牛津版高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞ppt課件

1、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 語(yǔ)法講解I.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)方式對(duì)照表： 及物與不及物 語(yǔ)態(tài)類別 時(shí) 態(tài) vt. vi.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)ing 一般式一般式:(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生發(fā)生)makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式:(先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)having made(不作定語(yǔ)）不作定語(yǔ)）having been made(不作定語(yǔ)）不作定語(yǔ)）having gone(不作定語(yǔ)）不作定語(yǔ)）ed只有一般式只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后，只說(shuō)明原因、條先后，只說(shuō)明原因、條件等件等) made(表被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)） gone(表完成）表完成）inf一般式

2、一般式:(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(幾幾乎乎)同時(shí)發(fā)生同時(shí)發(fā)生)to maketo be madeto go 完成式完成式:(先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)to have madeto have been madeto have gone進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式:(在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)to be making to be going2. 2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可作的語(yǔ)法成份非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可作的語(yǔ)法成份 成份類別主主語(yǔ)語(yǔ)賓賓語(yǔ)語(yǔ)表表語(yǔ)語(yǔ)定定語(yǔ)語(yǔ)賓賓補(bǔ)補(bǔ) 狀狀 語(yǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)間間條條件件原原因因目目的的結(jié)結(jié)果果方方式式讓讓步步伴伴隨隨不定式 現(xiàn)在分詞 過(guò)去分詞 動(dòng)名詞

3、1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等.v1.To see you is glad.v =Its glad to see you. v2.I want to see you.v3.I want him to see you. v4.My hope is to see you.v5.He is the man to see you.v6.Im glad to see you.v7.I went to see you.v8.He went so early as to see you作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)(作賓

4、語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ)(作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)作緣由狀語(yǔ)作緣由狀語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)v1.Swimming is his favourite sport. v2.He enjoys swimming. v3.I found him swimming in the river. v4.His favourite sport is swimming.v5.He is the man swimming in the river just now. v6. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.v1.This cup is broken. v2.

5、This is a broken cup. v3.I found the cup broken.v4.Broken by Tom, the cup cant be v used.v過(guò)去分詞普通不作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ).v3.分詞的用法比較vA.在時(shí)態(tài)上v1.China is a developing countryv =a country which is developing.v2.Japan is a developed countryv =a country which has developed.v3.I found him gone.v =that he had gone.(表完成ing分詞表

6、分詞表“進(jìn)展進(jìn)展ed分詞表分詞表“完成完成B.在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，ing分詞表分詞表“自動(dòng)，自動(dòng)，ed分詞表分詞表“被動(dòng)被動(dòng)多為及物動(dòng)詞多為及物動(dòng)詞v1.I saw him writing a short novel.v =that he was writing a short novel.v2.He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens.v =which was written by Charles Dichens.v在概念上，ing.表“籠統(tǒng)、習(xí)慣,不定式表“詳細(xì)、偶爾、未來(lái).v *Swimming (籠統(tǒng)is my favourit

7、e sport and I like swimming(習(xí)慣every day, but I dont like to swim(詳細(xì)today, I would like to swim(未來(lái)tomorrow.C.分詞的完成式普通不用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)，只分詞的完成式普通不用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)，只能用作狀語(yǔ)能用作狀語(yǔ).vThe platform having been built will be used to v perform on. v1.The platform built will be used to perform on. v The platform which has been built w

8、ill be usedv to perform on. v2. Having given her opinion about the building, v she left the meeting.v Having been used for a long time, the computerv needs repairing. 作定語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)D.ed+主句不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后主句不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后;Being ed+主句強(qiáng)調(diào)主句強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;Having been ed+主句強(qiáng)主句強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用調(diào)時(shí)間先后如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用ed,普通式來(lái)替代普通式

9、來(lái)替代. v1.Used as a means of traffic in China,the bike is very useful.v Written in simple English, the book is easy to readv2. Being used by me now,the bike cant be lent to you.v3. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing.v Having been told several times,v 可以寫成=Told several times,he c

10、ouldnt understand what I meant. 4.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：v.以下動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：以下動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：v aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise

11、, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。等。 v 如：如：He offered to help us .v I didnt expect to find you herev They refused to accept his invitationv The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in(2)以下動(dòng)詞通常用以下動(dòng)詞通常用ing方式作賓語(yǔ)：方式作賓語(yǔ)：vadmit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resis

12、t, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。等。v如如 ：1Would you mind my smoking here ? v 2 The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day v 3Good news keeps coming. v Tina suggested spen

13、ding the weekend on her farmv (3)以下動(dòng)詞接不定式與接以下動(dòng)詞接不定式與接ing方式意義相近：方式意義相近：vlike，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等等.v e.g：I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral composition v We all like playing (to play) table tennisv但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別：但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別：v*指詳細(xì)某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常

14、的行為指詳細(xì)某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用常用ing方式方式.v如：如：I like reading books of this kind(慣常慣常行為行為)v I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you(詳細(xì)某次行為詳細(xì)某次行為)(4)以下動(dòng)詞接不定式與接以下動(dòng)詞接不定式與接ing方式意義不同：方式意義不同：vstop to do 停下停下(正在做的事正在做的事)去做另一件事去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事停下正在做的事ve.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I s

