英語語法大全-句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并,推薦文檔

1、英語語法大全-句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并I.簡單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1781 句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個句子由一種語法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原 來的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會許多不同的說法，能從幾個句子中挑選 出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问健 .主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 一個句子可以由主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃咏Y(jié)構(gòu)（參閱 12071209）：He has finished his university studies.His university studies have been finished.They put him to death.He was put to death.An

2、 Englishman teaches him English.He is taught English by an Englishmen.B .肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換一個句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?，也可由否定形式變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑篒 am doubtful of his honesty.I am not sure of his honesty.Few understand it.Not many understand it.He is sometimes silly.He is not always clever.It is tidy .It is not untidy .He alway

3、s objectedHe never agreedHe failed to comeHe did not comeShe told the story with tearsShe told the story not without tearsOnly he knows itNobody else knows itHe lacks courageHe is without courageHe is very tiredHe is not a little tiredHe will always remember your kindnessHe will never forget your ki

4、ndnessC 反問型問句與陳述句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換反問型問句(Rhetorical QuestionS)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍?Is that the way to treat your wife？That is not the way to treat your wifeCan I say anything？I cannot say anythingWhere can you ever see a gho？stYou can never see a ghost anywhereWho cares about you？Nobody cares about youWhy should I apologize

5、？ I should not apologizeD 不同詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)換幾乎任何詞類都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類?？梢允牵?1動詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：Our enemy is strengtheningOur enemy is gaining strengthThey agreed not to criticize each otherThey made an agreement not to criticize each other It has a good smellJohn disgraces our familyJohn is a disgrace to our family2動詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)

6、換：He neglects my adviceHe is negligent of my adviceHe fears nothingHe is afraid of nothingThis letter expresses his gratitudeThis letter is expressive of his gratitudeThey widened and lengthened the streetThey made the street wide and long3動詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：He succeeded in advising Mary He advised Mary succ

7、essfullyIt smells goodThey enjoyed celebrating the festivalThey celebrated the festival joyfullyThis story surpasses others in beautyThis story is surpassingly beautiful4名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：He is a man of wealthHe is a wealthy manHe is a husband with no hear，t she is a wife with a long tongueHe is a heartles

8、s husban，d she is a long-tongued wife “ Here lies the only wile of JohnLee”“ Here lies John Lees only wife ”This policy is of great importanceThis policy is very important There was once a monster with three headsThere was once a three-headed monster5名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：Please handle it with carePlease handle

9、 it carefullyIn all probability ，it will rain this evening Most probably，it will rain this evening Our troops entered the city in triumphOur troops entered the city triumphantly6形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：After a careful analysis， the food proves poisonousCarefully analysed，the food proves poisonousHe hates hard wo

10、rkHe hates to work hard7介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：I like him for his unselfishnessI like him because he is unselfishI will wait until his return I will wait until he returns 圖解：U.簡單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1782 一個分詞、動名詞、不定式或介詞短語可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過來也如此： Sittingdown ，he read the letterHe sat down and he read the letterThe guest leaving， I

11、went to bedThe guest left， and then I went to bedBeing tired of life ， he refuses to see any friends or relativesHe is tired of life ， so he refuses to see any friends or relativesHe ran away to avoid punishmentHe ran away，or he would be punishedHe has to work hard to maintain his big familyHe has t

12、o work hard， otherwise he cannot maintain his big familyOut of a desire to please her mothe，r he sent her things from time to timeHe sent things to her mother from time to time， for he desires to please her Besidesselling rice， he teaches arithmetic in the eveningHe sells rice，and besides he teaches

13、 arithmetic in the eveningWith all his efforts ，he failedHe made all efforts， but he failedBy his good manners， he wins her heartHe has good manner，s therefore he wins her heartThe boy is rewarded for his braveryThe boy is brave，so he is rewarded圖解：川簡單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1783 一個詞或是短語可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、定語從句或狀語從句，反過來也如此

14、：A名詞從句I cannot tell the time of his arrival I cannot tell when he will arrive I believe your statementI believe what you stateI insisted on his studying artI insisted that he should study artI was informed of his behaviourI was informed of how he behavedI wish you to be always happyI wish that you w

15、ill be always happy I think it fit for you to take over the businessI think it fit that you take over the businessIlearn of his successI learn that he has succeededHis arrival is a great eventThat he has arrived is a great eventHow to get rid of poverty is a big problemIt is a big problem how we can

16、 get rid of poverty圖解：B 定語從句He is a selfmade manHe is a man who has succeeded by his own effortsIt has become an independent countryIt has become a country that is no more controlled by anothorI want to live and die in my native village I want to live and die in the village where I was bornShe wears

17、 a sea blue skirtShe wears a skirt which is as blue as the seaWe need an atom smashing machineWe need a machine that can smash atomsI have nothing to sayI have nothing that I wish to sayThe evil done lives after the doersThe evil that men do lives after them 圖解：C 狀語從句The children quarrelled over the

