詞匯學(xué)_lexic4補(bǔ)充Conversion

1、Word Formation Conversion （轉(zhuǎn)化法）Affix traps: the meaning of the following words? Roller, chopper (人，工具)使?jié)L轉(zhuǎn)的人，滾筒；砍伐者，碎邊機(jī)； Diner 用餐者；餐車（dining car） Typewriter 打字機(jī) Cooker 炊事用具，烹飪用的水果 Actioner 動(dòng)作影片 Pointer 獵狗；指示器 electronic pointer 電子指示裝置 Bouncer 戲院保鏢；跳躍者,愛吹牛的人 Thriller 驚險(xiǎn)小說Lets do exercise! The meaning

2、of the following words? Hemisphere Semicircle Dichotomy Bimonthly September decimal Foreknowledge Counter-revolution Hypersensitive Outweigh Defrost Asymmetry Some confusing suffixes Economy, comedy, politics, woman, child The car is _ to run. a _ old hat The _ man tried not to offend people. These

3、women have excelled, he said to his father, but they seem to be lacking in the_ qualities. Do not waste your time and as well as your talent doing _ stuff How is a verb formed?What is conversion? Can you can a can as a canner cans a can? FATHER _ FOR MURDER OF DAUGHTER JAILED to plan a table, or to

4、table a plan; to book a place, or to place a book.Conversion vs. derivation Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. Also called functional shift or “derivation by zero suffix. e.g., m

5、ushroom n. a fast-growing fungus (菌類) of which some kinds can be eaten. v. to gather mushrooms; now to spread or grow rapidly. Conversion (P. 67) Noun to Verb conversion Verb to Noun conversion Adjective to Verb conversion Adjective to Noun conversion Other types Conversion is a result of the almost

6、 entire loss of inflection in Modern English conversion is extremely productive. The percentage of converted words in the vocabulary of contemporary English is about 10.5%. C o n v e r s i o n m a y r e s u l t i n d i f f e r e n t pronunciation or stress. For example? (p.68) : Types of conversion

7、(1): Noun to Verb conversion Conversion e.g. radio n.-to radio a message Xerox n.- to Xerox a book tape n. -to tape a lecture x-ray n.-to x-ray sbs chest videotape n. - to videotape the conferenceOther sources of verb:Suffixation: a few verb-forming affixes in English. be-, en-, -ify, -ize and enBac

8、k-formation Ways of conversion:a. To put in/on N: e.g. can The workers canned apples. The workers put apples in cans. bottle, cage, corner, pocket.b. To give N, to Provide N: e.g. shelter They sheltered the orphans. cf. They gives shelter to the orphans coat, wax, sugar, label, plaster, grease.c. To

9、 deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from sth.: e.g. Bill weeded the garden. cf. Bill cut off weeds in the garden. core, dust. skin, gut, peel.d. To .with N: e.g. John braked the car. cf. John stopped the car with a brake. She fingered the soft silk. cf. She felt the soft silk

10、with her fingers. screw, glue, nail, elbow, knife x-ray, head. bee. To N with respect to .: act as 1) verbs from human nouns:e.g. She mothered the orphan. cf. She looked after the orphan like an mother.nurse, pilot, referee, usher. 2) verbs from animal nouns: e.g. Tom parroted what the boss had said

11、. cf. Tom repeated what the boss had said by rote like a parrot. Ape, monkey, dog, wolf 3) verbs from inanimate nouns: e.g. The police shadowed the suspected spy. cf. The police followed the suspected spy closely like a shadow. makef. To .into N: change e.g. Please cash this cheque for me. cf. Pleas

12、e change this cheque into cash. cripple, feature, orphan, fool, group sendg. To by N: goe.g. Will you please mail the parcel? cf. Will you please send the parcel by mail. We bicycled to the Summer Palace.cf. we went to the Summer palace by bicycle. motor, boat, ski.h. To spend the period of time den

13、oted by N:e.g. We summered in Qingdao. cf. We spend summer in Qingdaoholiday, winter, weekend, honeymoon, vacationTypes of conversion (2): Verb to Noun conversionWays of verb to noun conversion: a. state (static verbs can be changed to count or mass nouns) e.g.He has a desire to be a scientist. He d

14、esired to be a scientist.doubt, disgust, want, surprise.b. Event/activity (from dynamic v): his usual morning commute to work. to give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh; to have a look, swim, ride, try, drink; to make a dash, dive, guess, search, an attempt;to take a peep, stroll, turn.c. Object or

15、 result of V:e.g. This little restaurant is quite a find. catch (of dish), answer, cough, import, rejectd. Agent of V.:e.g. He is a great bore. cheat, spy, coach, help, rebel.e. Instrument of V e.g. The cloth is a good cover for the table. cure, wrap, polishf. Place of the V:e.g. This is the divide

16、between the two rivers.-This is the place where the .turn, rise, retreat, dumpg. compounde.g. breakdown, breakthrough, dropout, frame-up, get-away, get-together, hold-up, sell-out, show-downTypes of conversion (3): Adj. to Verb conversiona. intransitive verbs meaning to be, become, the quality denot

17、ed by the adjective, pale, slim, sour, mellow, dim (out), and idle (away). e.g., She is trying to slim by jogging dieting.b. Transitive verbs meaning to cause someone or sth. to be become, the quality denoted by the adjective, such as: e.g. calm (down), clear, cool, dry, dirty, empty, narrow, slow (

18、down), sober up.Types of conversion (4): Adj. to Noun conversion Ways of conversion: partial conversion and complete conversion. a. partial conversion: Some adj. are used as nouns when proceeded by the definite articles e.g. the poor, the wounded 1) The + adjectives (including participles) e.g. This

19、 is a school for the deaf and the blind. The poor were oppressed by the rich during pre-liberation days. He had a great sympathy for the oppressed and the exploited. Note: one cannot say : *I saw a poor. *These poors are good people., *Those poors houses need repairing.2) Adj. ending in -sh,-se, and

20、 -ch denote peoples of a nation when they are preceded by the definite article:e.g. In former days the English and the Scotch were often at war. The Japanese are an industrious people. 3) Adj. denoting a quality in the abstract may be used as nouns, preceded by the definite article.e.g. Mary has a s

21、trong dislike for the sentimental. In those days my father had to take the rough with the smooth. (能享樂也能吃苦)4) Adverbial superlatives are sometimes preceded by a definite article and used substantively. I will give you a definite answer on Tuesday at the latest. He is at his best in his description o

22、f college life.5) Instead of being used to denote a group of persons, some nouns converted from participles, when preceded by the definite article, can refer to a single person: the accused, the deceased, the departed, the deserted, and the condemned. Some such converted nouns may be used without be

23、ing preceded by a definite article e.g. Both young and old are doing their best for the four modernizations. The accuseds condition is quite critical. b. complete conversion: The conversion of adj. to n. is complete when the converted form takes on all the features of a noun. native : a native, two natives, the natives language, and a returned nativee.g. Hes a natural for the job. The young mar