專業(yè)八級-229

1、專業(yè)八級-229（總分：100.00，做題時(shí)間：90 分鐘）一、 LISTENING COMPREHENSION題數(shù)：0,分?jǐn)?shù)：0.00）二、 （總題數(shù)：6，分?jǐn)?shù)：100.00）（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00 ）A. What to encounter in the US.B. How to play sports in the US.C. How to avoid psychological shock.D. How to handle cultural differences.V解析：聽力原文M: Im Will Arditti, and this week were going to talk ab

2、out what students coming to study in the US can do to avoidculture shock in the classroom. We invite Susan Iannuzzi. Shes an international consultant in English languageteaching who lives in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. Hi,Susan. Welcome.W: Thanks.M: So tell me what you did about it.W: Well, actually, o

3、ne of the things that we did at the University of Pittsburgh was that we used the sports equivalence,which, you know, is not something we came up with. Its the three conversational styles of, say, bowling, rugby andbasketball. So, for example, the bowling style. That would be considered something pe

4、rhaps highly considerate, whichmeansthat people from those countries would use a style where they would take turns and they would, you know, holdback if theyre a junior person and allow the older person or the more senior person to speak first. And then when theyare asked for their opinion they woul

5、d jump in.M: Just like you would take turns in a bowling game.W: Exactly. You go and roll and rll wait for you, and now its my turn, and everybody knows that there are going to beturns.M: So thats the high-considerate model.W: Yes. Then theres, you know, the rugby style, which might be the other end

6、. And this is high-involvement. And inthis style youre expected to interrupt other people and the other people are fine with that, they expect to be interrupted.So theres a sort of rapid changing of topic, changing of speakers and overlapping of speech. This is a style thatscommonin southern Europe,

7、 in African cultures, in cultures of Latin America, many voices happening at one time. Itsalso a style in Russia and Greece.M: And then the basketball model?W: Well, the basketball model is a little bit closer to what we have here. So think about it asif youre playing basketball. Youre carrying out

8、the conversation, youre just going along. And when you hesitate,other people see that as an opportunity to jump in and steal the ball, to steal the conversation away. Not in a bad way,just as Oh, its my turn now.What is the interview mainly about?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話陳述處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，本次采訪的內(nèi)容是怎樣避免文化沖擊，因此D 為答案。A. Bowl

9、ing style.VB. Rugby style.C. Basketball style.D. NBA style.解析：聽力原文What kind of conversation style do people take turns to give opinions?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在舉例處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，在保齡球式風(fēng)格的討論中，人們會輪流發(fā)言，因此A 為答案。A. Take turns to speak.B. ln terrupt other people.VC. Remain silent unless spoken to.D. Get offended when interrupted

10、.解析：聽力原文What are you likely to do when you are engaged in rugby-style conversation?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，橄欖球式的討論風(fēng)格會打斷他人的談話，而他人也不會介意，話題和說話人轉(zhuǎn)換迅速，談話會發(fā)生交叉，因此答案為BoA. Southern Europe.B. Northern Europe.VC. African cultures.D. Latin America.解析：聽力原文Which of the following do/does NOT often use the rugby style

11、 of conversation?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在舉例處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，橄欖球式的討論風(fēng)格在歐洲南部、非洲以及拉美的文化和俄羅 斯以及希臘文化中很常見，所以答案為BoA. Very casual style.B. Politely wait for ones turn to speak.Cn terrupt other people regardless of the circumstances.D.Grasp available opportunities to jump in conversation.V解析：聽力原文According to Susan Iannuzzi, what ma

12、y be the conversation style in the US?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，美國的討論風(fēng)格是聽者在發(fā)現(xiàn)說話機(jī)會時(shí)會快速地進(jìn)入討論，并以打籃球進(jìn)行比喻，因此答案為Do（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00 ）A. Because it is rude to do so.B. Because it may cause trouble.C. Because it is inconsiderate to do so.D. Because their conversation style may not reflect their personalities.V解析：聽力原文M:

13、So what would you recommend, what practical things would you recommendfor someone whos coming into thiscountry and who really knows nothing about these styles that youre talking about?W: Well, you know, if theyre in an English language learning situation, I think its really helpful for them to reali

14、ze thatthe other people that are there learning with them may come from different styles, so not to make judgments aboutthem, you know, as Oh , youre rude or Youre_inconsiderate or Youre just very quiet and you never say anything. Because these things maynot be someones true personality. They mayjus

