人教版高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)資料.txt

1、文檔供參考，可復(fù)制、編制，期待您的好評(píng)與關(guān)注！ 語(yǔ)法：是一門研究英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言構(gòu)成規(guī)律的學(xué)科。 詞 法 語(yǔ)法句法簡(jiǎn)單句：在句子中只包含一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。并列句：通常由一個(gè)連詞連接的并列的句子。復(fù)合句：大句套小句一氣：虛擬語(yǔ)氣二詞：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞三句：名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句形容詞名詞數(shù)詞代詞動(dòng)詞介詞副詞感嘆詞冠詞連詞詞法陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句

2、祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 語(yǔ)法名詞性從句狀語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句復(fù)合句并列句陳述句疑問(wèn)句祈使句感嘆句非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、 在句中不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞二、 啥樣呢？1. 不定式：To do2. 動(dòng)名詞：Doing3. 分詞：DoneEg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.圍繞著群島的海洋是深藍(lán)色的Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)

3、為前面賓語(yǔ) 方法一：口訣法非謂語(yǔ)，三要點(diǎn)。變否定，NOT前。哼哈將，時(shí)邏關(guān)。七仙女，記心間。（一） 變否定（二） 哼哈將 1.動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯關(guān)系時(shí)間關(guān)系時(shí)間關(guān)系主動(dòng)關(guān)系被動(dòng)關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done進(jìn)行式To be doing(To be being done)完成進(jìn)行式To have being doing(To have been being done) 一般式：不定式的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。 ABB A：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B：不定式 完成式：不定時(shí)動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 AB A：

4、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黃河大合唱 last night. 進(jìn)行式：不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)正在進(jìn)行B AA：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. 完成進(jìn)行式：不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，一直持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作，到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作為止。不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作有可能剛剛結(jié)束，還有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。 ABBBBA：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a

5、teacher for 10 years.邏輯關(guān)系2.動(dòng)名詞 （同時(shí)具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的雙重性質(zhì)，Doing）時(shí)間關(guān)系主動(dòng)關(guān)系被動(dòng)關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 一般式：動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 ABA：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B：動(dòng)名詞若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，則通常用“To do” 完成式：動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 ABA：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg6. She didnt acknowledge having received my flowers.Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so lucky

6、that it had just missed being caught.一般式 To Do Doing（ 1.固定搭配；2.Eg. mean to do計(jì)劃 mean doing意味著 ) 某些詞(need, demand要求, deserve應(yīng)得, allow, want, worth, require)后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。 Eg8. The house needs repairing. Be worthy of being done=Be worthy to be doneEg9. Want +to do(想要) / doing(想要被)3.分詞1）Doing & D

7、one& 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞相區(qū)分的三大原則 a. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生 The falling man 過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成 The fallen man b. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是其所修飾的詞 The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)主動(dòng)Eg10. The amazing man（A）The amazed man（B）A.小丑 B.觀眾邏輯關(guān)系 c. 現(xiàn)在分詞有時(shí)間邏輯上的變化，而過(guò)去分詞沒有時(shí)間關(guān)系主動(dòng)關(guān)系被動(dòng)關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having done

8、Having been done 三個(gè)區(qū)分： Done & Being done Done 已經(jīng)被 Being done 正在被 Done & Having done Done & Having been done 已經(jīng)被（通?？苫Q）過(guò)去分詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)一種由始至終的動(dòng)作，Having been done更強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to the res

9、taurant.2)獨(dú)立主格自己的 主語(yǔ)Eg13. She was standing behind the door with a book in her hand.獨(dú)立主格：（兩大語(yǔ)法功能）a. 具有自己本身的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)主語(yǔ)不是句子中真正的主語(yǔ)b. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)句意 adj. adv.（With）+n.(邏輯主語(yǔ))+將來(lái) 介詞短語(yǔ) 不定式 Doing 主動(dòng) Done 被動(dòng)Eg14. The job _A_, we went straight home. A. finished B. finishing C. had finished D. was finished（三

10、） 七仙女七仙女非謂語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)介詞賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)不定式動(dòng)名詞分詞邏輯主語(yǔ)本身通常是句子本身主語(yǔ)通常是句子本身主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)句子本身主語(yǔ)所修飾的詞通常是句子本身主語(yǔ)1) 作主語(yǔ)區(qū)分 Dong 更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作To do 更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性動(dòng)作& DoingTo do 轉(zhuǎn)換Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.& It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do（To do做真正主語(yǔ)）& It is / was+no good/use+doing2) 作賓語(yǔ)區(qū)分 & like/l

