級博士英語—科技英語翻譯結業(yè)試題 for student

1、西南石油大學博士研究生英語結業(yè)考試題專業(yè)名稱： 課程名稱： 科技英語翻譯 學生姓名： 學生學號： Part One Translate the Following into ChineseI Words Translation（例：laser 激光）1、asbestos 石棉2、camshaft 凸輪軸3、 resistor 電阻器4、 capacitor 電容器5、 transistor 晶體管6、 chemical 化學制品7、heat-pipe 熱管8、heat-pump 熱泵 9、steroid 類固醇10、quantum 量子11、mosaic 馬賽克12、bumper 緩沖器13、

2、resistance 電阻14、contact 觸點15、waveform 波形16、radwaste 放射性廢物17、nukes 核武器18、LCD 液晶顯示屏19、SMS 存儲管理服務20、anode 陽極II Sentence Translation（例：Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.作用力與反作用力大小相等，方向相反。）1、The automobile with automatic transmission has smooth gear shifting and convenient

3、operation.裝有自動變速器的汽車換檔平穩(wěn)、操作方便。2、Automation is a concept through which a machine system is caused to operate with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior. 自動化是一個概念，它是通過大量的測量、觀察，控制機器系統(tǒng)運行的最大效率。3、Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable o

4、ptical source would make optical fibers competitive in this section.更大的光纖帶寬，較低的損失和更可靠的光源使得光纖更具競爭力。4、Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude would define the subsurface. 地層是通過地震測量時間和振幅來定義的。5、The harder the rock, so much the more difficult is the work of drilling, though few types are suffic

5、iently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete.因為極少有堅硬的巖石能在未灌注水泥情況下保持原樣，所以，巖石越堅硬，鉆井越困難。6、For any machine whose input force and output force are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated. 若已知機器的輸入力和輸出力，則可以計算其機械優(yōu)勢。7、Conversion to electric power repre

6、sents a practical means of transferring geothermal energy. However, the price of the conversion is a substantial loss of energy, and further losses occur in transmission and in the subsequent use of it.電能轉換實際是一種地熱能轉換的方法。然而，其代價是很大轉換能量損失和使用過程中的運輸損失。8、The crust and mantle are separated by a seismically

7、 determined boundary known as the Moho-discontinuity. 地殼和地幔的分界面稱為莫霍面。9、The burnish machine is used for surface treatment before the cold rolling for CPD material, and hence is one of the key installations for CPD material production. 打磨機是用于CPD的冷軋材料、涂裝前的表面處理，因此是CPD材料生產(chǎn)的關鍵設備之一。10、The value of R by (18

8、) may be in error by as much as 20%, as shown in the table. Doctor Jackson will meet his Waterloo if he puts the data into practice. R值(18)可能有高達20%的誤差，如表所示。Jackson博士如果將他的數(shù)據(jù)應用于實際將會產(chǎn)生嚴重的后果。11、More than 100 chemical elements are known to man; of these, about 80 are metals. 人類目前所知的化學元素有100多種；其中，大約80多個是金

9、屬。12、Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or put together almost totally by hand.汽車的生產(chǎn)可能會帶有電腦驅動的機器人或者幾乎完全用手放在一起13、A market is any group of buyers and sellers communicating offers to exchange goods.市場就是的買家和賣家溝通提供了交換商品14、Management is the scientific art of attaining intended org

10、anizational objectives by working effectively with and through the human and material resources of the firm.管理是科學的藝術，其目的是通過組織公司的人力和物力達到有效地工作。15、The ultimate objective of economics is the study of how best to satisfy relatively unlimited human wants with relatively scarce resources.經(jīng)濟學的終極目標是如何用稀有資源最大

11、化的滿足人類無止境的需求。16、The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes.17、The civil engineer must be able to select and utilize effectively the products provided by the other branches of the profession developing consumer goods, such

12、 as the materials of construction and industry, including steel, timber, concrete and many other materials; and engaging the modern application and use of steam, electric and gas power engines and machines. 18、Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to which boreholes or mine sh

13、afts have penetrated has come from geophysical observations.19、Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has strong affinity. 20、The global econom

14、y that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5 percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 19811982. 21、Apart from the obviously arithmetical work like pay calculations, there is much work which can be put into a mathematical form al

15、though at first sight it may not appear to have anything to do with arithmetic. 22、Eclipses are not seen in every part of the world.23、Keep the petroleum from the fire. It will burst into flame. 24、Every one cannot do these tests.25、All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful

16、 workIII Passage Translation 1、As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is

17、assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed

18、to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of values. （Passive Voice & its Translation ） 2、Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often