15、t be the conversation style that theyre accustomed to.M: Yeah.W: So, first of all, awareness, I think, is the number one thing. It also helps if the instructors point these things out topeople, because its not something that most of us are going to reflect on in our own lives, think about, well, how

16、 do Iinteract in a conversation? I dont know what I do, I just do it.M: Youre saying that the basketball model tends to be maybe more the traditional style in theUS classroom. But is that always the case?W: You know, the dynamic of each class is different. I know that in, for example, the MBAschools

17、, the students areexpected to do a lot of project work, so the professors may not be as involved in directing classroom interaction. Theremay be a lot of times when the students are working amongst themselves. I would imagine in teacher-led classes thatthis dynamic is muchmore apparent. I personally

18、 remember an instructor, I cant remember where this professor wasfrom, but the topic of the class just seemed to change constantly, as if, you know, And now were going to talk aboutsomething completely different. It made for, you know, a challenging time in taking notes.M: And then there are the cha

19、llenges of everyday language. Even a commonway that Americans avoid confusion whenspelling a name out loud can be confusing if youre not familiar with it.W: I remember a physician who had, you know, very good written English. He was used to writing papers and he couldeven present very well because h

20、e had presented at international conferences. But when he went to set up phoneservice, and he was telling them My last name starts with T and they would say T like table? he said No, Im not atable. I dont need a table. Its T.And he didnt understand that they were using this strategy, this device of

21、associating,you know,first letter of your name with a common object so that we make sure that we write a T instead of a D.M: Susan Iannuzzi is a consultant on English language teaching who also writes textbooks. And thats all for ourinterview. Thanks for coming, Susan. Goodbye.W: My pleasure. Goodby

22、e.According to Susan Iannuzzi, why should we avoid judging other peoples conversation style?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，不要評判別人談話風(fēng)格的原因是：這樣的風(fēng)格并不是說話 人性格的體現(xiàn)，只是他們的文化習(xí)慣而已，因此答案為DoA. It may help enhance ones awareness of cultural differences.VB. It may help one gain a command of language use.Ct may help one improv

23、e his speaking skills.Dt may help one get along well with his fellow students.解析：聽力原文According to Susan Iannuzzi, why should the instructors point out the style differences in conversation ?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，教師指出談話風(fēng)格的不同是有益處的，因?yàn)檫@一點(diǎn)并不是 學(xué)生通常會考慮到的問題，這有助于提升他們對文化差異的認(rèn)識，因此正確答案為AoA. To show that students

24、have to do a lot of project work.B. To show that the basketball style is not always apparent.VC. To show that it is difficult for students to take notes.D. To show MBA classes are mostly teacher-led classes.解析：聽力原文Why does the interviewee mention the MBA schools?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在舉例處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，MBA 學(xué)校的機(jī)制與一般學(xué)校不同，在

25、教師主導(dǎo)的課堂中，這種籃球式風(fēng)格會更明顯。這里暗示籃球風(fēng)格并非在所有情況下都明顯，因此答案為BA. They tend to be more goal-oriented.B. There is likely to be more work.C. They tend to be more dynamic in conversation.VD. Teachers may lose control of the class.解析：聽力原文What can we know about Susan lannuzzis opinion of teacher-led classes?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。

26、根據(jù)聽力原文可知，由教師主導(dǎo)的課堂討論動(dòng)態(tài)性更加明顯，話題會發(fā)生變化，因此答案為 CoA. To make sure the letter is T instead of D.VB. To tell the physician he needs a table.C. To indicate the physician is like a table.D. To make fun of the physician.解析：聽力原文What do Americans mean by saying I like table? in the example?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在轉(zhuǎn)折處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，他們說I

27、 like table 的目的是將名字的第一個(gè)字母與一個(gè)常見物體相關(guān)聯(lián)，以明確所說的字母是T 而不是 D,因此答案為 A（分?jǐn)?shù)：15.00 ）A. Mechanical operation of the body.B. Absence of disease or illness.VC. Physical, mental and social well-being.D. Well-connected social status.解析：聽力原文W: I am talking to Richard Johnson, an official of WHO, the World Health Organ

28、ization. Today hewill talk with us about the change of peoples understanding of health. Hello, Richard.M: Hello.W: Now, Richard, the concept of health has been changing all the time. And different people andgroups hold different opinions towards it. Would you mind telling us the original concept of

29、health? M: Of course not.Health has long been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good healthhas been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdow n inthis machi ne. I n this sen se, health has been defined as the absence of disease