11、ove/hate/prefer+to do+doing (To do更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性動(dòng)作；Doing更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作) Eg16. I like dancing but I dont like to dance with you now. & (見例)To do 表將來(lái)， Doing 表事已做過(guò)To do 表將來(lái) Eg17. RememberDoing 已做過(guò)的事 Forget Regret 方法二：講故事法& Eg18. mean+to do/doing Stop/go on+to do/doing3) 作介詞賓語(yǔ)區(qū)分& prep.+doingEg19. On b

12、eing introduced to strangers British people often shake hands.&prep+疑問(wèn)詞+to doEg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings.& Look forward to doing 盼望著做某事習(xí)慣于做某事Be used to doingBe accustomed to doingDevote oneself / ones life to doingCant help but do = Have to do&am

13、p; Used to do 過(guò)去習(xí)慣做某事（表示現(xiàn)在不干了） Am/is/are used to doing 現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于做某事 Be used to do 被用來(lái)作為 Was/were used to do 過(guò)去被用來(lái)做某事（不強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在）4) 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)區(qū)分& ask sb to do sth.& 感官動(dòng)詞：see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelEg21. do 看見某人做某事（整個(gè)過(guò)程）See sb doing 看見某人正在做某事 being done 看見某人正在被

14、 done 看見某人被& 使役動(dòng)詞“使”（共四個(gè)） Let, Get, Make, HaveEg22. Let sb do Get sb to do(主) / done(被) I cant get the car start. Make sb do(主) / done(被) Be made to do Have to do / done Have sth to do 注意：區(qū)分have意思Eg23. Excuse me, where is Room 301/ Just a minute. Ill have Bob show you your room.5) 作狀語(yǔ)區(qū)分句子， (狀語(yǔ))

15、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 成分& 不定式作狀語(yǔ) 通常表示目的、結(jié)果、程度 常譯為“為了”& 分詞作狀語(yǔ) 通常表示伴隨、條件、方式、原因Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, weve got a wonderful view.Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. 常用搭配：1. To tell you the truth, 2. tooto3. only to(通常引出意想不到的結(jié)果)4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.5. eno

16、ugh to 足以6. generally speaking 通常情況下說(shuō)7. judging from / by 6) 作定語(yǔ)區(qū)分 & 不定式 通常放在被修飾詞之后，用來(lái)表示一次性或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作 & 動(dòng)名詞 通常放在被修飾詞之前，用來(lái)表示被修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征、用途 & 分詞 既可放在被修飾詞之前，又可放在被修飾詞之后，通常表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作； 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或一種持續(xù)狀態(tài)； 過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng) 7) 作表語(yǔ)區(qū)分系動(dòng)詞：Like, get, come, see, smell& 不定式 通常具有名詞性質(zhì)，用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的內(nèi)容，更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作& 動(dòng)名詞

17、通常具有名詞性質(zhì)，用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的內(nèi)容，更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作& 分詞 通常具有形容詞性質(zhì)，用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的興趣和特性Eg26. My job is feeding / to feed pigs.名詞性從句1.（Whoever comes here）knows him.2. We all know that he can fly.3. The news that he succeeded in the end is well-know.4. The problem is that he always eats a lot.5. We are sure (that) he wi

18、ll go to the moon to date Sister Change.一、通常由一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)小句具有名詞的性質(zhì)，在整個(gè)大句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分（主、賓、表、同位、補(bǔ)） 主語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)時(shí)俱進(jìn)引導(dǎo)詞考點(diǎn)二、“豬頭”不省1.引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞詞形詞義從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞质÷赃B接詞That主、同位不可??；表、賓可省Whether是聯(lián)想諧音記頭法（千萬(wàn)孤獨(dú)）If否連接代詞特指（泛指）Who(ever)誰(shuí)主、表Whom(ever)誰(shuí)賓What(ever)什么主、賓、表Which(ever)哪一個(gè)主、賓、定Whose(ever)誰(shuí)的定有選擇項(xiàng)用“Which”,沒有

19、選擇項(xiàng)用“What”“Whose”必須和后面名詞同時(shí)省略連接副詞When(ever)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Where(ever)地點(diǎn)Why原因How(ever)方式、程度Eg27. This is what I like.找查原則找從句 查成分vi.Eg28. This is where I runRunvi 析： S+謂（eg. I ran） S+謂+（介+賓）/狀Eg29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).2.語(yǔ)時(shí)俱進(jìn)1）語(yǔ)序：疑問(wèn)句在從句中要按正常語(yǔ)序排列（疑問(wèn)詞+S+謂）2）時(shí)態(tài)：要保持一致Whe