18、 property on the death of their father The childrenquarrelled over the property as soon as their father died After 20 years of service，heretiredWhen he had served 20 year，s he retiredHe died in his native placeHe died where he was bornHe stayed at home because of illnessHe stayed at home because he

19、was illIn spite of my advice， he persisted in going out with herAlthough I advised him ，he persisted in going out with herYou may drink to your hearts contentYou may drink as much as you likeWithout any water，this plant cannot liveUnless it gets some wate，r this plant cannot liveHe is too tired to w

20、ork any moreHe is so tired that he cannot work any moreI will inform the police to punish him I will inform the police so that he may be punished注： 1782 中大部分短語不僅可以變?yōu)椴⒘械姆志?，也可以變?yōu)闋钫Z從句 圖解：W.復(fù)雜句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1784 He gained a lot of money in gambling and he wished to gamble again After hegained a lot of money

21、in gambling，he wished to gamble againHe may be interested in art and in that case he should go to some fine arts schoolIf he is interested in art， he should go to some fine arts schoolRecede one step and they will proceed threeIf you recede one step，they will proceed threeHe is poor，but he is proudA

22、lthough he is poor，he is proudHe has failed， yet he has done his bestAlthough he has failed，he has done his bestWe must keep silent or father will get angryWe must keep silent lest father should get angryHe must live a regular life，otherwise he will fall ill Unless he lives a regular life，he will fa

23、ll ill He is a very good teache，r so the students like himThe students like him， because he is a good teacherThey have said all they wish to say，therefore they understand each other thoroughly Asthey have said all they wish to say，they understand each other thoroughly 圖解：V直接引語和間接引語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1785 說話人講的話可以

24、用兩種方式來引用。 如果引用他的原話， 就稱作直接引語。因此 Hesaid，“I am very ill ”為直接引語。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來引用，則稱為間接引語。因此 He said that he was very ill.為間接引語。Said 這樣的動詞稱為引話動 詞，它前面的主語，例如 he,可稱為第一主語。引語中的主語，如I 及 he,稱為第二主語。引語中的謂語動詞稱為第二動詞。當(dāng)直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，或間接引 語轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語時，有幾個問題需要注意。A .大寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)直接引語放在引號之內(nèi)，第一個字母要大寫，引號前加逗號（間或用冒號），引語 末加句號、問號或感嘆號， 但在間接引語中卻不

25、加這些。 間接引語必須由 that， whether （ if ）或疑問詞（ who， why， when 等）開頭，末尾要加句號。此外，在直接引語中 問句可能有倒裝語序（助動詞放在主語前面），但在間接引語中，問句則需變?yōu)樽?然語序：I say，“He will come. ”I say that he will come.I say：“When will he com？e ”I ask when he will come.B .引話動詞與第二動詞 引話動詞可以是 say， remark， observe，claim， explain，con-firm；ask， enquire， questi

26、on； answer， reply；declare， announce；beg， urge，suggest， request， demand；order， command；object， deny， admit， agree， argue；warn， threaten；think， reflect， consider； write, cable, phone, telex； shout,laugh, sneer 等等。若引話動詞是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，則當(dāng)引語由直接變?yōu)殚g接時，第二動詞照舊不變。 但若引話動詞是過去時,則間接引語中的第二動詞,就要由現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)檫^去時,由 過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時等。I s

27、ay(or will say) to him，“ John arrive(s or will arrive ，arrived)on Sunday ”I say(or will say) to him that John arrives(or will arrive ， arrived) on SundayI said to him ，“ John arrive(s or will arrive ，arrived)on SundayI said to him that John arrived(or would arrive， had arrived) on SundayC 引話動詞與連詞1 如

28、果間接引語為陳述句，它前面通常都有：say that， know that， tell him that， state that,2.如果它是問句，它前面通常有：ask(him )whether(or if) , in quire (of him) whether, demand (of him)whether，won der whether, want to know whether； 或 ask( him) + W (即疑問詞，如 who, whom, whe n, why, which) , in quire (of him) + W,3 .如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaim

29、that, cry out with joy that,4.如果間接引語為祈使句, 它前面通常有：demand that, ask that,request that,advise that,order that,且里面包含助動詞 should.此外間接引語還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短 語,這時引話動詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動詞：1.I said,“You are a nice boy.”I said that he was a nice boy.I thought, “You will fail again.”I thought that he would fail again.2.I said,“Are y

30、ou a nice bo？y ”I asked whether he was a nice bo.yI thought to myself,“Will he fail again？”I asked myself whether he would fail again.I enquired of him, “Who knows ？it ”I enquired of him who knew it.3I said，“ What a nice boy you a！re”I exclaimed that he was indeed a nice boyI said，“ Hurra！h We have

