珍貴資料--高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)歸納--歷年高考真題?？键c(diǎn)詳細(xì)歸納講解與練習(xí)6--句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分

1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分 相關(guān)概念1. 詞性的英文縮寫在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們?cè)谟泦卧~的時(shí)只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們?cè)谟泦卧~時(shí)一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢?？s寫字母原詞代表詞性n. noun 名詞v.verb動(dòng)詞vt. transitive verb及物動(dòng)詞 vi. intransitive verb不及物動(dòng)詞modal v.modal verb 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞aux. v.auxiliary verb助動(dòng)詞adj. adjective形容詞adv. adverb 副詞num.numeral數(shù)詞erjection感嘆詞pron. pro

2、noun 代詞prep.preposition介詞art.article冠詞 conjconjunction連詞 2. 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，此時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞。The door opened. (open后面沒(méi)跟賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，open是不及物動(dòng)詞。)He opened the door.(open后面有賓語(yǔ)the door, 此時(shí)，open是及物動(dòng)詞。)注意：英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時(shí)后面是否跟賓語(yǔ)。有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，詞義相同。如：The meeting began a

3、t six. < vi.>We began the meeting at six. < vt.>有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物動(dòng)詞，“遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash及物動(dòng)詞，“洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash不及物動(dòng)詞，“耐洗”)英語(yǔ)中一些單詞是及物還是不及物，可能與漢語(yǔ)不同。He listens to the music

4、 every day. (listen為不及物動(dòng)詞，而漢語(yǔ)中“聽(tīng)”是及物動(dòng)詞。)指出下列句中斜體動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞填vt.，不及物填vi.?？键c(diǎn)1. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. (vt)考點(diǎn)2. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （vi）考點(diǎn)3. Shall I begin at once?（vi）考點(diǎn)4. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（vt）（vt）3. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義

5、動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞是根據(jù)動(dòng)詞在句子中的含義和作用來(lái)劃分的。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明確的意義，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)I like reading. （like “喜歡”，意思明確，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “買”，意義明確，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。）助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞的“助”是“幫助”之意。因此，助動(dòng)詞是指那些用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、疑問(wèn)句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無(wú)詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)

6、作謂語(yǔ)。幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的：The boy is crying.(is 用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，和crying一起作謂語(yǔ)，是助動(dòng)詞。)He has arrived. (has用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，和arrived一起作謂語(yǔ)，是助動(dòng)詞。)I have been painting all day. （have been用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，和painting一起作謂語(yǔ)，都是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句的：Does he like English? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句

7、，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)The house has been pulled down. (has been幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣，是助動(dòng)詞，屬于謂語(yǔ)的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many pres

8、ents on her birthday.(他如此愛(ài)他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實(shí)來(lái)過(guò)。did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)因此可以看出，常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦?dòng)詞。一個(gè)詞既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可以作助動(dòng)詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們?cè)诰渲械墓δ?。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)Did he do his homework yes

9、terday? (did是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，do是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)He has had breakfast. (has是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，had是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語(yǔ)。)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同助動(dòng)詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)。因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同基本助動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)意義，而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river.(can的詞義為“能夠”)You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”)I might

10、 leave tomorrow.（might的詞義為“或許”）4. 謂語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，再出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要變成非謂語(yǔ)形式，即：在前面加to構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式，或在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，或在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞。也就是說(shuō)，非謂語(yǔ)是指：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。先找出句中的謂語(yǔ)，然后改正句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說(shuō)明原因?？键c(diǎn)1. Getting up early is good for our health.早起有利于我們的身體健康?？键c(diǎn)2. I want to go home now. 我現(xiàn)在想回家。考點(diǎn)3. My favorite sport i

11、s playing football.我最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是踢足球?？键c(diǎn)4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鳥(niǎo)正在樹(shù)上唱歌。考點(diǎn)5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那邊的那個(gè)男孩喜歡唱歌?？键c(diǎn)6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了?？键c(diǎn)7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學(xué)?？键c(diǎn)8. My parents wanted

12、him work hard.我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)?？键c(diǎn)9. I remember saw him that day.我記得那天看見(jiàn)過(guò)他?？键c(diǎn)10. I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑進(jìn)那座建筑物。5. 主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系先看下面兩個(gè)題：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelle

13、dC. smellingD. is smelling一些同學(xué)分別選A和B。他們說(shuō)，食物是被品嘗、被聞的，和食物構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用過(guò)去分詞。這種說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的。非謂語(yǔ)中的主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系，不是從誰(shuí)做了這個(gè)動(dòng)作著眼，而是從恢復(fù)成一句話后是“主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”還是“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”著眼。主動(dòng)關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩) 從邏輯上講，the boycry, 男孩哭，相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。被動(dòng)關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The house built last year is the stro