30、_or illness and is seen in medical terms. Therefore, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat orprevent disease and illness.W: Then what was the emphasis of the work of the WHO during that period?M: Well, the emphasis was of course on providing clean water, improved sanitatio

31、n and housing._W: I see. When did the concept begin to change?M: In the late 1940s, the WHO challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health.They stated that health was a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence ofdisease. The mi_W: How long

32、 did this concept last?M: It lasted until the 1970s. At that time, people focused their attention on the prevention of_disease and illnessby emphasizing the importance of the lifestyleand behavior of the individuals.Specific behaviorswhich were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack

33、 of fitnessand unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medicalhealth care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behavior andlifestyles.W: It sounds reasonable. It must have been beneficial to people.M: Unfortunat

34、ely, not.W: But why?M: You see, this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach did help the wealthy members of the society. But the majoritywere people experiencing poverty, unemployment or little control overthe conditions of their daily lives. How could people afford the program if they lived un

35、der unfavorable social andenvironmental factors?According to Richard, what was the traditional idea of health?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在定義解釋處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，最初人們僅從醫(yī)學(xué)的角度認(rèn)為沒有疾病就是健康，因此答 案為 BoA. To improve mental health.B. To promote universal health care.C. To provide clean water.VD. To establish wholesome social relationship.解

36、析：聽力原文Which of the following was among the focuses of the WHO before the 1940s?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，在 20 世紀(jì) 40 年代以前，WH 的工作重點(diǎn)是提供清潔飲水，改善衛(wèi)生條件和住房條件，因此答案為CoA. In the late 1940s.VB. In the 1970s.C. In the 1980s.D. In the 1990s.解析：聽力原文When did the WHO define health in terms of the holistic operation of a p

37、ersons mind, body and spirit?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在時(shí)間處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，在20 世紀(jì) 40 年代末，世界衛(wèi)生組織從人的身體、心智、社交圈子等岀發(fā)，從整體上重新定義了健康，因此答案為AoA. Emphasizing the importance of lifestyle.VB. Drinking clean water.C. Obtaining health care.D. Hiring private doctor.解析：聽力原文Which of the following was among the health trend in the 1970s?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話

38、問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，人們在20 世紀(jì) 70 年代的關(guān)注點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)生活方式和個(gè)人行為以預(yù)防疾病，因此答案為AoA. Supportive.B. Prejudiced.C. Negative.VD. Confused.解析：聽力原文What attitude does Richard hold toward individualistic lifestyles approach?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度處。訪談中提到在20 世紀(jì) 70 年代，人們開始推行 health promotion programs andpolicies ，但被問及這些項(xiàng)目是否有用時(shí)，受訪者說：Unfortunately,

39、 not.根據(jù)聽力原文可知，原因在于這種方式對于大多數(shù)日常生活都得不到保障的人來說是行不通的，所以受訪者對這種生活方式是持否定態(tài) 度的，因此答案為 Co（分?jǐn)?shù)：15.00 ）A. Society.B. Gender.VC. Economy.D. Environment.解析：聽力原文W: Im beginning to see your point. A single lifestyle decides nothing if not integrated witha good environment.M: Thats right. So during the 1980s and 1990s,

40、there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as theroot cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social,economic and environmental contexts in which people live.W: This is a new concept of health. And I heard

41、 its called the socio-ecological view, isnt it?M: Yes. In 1986,representatives from 38 countries gathered in Ottawa, Canada, to hold the firstInternational Conference of Health Promotion. It was at that conference that the broad socio-ecological view of healthwas endorsed.W: What were the details of

42、 the endorsement?M: Well, the representatives declared that the fundamental conditions and resources for healthare peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable ecosystem, sustainableresources,social justice and equity. Moreover, improvement in health requires a secure foundationin thes

43、ebasic requirements. From this statement, we can find that the creation of health is about much more thanencouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. It mustinclude addressing such issues as poverty, pollution,urbanization,naturalresource depletion,

44、 social alienation and poor working conditions.W: Oh, I see. But how are they affecting health?M: They do not operate separately. Rather they are interacting and interdependent. The complexinterrelationships between them determine the conditions that promote health. A broadsocio-ecologicalview of he

45、alth suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social,economic and environmental focus.W: Thats right.M: As we all know, good health is a major source for social, economic and personal development and an importantdimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural,