20、ther與If & 主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中通常用Whether & 介詞后，不定式前，通常用Whether & “Whether or not”與“If”不可互換 “Whetheror not”與“If”可互換4. 常見考點(diǎn)1） 主語(yǔ)從句 & 放在句前，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) & 固定搭配 It is / was +adj./n./done +that從句 & It seems /happens + that Eg30. Which way you turn is up to you.2） 表語(yǔ)從句正如 似乎好像 因?yàn)?As As if A

21、s though Because虛擬語(yǔ)氣Eg31. He looks as if he were drunk.& The reason is /was + that& It is /was + the reason + why (定語(yǔ)從句) & It / That / This + is /was + Because 那是因?yàn)?Why 那就是的原因Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.3） 賓語(yǔ)從句 & S + vt. + OS + vi. + prep + OS + v (

22、tell, teach, give, show, make, send) + O + OEg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人& S + 謂 + it + adj. + that從句/to do & 疑 + do you think /suppose + 從句主語(yǔ) + 從句謂語(yǔ) + 其它 & 客觀真理一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)4） 同位語(yǔ)從句 & 通常由that引導(dǎo)，放在某些固定的名詞（plan, idea, news, fact, hope）之后 & n.= that (同位語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明前面的名詞所具有的內(nèi)容)

23、 Eg34. The news that she had received the flowers was true.(同位語(yǔ)從句) The news that she had heard was true.(定語(yǔ)從句)關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞ThatWhyWhichWhereWhoWhenWhom(But)WhoseAs定語(yǔ)從句Eg35. I saw a flying pig in the sky. I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.一 關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞 “三板斧”原則1. 砍逗號(hào)That, but, why不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句2. 砍先行詞

24、（人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因）3. 砍成份（定語(yǔ)從句中缺少的成分主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)）分類引導(dǎo)詞詞形先行詞從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞址秶P(guān)系代詞Who1. 人（含人名）2. 擬人的物3. all, those等,指人時(shí)4. 集合名詞表個(gè)體時(shí)（people, police,team, class, enemy,committee, group）1. 主語(yǔ)2. 賓語(yǔ)（口語(yǔ)中）限&非限Whom（同上）1. 賓語(yǔ)（可省略）2. 介詞賓語(yǔ)限&非限 prep + whom, whom不可省略 prep +whom, whom可以省略ThatEg. The girl that /- /who

25、m I wrote a letter to is1. 人2. 物3. 人和物（sb.+sth.）4. 不定代詞5. 先行詞被最高級(jí)序數(shù)詞（only, very, all, few, many, much, little等）修飾1. 主語(yǔ)2. 賓語(yǔ)（可?。?. 介詞賓語(yǔ) prep不能放在that前且可以省略限Which1. 物2. 集合名詞表物3. 句子4. 不明性別的嬰兒1. 主語(yǔ)2. 賓語(yǔ)(可省)3. 介詞賓語(yǔ)限&非限prep + which, 介詞賓語(yǔ)不可省prep + which,介詞賓語(yǔ)可省Whose1. 人2. 物定語(yǔ)限&非限 必須和后面的名詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn) Whose =

26、 n.+ of + whom /whichEg The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throwinto the sky.Eg. New Zealand has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞要盡量靠近先行詞ButEg.Theres nobody but has his faults.1. 人2. 物主句變否定句But = who not= that no

27、t主語(yǔ)限AsAs we all know /expectSuch /That + n. + thatAs often happens1. 人2. 物3. 整句1. 主語(yǔ)2. 賓語(yǔ)3. 表語(yǔ)4. 狀語(yǔ)限&非限 As VS Which1. Which 不能放在整句句首2. As 要多譯一個(gè)“正如”關(guān)系副詞Where=prep + which1. 地點(diǎn)2. 時(shí)間3. 原因狀語(yǔ)限&非限When=prep + which1. 地點(diǎn)2. 時(shí)間3. 原因狀語(yǔ)限&非限Why=for which1. 地點(diǎn)2. 時(shí)間3. 原因狀語(yǔ)限二 定從中的主謂一致1. 定從中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞取決于先行詞（先

28、行詞為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)）2. which & as 若替代整個(gè)句子的句意，則定從中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)3. 若先行詞為one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若先行詞為the only one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)三 “限制性定語(yǔ)從句”與“非限制性定語(yǔ)從句”的區(qū)分Eg36. Xiao Qiang, who lives in Beijing, is my brother. Xiao Qiang who lives in Beijing is my brother.1.“，”逗號(hào)2. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用來(lái)限制、修飾先行詞，不能省略，通