14、ngest.(去年建的那座房子) 從邏輯上講，the house was built,房子被建，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。在上兩題中，邏輯關(guān)系可以表達(dá)為：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 邏輯上food和taste、smell是一種主謂關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。因此，上兩題的答案為C和C。6. 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系在判斷是否是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般說(shuō)，“賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”。一些同學(xué)對(duì)這句話不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他讓我借給他

15、一些錢?！癿e”是賓語(yǔ)，“me to lend him some money”意為“我借給他一些錢”。從意思上看，這像一句話，“我”是主語(yǔ)，“借給他一些錢”是謂語(yǔ)部分，但在英語(yǔ)原句中，它們卻不是真正的主謂關(guān)系。因此可以說(shuō)“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”，是指，從意思上看像主謂關(guān)系，而實(shí)際上不是?！皌o lend him some money”是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。判斷下列句中畫線部分是否是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(是的填T，不是的填F)寫作專練1. I want him to come at once. (T)寫作專練2. He lent me some money. (F)寫作專練3. He made the boy cr

16、y again. ( T )寫作專練4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( T )寫作專練5. Dont leave the door open at night. (T)7. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在我們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法的過(guò)程中，我們可能會(huì)聽(tīng)說(shuō)“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”、“動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”。實(shí)際上，這幾個(gè)“復(fù)合”，都有“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the party.(us是賓語(yǔ)，to come to the party是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)合在一起稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是邏輯

17、上的主謂關(guān)系。)Its important for us to learn English well.(it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是for us to learn English well?！皍s”是“to learn English well”的邏輯主語(yǔ)，二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。for somebody to do something是動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。)Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。與for somebody to do something的區(qū)別參看P. 83考點(diǎn)1，you和to hel

18、p me構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom遲到使我們老師生氣。coming是動(dòng)名詞，Toms coming late是動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Tom是coming late的邏輯主語(yǔ)，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)8. 沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化先看下列三組句中have、do和be的變化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I

19、 am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人稱的變化”是指：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用什么形式，受前面主語(yǔ)是第幾人稱的影響。主語(yǔ)同為單數(shù)（表示一個(gè)人）， be在第一人稱I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人稱后用原形，在第三人稱后用為does, has。“數(shù)”是指“單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)”?！皵?shù)的變化”是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用什么形式，還受前面主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的影響。如果主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如：He / I / We can swi

20、m. 句子成分英語(yǔ)的句子成分主要有六種：即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語(yǔ)”和“同位語(yǔ)”的說(shuō)法。但表語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)，因此劃分成分時(shí)，劃分在謂語(yǔ)上。同位語(yǔ)分為主語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)，屬于主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的一部分。1. 劃分句子成分時(shí)的常用符號(hào)英語(yǔ)中劃分句子成分的符號(hào)主語(yǔ) 在下面畫直線 謂語(yǔ) 在下面畫曲線 賓語(yǔ) 在下面畫雙橫線 定語(yǔ) 在下面畫虛線 （一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，“釘”諧音為“定語(yǔ)”的“定”） 狀語(yǔ) 下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短

21、橫間的空隙） 同位語(yǔ) 上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來(lái)充當(dāng)?？梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)的詞性或語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：1.名詞 2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞 4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式 6.動(dòng)名詞 7.主語(yǔ)從句等表示。在下面句子的主語(yǔ)下面畫橫線，并說(shuō)出由什么充當(dāng)。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students i

22、n this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說(shuō)明原因。（多看下）That H

23、e failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.正確運(yùn)用主語(yǔ)的各種形式（P. 227)3. 謂語(yǔ)謂

24、語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home a

25、ll day.由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.4. 表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)多是形容詞，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。畫出下列句中的表語(yǔ)，并說(shuō)明由什么充當(dāng)。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours? c) The weather ha

26、s turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語(yǔ)分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫

27、出下列句中的賓語(yǔ), 并說(shuō)明由什么充當(dāng)。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.6. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完

28、整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說(shuō)，在意思上，賓語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語(yǔ)。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her enteri

29、ng the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主補(bǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充。含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子在變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8

30、. 定語(yǔ)（重點(diǎn)）定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用“的”表示。定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語(yǔ)中，許多情況下，定語(yǔ)是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同，也是許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長(zhǎng)句的主要原因。a) 副詞用作定語(yǔ)一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)He didnt like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個(gè)人）b) 形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist.The

31、 man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）c) 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹(shù)下的那個(gè)男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）d) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)常后置。I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說(shuō)的話)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）The house built last year is impressive

32、.（去年建的那座房子） 口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫線標(biāo)出定語(yǔ)部分，留意定語(yǔ)的位置，并說(shuō)明定語(yǔ)是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast. He

33、has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back hom

34、e. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.用活形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)（P. 228） 9. 狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子, 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語(yǔ)。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(認(rèn)真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞，作狀語(yǔ))Thi