31、won the battle ”I cried with joy that we had won the battleHe said，“ Curse！it You are a fool”He exclaimed with an oath that I was a foolHe said，“ Brav！o You have done something wonder ful ”He applauded me， saying that I had done something wonderful4I said to him， “ Be a nice boy ”I advised that he s

32、hould be a nice boyI advised him to be a nice boyI said to him，“ See me at the station”I requested that he should see me at the stationI requested him to see me at the stationD 代詞此外還要注意，把直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語中代 詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語一致的代詞。I said，“ I can do it ”I said that I could do itHe said

33、，“ I must go ”He said that he must goYou said，“ I know ”You said that you knew We said， “ We can doitWe said that we could do itThey said， “ We must go ”They said that they must goI said “ We can do ”itI said that we could do it( We 中包括 I ) 如果在直接引語中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語中它將變成與引話動詞的賓語 致的人稱：I told him ，“ You

34、are right ”I told him that he was rightI told you ，“ You are right ”I told you that you were right He told me，“ You are right ”He told me that I was rightHe told us， “You are right ”He told us that we were rightWe told them， “ You are right ”We told them that they were right”To somebody 也可看作是賓語：He s

35、aid to me( =told me)， “ You are right ”He said to me that I was rightHe explained to them， “ You have gone the wrong way”He explained to them that they had gone the wrong way 引話動詞的賓語有時可以省略，但它在間接引語中可能需要說出來：They asked me when I would get marriedI said，“ You will learn it very soonI said that they woul

36、d lear n it very soon 如果在直接引語中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語中，它可以保持不變：I told you ，“ He is crazy ”I told you that he is crazyHe told me，“ She is crazy ”He told me that she was crazyWe told him ，“ They are crazy ”We told him that they were crazyHe told me，“ He is crazy ”(這兩個 he 代表兩個不同的人)He told me that a certain perso

37、n was crazy 還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語中，可以為任何 “格 ”， He told me，“I will askmy brother to take me tohte pictures ”He told me that he would ask his brother to take him to the picturesHe declared “ We must urge them to return our territory ！to”usHe declared that we must urge them to return our territory to usE

38、時間副詞（短語） 間接引語中的時間副詞（短語）可能和直接引語中的時間副詞（因為原來說話人提到的時間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時間不同：He said，“ Mary is very busy nowHe said that Mary was very busy thenHe said，“ Mary came yesterday ”He said that Mary had come the day befor(e or the previous day)He said，“ Mary came five days ago ”He said that Mary had come five days be

39、fore( or five days earlier)He said，“ Mary will come tomorrow”而不僅僅是主格：不同，這是He said that Mary would come the following day( or the next day)He said，“ Mary will come in five days！”He said that Mary would come five days afterwards（ or later）F.第一主語及引話動詞的位置在新聞報導(dǎo)中第一主語有時放在引話動詞的后面：Said Steve ns “”Comments Dr

40、. Lee,“”Boasted Asia Bank president John Bus，h “”第一主語及引話動詞,除了放在直接引語前面外,還可放在其他位置：He said,“ O！h I have done my bes.t ”“Oh ” he said “I have done my best”（但不說 said“Oh I have done my best”he sdi.（但不說 said“Oh I have done my bes.t ”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰說的,第一主語及引話動詞 也可不必說出。） 在第一主語及引話動詞放在其他位置時,要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：He said,“O,h I

41、 have done my bes；t I have made every effort. But all in vain. ”“O,h ” he sa,id “I have done my be；stI have made every effort. But all in vain. ”“O,h I have done my bes,t ” he sai；d “I have made every effo,rtBut all in vain. ”如果引話動詞有較長的修飾語,最好把它放在主語及引話動詞前面,如果主語及引 話動詞在直接引語后面,長修飾語最好放在引話動詞后面：After a sho

42、rt space of silence he sai,d “Ill consider this problem. ”“ Ill consider this problem,” he said after a shosrtpace of silence.如果主語和引話動詞放在直接引語的中間或后面,作主語的名詞可以放在引話動詞 的后面或前面（若主語是人稱代詞,只能放在動詞后面）：“I think so he said or Leo said, said Leo）.（很少說 said he“ Everything is OK ” she saySor Amy says, says Amy).(很少說

43、 says sheW.簡單句的合并1786 兩個或更多簡單句可以合并成一個比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對學(xué)習(xí)寫作的人 很有好處。兩個或更多簡單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個復(fù)合句：He saw John. He greeted him.He saw John and he greeted him.I called on Mary. Mary was ill .I called on Mary， but Mary was ill .He has not a single penny. He has to beg. He will be starved.He has not a single penny，

44、 so he has to be，g otherwise he will be starved.兩個或更多簡單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語從 句或狀語從句，這樣來合并成為一個復(fù)雜句。1. 變成名詞從句：He has arrived. I know it.I know that he has arrived.He may have an acciden.t I am afraid.I am afraid that he may have an acciden.tHow many were killed？I am not sure.I am not sure how many were killed.How did