46、environmental, behavioral and biological factors can allfavor health or be harmful to it. The Ottawa Conference not only redefines the notion of health. More importantly,itbrings practicalmeaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategiesand approaches in

47、 achieving health for all.W: Then what is the basic philosophy of this health promotion?M: Very easy to understand. Just to enable people to increase control over and to improve their health.W: The new concept of health you have told us today is very useful to our understandingof health.Thank you ve

48、ry much.Thank you very much.M: You are welcome.本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在列舉處。訪談中提到在 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代至 90 年代期間，人們關(guān)于健康的觀念再次發(fā)生了改變, 根據(jù)聽力原文可知，這種社會生態(tài)學(xué)的健康觀念是從社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及環(huán)境的角度來看待健康的，而沒有提 到性別，因此答案為BoA. It was dedicated to free health care.B. It adopted a socio-ecological view of health.VCt laid emphasis on clean water and comfortable ho

49、using.According to the socio-ecologicalhealth?view of health,which of the followingis NOTrelated to peoplesDt paid special attention to environmental protection.解析：聽力原文What can we know about the first International Conference of Health Promotion in 1986?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，1986 年的促進(jìn)健康國際會議對健康采取了一種社會

50、生態(tài)性的廣泛觀點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)健康的基本條件和資源，主要包含和平、居住、教育、食物、合理收入、穩(wěn)定的生態(tài)系 統(tǒng)、可持續(xù)資源、社會公平正義等多種因素，因此答案為BoA. Crimes.B. Discrimination.C. Urbanization.VD. Womans right.解析：聽力原文According to the Ottawa Conference, which of the following problems should be addressed?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在列舉處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，渥太華會議提岀獲得健康必須要應(yīng)對一系列問題，包括貧窮、 污染、城市化、自然資源枯竭、社會異化和惡

51、劣工作條件等，其中提到了城市化，因此答案為CA. Each factor contributes to a distinct aspect of health.B. They directly promote physical health.C. They operate separately in terms of health.D. They are interdependent and jointly promote health.V解析：聽力原文How are social factors influencing physical health?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知

52、，各種社會因素對健康的影響并不是孤立地發(fā)生作用，而是相互影響，互為依存的關(guān)系。故答案為DoA. It provides basic strategies to achieve health for all people.VB. It initiates a clean-water program for underdeveloped countries.C. It comes to an agreement on environmental protection.D. It enables people to enjoy free health care in Canada.解析：聽力原文Wh

53、ich of the following is the significance of the Ottawa Conference?本題設(shè)題點(diǎn)在對話問答處。根據(jù)聽力原文可知，渥太華會議不僅重新定義了健康的概念，而且更為重要的是，它為促進(jìn)全人類健康提供了基本策略和方法，因此答案為Ao（分?jǐn)?shù)：15.00 ）A. Online education in China.VB. Digital gap in China.C. Good courseware in China.D. Credible exams in China.解析：聽力原文W: What are the advantages of E-

54、education, Professor Gu?M: There are at least four advantages. First, with access to the Internet, students can overcome barriers of space andtime. For example, we can make educational resources in Beijing availableto students in Xinjiang. Second is the easy access. For example, we can put multimedi

55、a resources libraries on theInternet and students can have access to these libraries just by clicking the mouse. The third advantage isthe_optimization of resources. For example, we can tape the lectures given by very prominent professors andbroadcast them live in China and even in the entire world

56、through the Intern et. Because of these three advantages,there is another big advantage, that_is, the Internet technology, makes mass education possible. As you know, it is simply impossible for the wholepopulation to receive education on campus. It is impossible economically or otherwise. And this

57、is where the greatestadvantage of E-education lies. It offers mass education and education for lifetime.W: Can you briefly tell us the history of Chinas E-education, Professor Gu?M: E-education in China started eight years ago when the Internet technology began to prevail.People realized that the In

58、ternet technology was more powerful than TV, because it really created the opportunities forstudents to interact with teachers and among themselves. In 1996 or later than that, the Ministry of Education initiateda piloting project using the Internet technology to promote education.W: My understandin

59、g is that an online education project may involve a large amount of money and yet most investorswould expect a quick return for their investment, so how did you solve that problem?M: This is the lesson that lots of investors have to learn from this initial investment into online education program.In

60、itially, they thought it might be possible to have a quick return of cashafter the investment for one or two years. It is a misconception of online education. Sometimes,I used a metaphor of building a supermarket. If you want to build a supermarket, first of all,you have to have these infrastructure