35、s material is environmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語(yǔ)）He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，作狀語(yǔ)）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語(yǔ)）幾個(gè)并列狀語(yǔ)的先后順序：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間一個(gè)句中有幾個(gè)并列狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morn

36、ing.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.正確安排并列狀語(yǔ)的順序（P. 228）頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.注意頻度副詞的位置（P. 228）狀語(yǔ)按意義分類在句子成分中，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

37、都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語(yǔ)了。因此，狀語(yǔ)的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語(yǔ)。I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in w

38、ith a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She wor

39、ks very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10. 同位語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分，近乎于后置定語(yǔ)。如：We students should study hard. / (students是

40、we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批“學(xué)生”）Its good to us students. 選擇正確答案，并口頭說(shuō)出句中那個(gè)是同位語(yǔ)。The young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the tr

41、ain.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語(yǔ)五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)用符號(hào)表示為： （主謂） （主謂賓） （主謂間賓直賓） （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） （主系表）主語(yǔ)（subject）謂語(yǔ)（predicate）賓語(yǔ)（object）定語(yǔ)（attribute）狀語(yǔ) (adverbial)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）表語(yǔ)（predicative）基本句型一： （主謂）這類句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語(yǔ)，但可以帶狀語(yǔ)。如: It is

42、 raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in th

43、e classroom yesterday. ( )基本句型二： （主系表）系動(dòng)詞主要是be，但還有一些動(dòng)詞有些時(shí)候也可作系動(dòng)詞，有人稱之為半系動(dòng)詞。如何辨別系動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞既可作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 如何來(lái)辨別呢？有一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。如： She looks beautiful. (looks變?yōu)閕s之后，她是美麗的，句意沒(méi)有大的變化，looks是系動(dòng)詞。) Look at the picture.(look不能換為be, look為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。) He felt the book with

44、his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能換為was, 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。) The silk feels soft.(這種絲綢摸起來(lái)很柔軟，feels換為is之后，句意變化不大，因此是系動(dòng)詞。)辨別下列斜體動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞還是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He cant proved his theory(理論).常

45、見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。The house stood empty for years.房子空了數(shù)年。He lies awake in be

46、d.他躺在床上，醒著。表“像”系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差錯(cuò)了。He appears young. 他看起來(lái)很年輕。 感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有l(wèi)ook“看起來(lái)”，feel“摸起來(lái)”, smell“聞起來(lái)”, sound“聽(tīng)起來(lái)”, taste“嘗起來(lái)”。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。 變化系動(dòng)詞這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣。變化系動(dòng)詞主要有beco

47、me, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。She grew rich within a short time. 她沒(méi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易變壞。His face went red.他的臉變紅了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Still waters run deep.靜水流深。終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有pro

48、ve, turn out, 表達(dá)“證實(shí)”，“變成”之意。如：The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他預(yù)言的結(jié)果是錯(cuò)的。用下畫線畫出下列句中的系動(dòng)詞。1. His advice proved right. 2. The shop stays open till 8 oclock. 3. The machine went wrong. 4. All these efforts

49、 seem in vain. 5. These words sound reasonable. 6. The room soon became crowded. 7. The days are getting longer and longer. 8. He fell ill yesterday. 9. Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great.系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)He is a student. ( )Your idea sounds great. ( )在一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單句中，一般情況要有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要注

50、意：介詞短語(yǔ)和形容詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)。改錯(cuò)：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Your book on the desk.答案及解析：Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much. (句中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)Your book is on the desk.（句中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）不要忘了使用系動(dòng)詞（P. 228） 基本句型三： （主謂賓）此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）+賓語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成。如：She likes English.We planted a lo

51、t of trees on the farm yesterday.用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)。練習(xí)1. People all over the world speak English. 練習(xí)2. Jim cannot dress himself. 練習(xí)3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 練習(xí)4. He did not know what to say. 練習(xí)5. He just wanted to stay at home.練習(xí)6. He practices speaking English every day.基本句型四： （主謂

52、間賓 直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，如：give“給”，pass“遞”，bring“帶”，show“顯示”。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語(yǔ)；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)。如：He gave me a cup of tea. ( )強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語(yǔ) + 介詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語(yǔ)為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞 + 代詞直接賓語(yǔ) + 介詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能說(shuō) Bring me it, plea

53、se.)常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。一般用to多些，用for的記住常用的三個(gè)就行：get, buy, make。He

54、sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John.分析下列句子成分，口頭說(shuō)出間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him m

55、y pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.用活雙賓語(yǔ)句式（P. 228）基本句型五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)做出說(shuō)明的成分。(答疑qq 329950885)賓語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。The war made him a soldier.（“他成為一個(gè)士兵”，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）New methods make the job easy. （）I often fin