變化詞形，而由一種此類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類或幾種詞類。1. 名詞和動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化telephone電話打電話, mirror鏡子像鏡子一樣反映, drink喝飲料, record錄音記錄, name, date,

30、hand, study, 2. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 perfect完美的使完善3.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞(副詞) front前面前面的4.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 chief 主要的首領(lǐng)-al arrive (n.) _ chemistry (adj.) _memory(n.) _ (v.) _ music(adj.) _(n.) _survive(n.) _(n.) _ try(n.) _-ance / -ence absent (n.) _ allow(n.) _appear(n.) _(反義n.) _ assist(n.) _(n.) _consequence(n.) _ convenient (n.)

31、 _(反n.) _different (n.) _ evident (n.) _exist (n.) _ guide (n.) _ important (n.) _depend (adj.) _ (n.) _ (反n.) _insure (n.) _ intelligent (n.) _patient (n.) _ significant (n.) _silent (n.) _ violent (n.) _-ary / -erybrave(n.) _ discover(n.) _ rob(n.) _scene(n.) _ slave(n.) _-ableadmire (adj.) _ chan

32、ge (adj.) _ comfort (adj.) _enjoy (adj.) _ reason (adj.) _ rely (adj.) _suit (adj.) _ value (adj.) _-mentAchieve (n.) _ adjust (n.) _advertise (n.) _ agree (n.) _ (反n.) _amuse (n.) _ appoint (n.) _argue (n.) _ arrange (n.) _courage (v.) _ (n.) _entertain (adj.) _ (adj.) _ (n.) _equip (n.) _ judge (n

33、.) _employ (n.) _ (反n.) _-nessdark (n.) _ happy (n.) _ill (n.) _ kind (n.) _ sad (n.) _ weak (n.) _1、有提示詞     這類題首先需要我們根據(jù)上下文，分析句子成分，確定空格所需要的詞性，再根據(jù)前后文確定詞形。（1）如果要填入動詞，我們需要判斷到底是謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。      如果缺謂語動詞，就要考慮到時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。      若句中已有謂語動詞，又不是并列謂語時，那么

34、我們應(yīng)該填入非謂語動詞，這時我們需要確定到底是to do, doing還是done的形式。. For example, I _ (order) a digital camera online the other day and saved about $50. When I die, I _ (give) everything to you. On their return, the father asked his son _(explain) what he had learnt. They are animals _ (live) in the sea. He likes reading

35、 books _ (write) by Lu Xun. The water will be further polluted unless some measures _ (take). The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_ (hear) . _(play) computer games is what boys like best. It is high time you _ (work) hard at English. . If you _ (come) yesterday, you

36、would have met Andy Liu.  （2）如果需要填入名詞，我們則需要判斷是否有單復(fù)數(shù)和所有格的變化。. My first _ (impress) of him is that he was a kind and thoughtful man. These people have made great _ (contribute) to China with their work.Youll want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _(people).（3）如果

37、需要填入形容詞、副詞。首先，我們要確認(rèn)到底是填形容詞還是副詞。形容詞一般用來修飾名詞，代詞，或作表語；副詞一般用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子。其次，我們還要考慮是否需要變成比較級或最高級。. Before the trip I thought we were rich, but today I learnt who is _ (true) rich. He must be _ (mental) disabled. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled _ (warm), and thanked his student very much for th

38、e sweet. _ (Fortune), nobody was injured and no buildings were destroyed. Some people say that the oldest child, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely to be _ (succeed). The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hourmuch _ (fast) than any of its rivals（對手）.三、語篇練習(xí)一Most students do

39、an IQ test early in their school career. Even if they never see their results, they feel that their IQ is _1_ determines how well they are going to do in life. When they see other students doing _2_ (good) than them, they usually believe that those students have _3_ higher IQ and that there is nothi

40、ng they can do to change the fact. However, new research _4_ EQ suggests that success is not _5_ (simple) the result of a high IQ.While your IQ tells you how_6_ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence. Professor Salovery, _7_ invented the term EQ, gives the follo

41、wing description: at work, it is IQ that _8_ (get) you promoted. Supported by his academic research, Professor Salovery suggests that when_9_ (predict) someones future success, their character, as _10_(measure) by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.二Paula interviewed two _1_ (teenage

42、), Emily and Jerry, for a program _2_ family life. There are three people in Emily's family and five in Jerry's family, so Jerry sometimes feels _3_ (crowd) in their little flat. Emily has a lot of possessions, but Jerry doesn't have many. Emily is not_4_ (expect) to do housework, but Je

43、rry is. They both like to do things with their family. But Emily's parents are_5_ (business), so they usually do their own_6_ (person) things. Jerry and his family do things together. His family always comes to school events. Emily's parents don't usually set rules for her _7_ Jerry'

44、s parents set some rules for him. Emily likes her new flat, but she _8_ (feel) lonely when her parents are away _9_home. Jerry loves his family very much. They have a close _10_ (relation) and always support each other.三Good afternoon, parents and teachers. Thank you for_1_(attend) this meeting. Las

45、t weekend, one of_2_ (we) students went to hospital. The student played computer games on the Internet all day Saturday without stopping_3_ (eat), drink or sleep. Finally, he became very ill. Some students play computer games for too long. This is_4_ serious problem. In the past, students used _5_ (

46、play) outside more often, _6_ now they spend more time_7_(play) computer games. This is bad for their health. Tomorrow we will have some experts here to talk to the students_8_ the bad effects of playing computer games. They will also give some advice on how_9_ (use) computers for studying. I hope w

47、e can all work together to stop students from spending too_10_ (many) time playing computer games.四Some people have a very poor sense of _1_ (direct). Unluckily, I am one of them. I _2_ (visit) a place many times but I may still get lost there the next time. _3_I was a little girl, I never dared to

48、ask strangers the way. And so I used to walk round in circles and hope that by chance I would get to the place I was going to. Now, I am no longer too shy _4_ (ask) people for directions, but I often receive helpless or even wrong information. So I try to avoid _5_ (give) people wrong directions. If anyone ever asks me the way somewhere, I would say,” Sorry, I am _6_stranger here.” Once on my way _7_work I was stopped by a man. He asked me if I coul