19、, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied. 3、The electronic notebook will serve as memo files in which the scient

20、ist records thoughts for preservation, description of experiments, drafts of reports, calendar and diary information, quotations and other materials extracted from other electronic files, and other types of information that would now be put in paper notebooks and other types of paper files. 4、With t

21、he advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with flat plate or f

22、ocused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity. 5Oil and Gas Exploitation geology Well construction challenges for Russian oil and gas producers can be broadly grouped into two categories. Firstly those fie

23、lds in new frontiers ("NF?) such as the arctic and offshore, in which risk management and technological solutions are paramount. And secondly, mature fields ("MF?) in which cost management and efficiency are drivers. Drawn from experience of the re-emergence and transformation of the Russi

24、an oil and gas industry over the last 10 years, this paper reviews historic and current approaches, and recommends new models for partnership between operators and service companies to improve performance and encourage investment in technology.Specifically, it is suggested how traditional Russian ap

25、proaches, revised and revamped with new structures, processes and technologies, can provide a basis to exceed benchmark drilling efficiencies in mature fields. It also suggests how an improved approach to front end planning, engineering, and collaboration, can decrease project risks in "new fro

26、ntiers". Some of the lessons learned are globally applicable.Another key conclusion is that distinct organizational cultures are required in new frontiers compared with mature fields, and that these cultures are remarkably difficult to contain within one operational entity.6The Exploitation Eni

27、gmaEvaluation of exploitation drilling programs raises unique issues around risking logic plus estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR) and project economic uncertainties. Clarification of these issues will assist in managing portfolios of exploration, exploitation, and development investment opportunit

28、ies.Under USA accounting rules, all wells drilled outside the area of proved reserves are classified as "exploratory wells" for computation of cost of finding. However, companies typically segregate wells into Exploration (targeting prospective resources in undiscovered accumulations) and

29、Exploitation (targeting probable and possible reserves in and around discovered fields).Classification as "discovered" signifies a high degree of confidence that the accumulation's EUR exceeds an internal economic threshold for development. However, there remains significant risk of dr

30、illing a dry well within the projected field limits. At the field level, the non-proven area is part of the uncertainty distribution for discovered reserves. At the exploitation well level, risk of failure and success case volume uncertainty both come into play. This multiple level view of risk and

31、uncertainty gives rise to the "exploitation enigma".Exploitation well results change the field/reservoir model, the EUR uncertainty profile and associated cash flow projections. Successful wells not only develop reserves within a drainage area but also modify the total field volume uncerta

32、inty distribution. Results redefine the remaining proved undeveloped, probable, and possible reserve volumes and their associated confidence levels. Dry exploitation wells also change the EUR distribution and increase investment costs without an increase in forecast production.This paper compares al

33、ternative approaches to the evaluation of exploitation programs. It concludes that the economic analysis to support exploitation drilling decisions should not be based solely on the individual well's anticipated results, but rather on its risk-weighted, incremental effect on the overall project

34、value.7Sour-Gas-Reservoir Exploitation in CroatiaBecause fossil fuels are still dominant sources of energy supply, the petroleum industry is called upon not only to provide an effective management of oil and gas reserves in order to meet rising energy demand, but also to do that in a safe and effici

35、ent manner, with as small an ecological footprint as practically possible. Consequently, also taking into account the fact that conventional oil and gas reserves are declining, petroleum companies are forced to develop and adopt new technologies to increase oil and gas recovery and to expand their u

36、pstream activities to still unexploited areas, which often implies development of deep-buried oil and natural-gas reservoirs characterized by unfavorable reservoir conditions such as high temperature and pressure and even a certain amount of impurities.Croatian experience with natural-gas production

37、 from deep-buried reservoirs is based on the development of several gas fields in the northwestern part of Croatia. The development of the largest natural-gas fields in Croatia-Molve, Stari Gradac, and Kalinovac gas fields-began at the beginning of the 1980s. The main characteristic of all the menti

38、oned fields are extremely unfavorable reservoir conditions, with reservoir depth of more than 3000 m, high initial reservoir pressures (more than 450 bar), high temperature (180°C), and a significant share of CO2 (10 to 54%), H2S (800 ppm), and some other nonhydrocarbon compounds such as m

39、ercaptans (30 mg/m3) and mercury (1000 to 1500 µg/m3). Several other gas fields with similar reservoir conditions were discovered and developed in the last 25 years in the same region. Today, the petroleum industry in Croatia has almost 30 years of experience in processing sour natural gas with

40、 a well-established methodology of auditing processing-plant outlet-gas influences on the environment. These experiences and future plans regarding this subject will be presented in this paper.8Opportunities For Offshore Mineral Exploration In the Indian The Indian Ocean offers several opportunities