29、常放在先行詞前，與主句譯為一句；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，通常可省略，翻譯時(shí)與主句譯為兩句。3. Which & As 在引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用來(lái)替代先行詞詞義；引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，還可替代整個(gè)句子的句意。狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、讓步、條件、方式、目的、結(jié)果、比較）比方讓木（目）條原地開花結(jié)果實(shí)（時(shí)）基本不考（一） 比較狀語(yǔ)從句 “三要”：AS之間要原形, （“asas”結(jié)構(gòu)，中間加adj./adv.原形） 比較對(duì)象要對(duì)立， eg. YY likes dogs more than I (do).eg. ZZ sings better than anyone else

30、 in our department.Anyone elseAny other + n.(單) The other + n.(pl.)The others THAN后主賓要分清 （二） 方式狀語(yǔ)從句 As正如，像似乎，好像 As if As though（三） 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句1. Though /All though /Even if /Even though /While 后面不加“but”,“however” ;可以出現(xiàn)yet, still, nevertheless2. Whatever =No matter what, 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不可替換，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以替換。3. Adj.+

31、as /though +S + FAdv.Article +n.VerbEg37. Ugly as I am, I am tender.（四） 目的狀語(yǔ)從句 In order that So that Sothat（五） 條件狀語(yǔ)從句(條件狀語(yǔ)從句中不能用將來(lái)時(shí))1. if 主將從現(xiàn)2. unless = ifnot 除非3. as long as 只要在條件下provided thatproviding thaton condition that（六） 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 Seeing that Considering that In that 因?yàn)椋ㄒ龑?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句）（七） 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 Whe

32、rever, Where, Anywhere, Everywhere Eg38. People dont lack strength they lack will.（八） 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句1. so +adj./adv. + thatso many /few /much /little +n. +thatso +adj. +a /an +n. +that2. such +n. + thatsuch + a lot of +n. +thatsuch a /an +adj. +n.+ that（九） 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1. When, While, As突然 然而 伴隨2. before & aft

33、er3. as soon as 可用在任何時(shí)態(tài)=hardly had done when did=scarcely had done when did=no sooner had done when didEg39. The students had hardly seen me when they ran off. Hardly had the students seen me when they ran off.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完全情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can / could, may / might, will / would, hall / should, must, ought to半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: nee

34、d, doneEg27. Can <1>本義：能夠；<2>推測(cè)：可能 Cant <1>本義：不能；<2>推測(cè)：不可能虛擬語(yǔ)氣通常提出一種不可能存在的假設(shè)或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)& 對(duì)現(xiàn)在:If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do& 對(duì)將來(lái)：<一> If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do <二>If+were to do / should do, S+would / should / could / might+do&am

35、p; 對(duì)過(guò)去：If+had done, S+ would / should / could / might+have done虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的被動(dòng)此一律用Was情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專題基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義    情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。（二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)1）有一定詞義；2）不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的變化影響；3）與主要?jiǎng)釉~的原形（或稱不帶to的不定式）一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)（除ought to作固定詞組看待）。（三）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法1. can (could)1）表示能力，could主要指過(guò)去時(shí)間。Two eyes can see more than one

36、.   兩只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school?   這女孩上學(xué)前能識(shí)字嗎？2）表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）。The temperature can fall to 60, that is 60 below freezing.   氣溫可降至60，也就是零下60。He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car.   他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。You mustnt smoke while

37、youre walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.   在林子里走時(shí)勿吸煙，那樣可能會(huì)引起火災(zāi)。3）表示允許。Can I have a look at your new pen?   我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎？He asked whether he could take the book out of the readingroom.他問(wèn)他可不可以把書帶出閱覽室。4）表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中。Where can (could) they have gone

38、 to?   他們會(huì)去哪兒了呢？He cant (couldnt) be over sixty.   他不可能超過(guò)六十歲。How can you be so careless?   你怎么這么粗心？5）比較委婉客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand?   幫我一把好嗎？Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today.   恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。- 2. may (might)1）表允許，mi

39、ght可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間，也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，語(yǔ)氣更委婉。You may take whatever you like.   你喜歡什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room.   他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby?   我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎？在回答以may引起的問(wèn)句時(shí)，多避免用這個(gè)詞，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont ./ Youd bette

40、r not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免顯得太嚴(yán)峻或不客氣。2）表可能（事實(shí)上）?？梢灾高^(guò)去時(shí)間，也可以指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，但語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。He may be at home.   他可能在家。She may not know about it.   她可能不知道這件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him.   他擔(dān)心他們可能不同意他的意見。They might be having a meeting, but Im not sure.   他們有可能在

