人教版高中英語選修十 Unit 3 Fairness for all語法篇教師版

1、Unit 3 Fairness for all-語法篇_1. 掌握時態(tài)的定義及語態(tài)運(yùn)用；2. 掌握?？紩r態(tài)與語態(tài)的解題方法；時態(tài)一. 定義：時態(tài)（Tense）是表示行為、動作和狀態(tài)在各種時間條件下的動詞形式。因此，當(dāng)我們說時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時候，指的是相應(yīng)時態(tài)下的動詞形式。英語時態(tài)分為16種：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時以及這四者的進(jìn)行時、完成時和完成進(jìn)行時。 其表現(xiàn)形式如下（以study為例） 一般時 進(jìn)行時 完成時 完成進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在 study be studying have studied have been studying 過去 studied be studying had

2、studied had been studying 將來 will study will be studying will have studied will have been studying 過去將來 would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying 二. 基本用法1. 一般現(xiàn)在時考點(diǎn)分析 表示客觀事實(shí)或普通真理（不受時態(tài)限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念

3、的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如： I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態(tài)。If you will accept my invitation a

4、nd come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會，我的家人會非常高興。 少數(shù)用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，表示一個按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時間或事先安排，肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday.2. 一般過去時的考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。 一

5、般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）；用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。如： I met her in the street yesterday. They never drank wine. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。如： He told me he read an interesting novel last night

6、. 表示兩個緊接著發(fā)生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.3. 一般將來時考點(diǎn)分析。 表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動詞（常與表示將來的時間狀語邊用如tomorrow、next week等）。 表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動作。 Well die without ai

7、r or water. 表示趨向行為的動詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時的形式表示將來時。 be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：a. be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定。b. be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.c. be to d

8、o sth. 表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.d. be about to do sth. 表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時考點(diǎn)分析。 表示說話時正在發(fā)生著的一個動作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go、come等起止動作可用進(jìn)行時代替將來時。如：It is raining now. We are leaving on Frid

9、ay. He is teaching English and learning Chinese.The girl is always talking loud in public. (與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動或某種感情色彩) 下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。a. 表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。b. 表存在的狀態(tài)的動詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, dep

10、end on。c. 表示一時性動作的動詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。d. 表示感官的動詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5. 過去完成時考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。 常用過去完成時的幾種情況：a. 在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The trai

11、n had left before we reached the station. b. 表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述動詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。c. “時間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 y

12、ears before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.d. 表示“一就”的幾個句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 在before或after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時態(tài)代替過去完成時。After he (had)left

13、 the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6. 過去將來時考點(diǎn)分析。參照一般將來時對比：用would do、was / were going to do sth. 表過去將來；come、go、leave等過去進(jìn)行時表過去將來時；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表過去將來。7. 過去進(jìn)行時考點(diǎn)分析。 過去某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。 某一動作發(fā)生時另一動作正在發(fā)生，其中一個在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中。8. 現(xiàn)在

14、完成時考點(diǎn)分析。 現(xiàn)在完成時除可以和for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years、up to now、till now等。 下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時It is (has been) + 一段時間 + since從句This (That / It)is the first(second)time that + 現(xiàn)在完成時 在時間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時可以代替一般將來時。如：Dont get off the bus until

15、it has stopped.三注意幾組時態(tài)的區(qū)別：1. 一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時：a. 時間上有差異：凡有過去時間的均用過去時態(tài)，不能用完成時態(tài)，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。b. 結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過去時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系。2. 過去完成時與一般過去時：過去完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個動作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過去時即可。3. 一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時一般現(xiàn)在時表示習(xí)慣性得行為或狀態(tài)或客觀性東西；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示短暫時間內(nèi)

16、的狀態(tài)。He works in the office , but he is working in the workshop this week.他在辦公室工作，但這一周他下車間了。4 . 現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時1）現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成或表示曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時一般強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)。I have been writing an article .(仍在寫) I have written an article .（已經(jīng)完成）四. 與動詞時態(tài)連用的句式1）This/It is the first /second time that 從句2）be doin