41、 for offshore mineral resources in the nearshore and coastal areas, the EEZs of different countries as well as the deep sea regions. With the increasing demands and depletion of land resources, the oceans are being looked upon as the future source of these minerals for sustaining the industrial deve

42、lopment. The coastal and nearshore resources of heavy mineral placers are being successfully mined in some of the countries around the Indian Ocean, and ample opportunity lies in exploring for these resources in .the hitherto unexplored areas, to build up the reserves for the future. Simultaneously,

43、 activities in the deep sea areas for polymetallic nodules, crusts and sulfides need acceleration owing to their potential for strategic metals, such as cobalt, nickel, lead and zinc. These efforts call for cooperation and sharing of facilities, infrastructure, know-how and expertise, among the nati

44、onal as well as international agencies for exploration, mining, impact assessment and metallurgical process development. With its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, India could also play a major role in assisting the other countries in developing their offshore mineral resources. 9、Surveil

45、lance System for Subsea Survey and Mineral ExplorationA surveillance system for seafloor survey and mineral exploration has successfully completed its initial sea trials off the coast of Florida. The system consists of an unmanned undersea vehicle which houses an array of electronic seafloor measuri

46、ng devices. The 700 pound aluminium vehicle is designed to be towed at speeds of' 3 to 10 knots at controllable depths above the seafloor. A terrain following sonar controlled guidance system will be used for obstical avoidance. Plans are underway to design two advanced surveillance systems

47、. One capable of operation at 600 meters depth for outer continental shelf (OCS) work and another to a 6000 meter depth for deep water mineral explorations. The 600 meter surveillance system will be applied to rapid and concise data collection on bottom conditions in frontier areas of proposed OCS o

48、il and gas lease investigation. Survey equipment will include dual side scan sonar, CCTV tied to video tape, proton magnetometer and a high resolution sub-bottom profiler. The 6000 meter surveillance system will be capable of real time measurement of deep ocean seafloor parameters which relate to ma

49、nganese nodule exploration. This vehicle will have all the capabilities of the 600 meter system and a seafloor sample retrieval and multi-sample storage system. Data collected will be multiplexed and transmitted to a surface ship for computer processing. 10Future Needs of Deep Ocean Mineral Exp

50、loration and SurveyingThe paper reviews the state-of the-art of equipment and techniques used for conducting commercial deep ocean prospecting and exploration surveys for manganese nodules. Requirements for deep ocean surveying are discussed and equipments evaluated based on at-sea experience. Discu

51、ssion includes PDRs, still cameras, TV systems, wire line dredge samplers, free fall samplers, coring devices, onboard assay devices, navigation gear, buoys, data reduction, and presentation, etc. New equipment requirements to improve prospecting and exploration effectiveness are presented. Dev

52、ices presently under development and test are described. Exploration survey functions including mapping, bathymetry measurements, navigation, environmental data measurements, and ecological data measurements are discussed. Present and future equipment needs for deep ocean mineral exploration are ide

53、ntified. The need for rigorous testing to assure reliability and survivability is stressed. 11. Ergonomic Computing In Geophysical InterpretationWorkstation-based geophysical interpretation may pose a risk for repetitive strain injury (RSI). The physical environment for interpretation can be im

54、proved to reduce RSI risk (e.g., adjustable chairs, tables, monitors), but the degree to which software is “RSI-friendly” may also have an impact on software usability, interpretational efficiency, and ultimately an interpreter's health. Strategies to address software-related ergonomic risk can

55、be formulated using standard hazard abatement techniques borrowed from the Safety, Health, and Environment (SH&E) discipline. However, the potential for improvement in the ergonomic computing environment also depends on the degree to which the ergonomic fitness of individual applications and/or

56、workflows can be measured. The software development industry has for many years routinely applied standard usability criteria to improve their products, but an accepted framework for assessing software ergonomic fitness is lacking. This paper describes a nascent, multicompany effort to develop a che

57、cklist for the purpose of quantifying an application's ergonomic risk. This checklist is being tested and benchmarked to compare geoscience interpretation tools and identify areas for ergonomic improvement.12. Real-Time Field Surveillance and Well Services Management in a Large Mature Onshore Fi

58、eld: Case StudyThis paper describes the planning for, implementation of and results generated by a real-time field surveillance and well services management system, as it was deployed in an onshore mature field in California, USA. The motivation behind the deployment of this system was simultaneousl

59、y to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs in this large field with over 1,000 wells.The paper will describe how the business processes and supporting work flows were defined. This is an essential step before any technology can be deployed. The challenges of data management included not only t