41、開會(huì)，不過(guò)我不肯定。-3. must1）表示義務(wù)。意為“必須”（主觀意志）。We must do everything step by step.   我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。You mustnt talk to her like that.   你不可能那樣對(duì)她說(shuō)話。-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now?   我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎？-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to.   不必。（這種情況下，一般不用mustnt）2）表示揣

42、測(cè)。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.   他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.   她戴著鉆石項(xiàng)鏈，一定很有錢。-4. shall1）表征詢意見，用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句。Shall I get you some tea?   我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎？Shall the boy wait outside?  讓那男孩在外面等嗎？What

43、 shall we do this evening?   我們今晚做什么？2）表說(shuō)話人的意愿，有“命令、允諾、警告、決心”等意思，用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。You shall do as I say.   按我說(shuō)的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow.   你明天可以得到我的答復(fù)。（允諾）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.   有一天他會(huì)后悔的，我告訴你。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from c

44、arrying out the plan.  什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。（決心）-5. will1）表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句。I will do anything for you.   我愿為你做任何事。None is so blind as those who wont see.   不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you.  如果你愿意讀這本書，我會(huì)把它借給你。2）表請(qǐng)求，用于疑問(wèn)句。Will you close the window

45、? Its a bit cold.   請(qǐng)你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎？有點(diǎn)冷。Wont you drink some more coffee?   再來(lái)一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？3）表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。Fish will die out of water.   魚離開水就不能活。The door wont open.   這門打不開。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.   那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，看著車輛

46、行人通過(guò)。-6. should1）表義務(wù)。意為“應(yīng)該”（某件事宜于做），用于各種人稱。You should be polite to your teachers.   你對(duì)老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。You shouldnt waste any time.   你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。2）表推測(cè)，意為“想必一定、照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)”等。The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors.   這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計(jì)拍得很好。They should be home by

47、now.   照說(shuō)他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。-7.would1）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.   他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。I said I would do anything for you.   我說(shuō)過(guò)我愿意為你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出請(qǐng)求、建議或看法。Would you like another glass of beer?   再來(lái)杯啤酒好嗎？Would you mind cleaning the window?

48、   請(qǐng)把窗戶擦一下好嗎？They wouldnt have anything against it.   他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見。3）表過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的一種傾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.   她每遇到麻煩都會(huì)向她求助。-8. ought to 1）表義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”（因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做），口氣比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him. &#

49、160; 你是他父親，應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。You oughtnt to smoke so much.   你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。2）表推測(cè)，暗含很大的可能，語(yǔ)氣較弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.   韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.  今天有晚霞，明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。-9. used to 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在。疑問(wèn)式和否定式有兩種。He used to live

50、 in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他過(guò)去住在鄉(xiāng)下，現(xiàn)在住在城里。There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.   街道拐角處過(guò)去有座樓房，現(xiàn)在拆了。I usednt (didnt use) to smoke.   我過(guò)去不抽煙。Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot?   你過(guò)去常步行去學(xué)校嗎？ -虛擬語(yǔ)氣

51、是一種表達(dá)方式，當(dāng)我們要表達(dá)自己或某人的主觀愿望的時(shí)候，就用到虛擬語(yǔ)氣了。虛擬語(yǔ)氣 （高二內(nèi)容，但虛擬語(yǔ)氣在高考的選擇題中已多年未出現(xiàn)，主要放在閱讀理解中）Verb可以決定1pattern句型2 mood語(yǔ)氣（1）陳述（2）祈使（3）虛擬1if一般含蓄2語(yǔ)氣should句3原型4其他簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以分4類（1，2，4考的比較多）1if條件句（一般）if條件句主句現(xiàn)在if+主語(yǔ)+were/v-ed,主語(yǔ)+would(shouldcouldmight)+do過(guò)去if+主語(yǔ)+had+v-ed,主語(yǔ)+would(shouldcouldmight)+have+v-ed將來(lái)if+主語(yǔ)+v-ed/wereto/should,主語(yǔ)+would(shouldcouldmight)+do$省略if的用法1去掉if2should/had/were提前$錯(cuò)綜主句和從句發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同,（有些會(huì)給你時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）ifIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenthatposition.從句現(xiàn)在主句過(guò)去ifhehadlistenedtome,hewouldnotbeinsuchabigtroublenow.（now）從句過(guò)去主句現(xiàn)在（含蓄）沒有if在條件句中出現(xiàn)常常