17、g when be about to do when /be on the point of doing whenhad just done when 3) Hardly had done when / No sooner had done than 4) It is (has been) + 一段時間 + since從句5）It be +一段時間+before 從句這種句式分為兩種情況如果主句用將來時，則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來時，意為“多長時間以后即將發(fā)生某事”；如果主句用過去時，從句也用過去時，意為“多長時間后發(fā)生了某事”。It wont be long before he succeed

18、s.= He will succeed soon.It was ten years before they met again.=They met again ten years later.被動語態(tài)一. 被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be +過去分詞，口語也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示。二. 被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時用被動語態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)（by短語有時可以省略）。1. 使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題。 主動變被動時雙賓語的變化?？聪铝欣洹y friend gave me an interesting book on my b

19、irthday.An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday. 主動變被動時，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long (by the boss) 短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken go

20、od care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. 情態(tài)動詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動語態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過去分詞。 當(dāng)句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：a. 謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。b. 用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表

21、示。如： People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first.類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that

22、 三. 不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況。 所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。 表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。 表示歸屬的動詞，如have、own、belong to等。 表示“希望、意圖”的動詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。 賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。 賓語是同源賓語，不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。 有些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義，特別是當(dāng)主語是物時，常見的動

23、詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。四. 主動形式表被動意義。 當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write,open,clean,cook,keep,cut,fill,blow,measure,lock,run,record,begin,shut等詞帶狀語修飾語時；當(dāng)動詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時。如：This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。 These novels wont sell well.這些小說不暢銷。My pen writ

24、es smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。 The door wont lock.門鎖不上。The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。 當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時。The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off. want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。 be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。 在“be + 形容詞（easy, difficult,

25、 light, heavy, fit, good, safe, comfortable, dangerous, pleasant） + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。This kind of water isnt fit to drink. The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent（出租）也用主動形式表被動。五. 被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況。be seated坐著 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench

26、.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后。be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿著The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.六. 被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態(tài))The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))注意： get+過去分詞也可構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。

27、get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress 等動詞的過去分詞連用，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。1. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide解析: 父母做的決定對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。完成時表示動作

28、結(jié)果造成的影響, 所以用完成時。答案:B2. Years ago we didnt know this, but recent science _ that people who dont sleep well soon get ill.A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing解析: 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,。答案:B3. They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ it as no good results have com

29、e out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working解析: 過去完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去到現(xiàn)在一直進(jìn)行，并對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響。正在進(jìn)行時表示從現(xiàn)在開始并一直繼續(xù), 選A。答案:A4. Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put C.

30、where Alice has put D. where has Alice put解析: 過去發(fā)生的“放”的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，究竟金戒指現(xiàn)在“在哪里”選 D。答案:D5. Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. Oh! I thought they _ without me.A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone解析：“離開”動作在“認(rèn)為”之前。答案:D6. When the old man _ to walk back to his house, th

31、e sun _ itself behind the mountain. A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid解析：太陽“落山”在老師“回家”之前。答案:A7. His wife _ to catch the first train but she was too late. A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope解析: had hoped 意為“原

32、希望”，常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有 “think, want, plan, suppose, intend”答案:B8. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _ for London to attend a meeting.A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left解析: by + 過去時間過去完成時 by + 現(xiàn)在時間現(xiàn)在完成時 by + 現(xiàn)在時間將來完成時答案:C基礎(chǔ)演練. 用所給詞的正確時態(tài)和語態(tài)填空。1. The window is dirty.I know. It _ (not clean) f

33、or weeks. 2. I wonder if he _ (accept) our invitation and come to our party.3. We havent moved into the new office building it _ (decorate) right now.4. Dont put the chair too close to the stove. Dry wood _ (burn) easily, you know.5. Great changes _ (take) place in that school. 6. I first met your s

34、ister ten years ago, when she _ (work) at a supermarket as a salesgirl.7. The crazy fans _ (wait) at the airport for two hours, but was told that the sports star would not turn up that evening.8. He _ (drive) home the other day when a police-man stopped him and accused him of speeding.9. Public tran

35、sportation delays will be less of a problem if people _ (persuade) to ride bicycles instead of driving private cars.10. She _ (leave) her key in the office, so she had to wait outside the house for her husband to come back. 從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper

36、cutting _ at the culture show of the 2019 Shanghai World Expo. A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited2. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you _ fresh watermelon in the fall. A. eat B. would eat C. have eaten D. will be eating3. The book has been tr

37、anslated into thirty languages since it _ on the market in 1973. A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes4. I _ all the cooking for my family, but recently Ive been too busy to do it. A. will do B. do C. am doing D. had done5. For many years, people _ electric cars. However, making them has been mor

38、e difficult than predicted. A. had dreamed of B. have dreamed of C. dreamed of D. dream of6. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone _ it. Was it you? A. has done B. had done C. would do D. will do7. Joseph _ to evening classes since last month, but he still cant say “Whats your name?” in

39、 Russian.A. has been going B. went C. goes D. has gone8. When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan. A. will finish B. are finishing C. are to finish D. have finished9. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _ for me. A. had done B. did C. would do D.

40、were doing10. Weve spent too much money recently.Well, it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _ around all the time.A. are coming B. had come C. were coming D. have been comingKeys： . 1. hasnt been cleaned 2. will accept 3. is being decorated 4. burns 5. have taken 6. was working 7. had been

41、waiting 8. was driving 9. are persuaded 10. had left. 1-5 CDCBD 6-10 BADAD鞏固提高Read this dialogue. Fit the correct verb tense into the dialogue so that it makes sense. Li Mei: Hello! What _1_ you _2_ (do)? Youre very late!John: Im sorry. I _3_ just _4_ (finish) reading a new book.Li Mei: What _5_ (be

42、) its name? _6_you _7_ (enjoy) it?John: It _8_ (call) To Kill a Mockingbird and it _9_ (be) wonderful. Li Mei: What _10_ (be) it about?John: Well, it _11_ (be) about prejudice in the past and it _12_ (be) set in the southern states before the Civil Rights Movement. It _13_ (concern) not only with ra

43、cial problems, but also _14_ (deal) with prejudice against people who are mentally less able than you or me.Li Mei: That _15_ (not sound) fun.John: No. It _16_ (do not) but _17_(be). The story _18_ (tell) from the point of view of a young six-year-old girl called Scout. She _19_ (see) a lot of thing

44、s happening around her that she_20_ (can) not _21_ (understand). So her lawyer father, Atticus, and her brother, Jem, _22_ (try) to explain them to her.Li Mei: Why _23_ it _24_ (have) such a strange title?John: Yes, I suppose that at first the title _25_ (seem) a little strange. Atticus _26_ (explai

45、n) early in the story that to hurt another innocent human being _27_ (be) as cruel as to kill a mockingbird. This is a bird that only _28_ (live) to bring you pleasure with its singing.Li Mei: Then there _29_ (must) be some innocent human being hurt in the story. So who _30_ (be) these innocent crea

46、tures?John: There _31_ (be) two innocent people described in the story who _32_ (treat) badly by others: their neighbor, Arthur, who _33_ (be) mentally simple and a black man who _34_ (accuse) of a crime he _35_ (not commit).Li Mei: Do you think I _36_ (like) to read it?John: Yes, Im sure you _37_ (

47、will). Here you can take my copy now that Ive finished with it. We can discuss it when you _38_ (finish) reading it!Keys：1. have 2. been doing 3. have 4. finished 5. is 6. Did 7. enjoy 8. is called 9. is 10. is 11. is 12. is 13. is concerned 14. deals 15. doesnt sound 16. doesnt 17. is 18. is told 1

48、9. sees 20. can 21. understand 22. try 23. does 24. have 25. seems 26. explains 27. is 28. lives 29. must 30. are 31. are 32. are treated 33. is 34. is accused 35. didnt commit 36. would like37. would 38. finish / have finished1. On the next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.A .is B .has been C

49、. will be D. will have been2. In the last few years thousands of films all over the word.A. have produced B. have been producedC. are producing D. are being produced3. We _Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put4. Th

50、at must have been a long trip.Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking5. .Experiments of this kind in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conducted B. have been conductedC. had conducted D. had been conducted6. I _ sooner but I d

51、idnt know that they were waiting for me. A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come7. Bob has gone to California.Oh, can you tell me when he ?A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave8. All visitors to this village _ with kindness.A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated 9. Tom in the library every night over the last three months.A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working10. What a mi