15、topped to help himv Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroomvforget to do忘記做某事忘記做某事(此事未做此事未做)/ forget doing忘記曾做過(guò)某事忘記曾做過(guò)某事(此事已做此事已做)v He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post officev Ill never forget seeing him for the first timevremember to do記得要做某事記

16、得要做某事(此事未做此事未做)/ remember doing記得某事已做過(guò)記得某事已做過(guò)(此事已做此事已做)v e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewherev You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave homevgo on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing接著做同接著做同一件事一件事ve.g. ：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing somethingv Afte

17、rIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovelvtry to do企圖想做某事企圖想做某事 try doing試著做某事試著做某事(看看看看有什么后果發(fā)生有什么后果發(fā)生)v e.g. ：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldnt listenv Lets try doing the work some other way.vmean to do (意思是意思是) 計(jì)劃做某事計(jì)劃做某事 mean doing意味著做某事意味著做某事v e.g. ：Revolution means librati

18、ng the productive forcevSorry ,I didnt mean to hurt youvregret to do遺憾地做某事遺憾地做某事(通常后接通常后接say ,tell等動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞)/ regret doing懊悔做了某事懊悔做了某事ve.g. ：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againvHe regretted having told her the bad news(5)動(dòng)詞如：動(dòng)詞如： (permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider) advise sb t

19、o do sthadvise doing sthvadvise sb to do sthve.g. ：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.v Please permit me to introduce myself to you firstv You surely cant consider him to be a selfish manv My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-nightv I allowed the children to play in my room for an

20、other five minutes.v* 留意：v*在imagineconsider后通常用“to be作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。to be有時(shí)可省略。ve.g.：Youd better imagine yourself (to be) in his placevThe situation was considered (to be) pretty goodv*在consider后，作賓補(bǔ)不定式主要是to be，行為動(dòng)詞to do那么多用to have done 方式。v 如:We all considered him to have told a lie .vadvisepermitallowadmi

21、tforbidimagineconsider doing sth.ve.g. ：The little boy admitted having broken the glassvThey shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow.vCan you imagine my being so stupid ?vI forbid smoking in my housevWe do not permit smoking in the office即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)用所給動(dòng)詞的用所給動(dòng)詞的to do 或或doing 方式填空：方式填空：

22、v1)Little Tom regretted _(waste) so much time playing computer games .v2)They were expecting _(get) the results of the examination.v3)Will you advise me which of them _(buy) ?v4)On the bus the young man pretended _(not see) the old woman standing beside him.having wasted to get to buy not to see v5)

23、We all consider John_ (be) an honest boy.v6)Our boss forbids_ (chat) during office hours .v7)The rules do not permit players _(step) out of bounds.v8)The boy begged to permit him_ (explain).v9)The young man imagined _(live) on a lonely island.v10) It was useless to forbid children _(play) here.to pl

24、ay living to explain to step chatting to be v11) Why have they delayed _(open) the new school ?v12) She enjoys _(practise) _(dance) before the large mirror.v13) By taking the back way, he escaped _(see).v14) Id prefer _(stay) here waiting for his arrival.v15) As the meeting was beginning , we all st

25、opped _(talk).opening practicing being seen to stay talking dancing v16) This kind of car is nice but I cant afford _(buy) one.v17) Im sorry I forgot _(tell) you about the meeting .v18) She tried _(comfort) me by saying some funny things v19) Going on waiting here means _(waste) our time .v20) They

26、went on _(work) in the fields in spite of the heavy rain.working wasting comforting to tell to buy 2)如今分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：如今分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：v1如今分詞用來(lái)闡明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，可用very 來(lái)修飾。v如：The news is surprising. (surprising 用來(lái)闡明The news 的性質(zhì).可以說(shuō)very surprising .)vHis words were encouraging .(encouraging 用來(lái)闡明His words 的性質(zhì).可以說(shuō)ve

27、ry encouraging .)v*動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)說(shuō)的是同一件事，不可用very 來(lái)修飾。v如：My job is teaching English.(My job=teaching English,不可說(shuō)very teaching English .)vTeaching is also learning .(Teaching =learning ,不可說(shuō)very learning.)v(2)留意如今分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)與如今進(jìn)展時(shí)的區(qū)別。v如：His view is very alarming (如今分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì))vWhat he likes to do is staying at

28、 home alone and reading .(動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示的是某一件事情)vHe is watching the football game on TV.(如今進(jìn)展時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作在進(jìn)展)v*過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。v如：My bike is broken .(broken 描畫詞作表語(yǔ)，表示“形狀)。v My bike was broken by Jim(動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表示“動(dòng)作)(3)還要留意如今分詞和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)在意義上的區(qū)別。v *過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示人的覺得，主語(yǔ)通常是人。如今分詞作表語(yǔ)表示事物本身的特點(diǎn)，主語(yǔ)通常是事物。v如：Im interested i

29、n English(我的覺得，覺得有趣. The film is interesting(電影本身的特點(diǎn)是使人有趣.)v類似情況還有：surprising surprised, exciting excited, tiring tired , disappointing disappointed, encouraging encouraged ，v interesting interested ，amazed amazing , bored boring , pleasing pleased, astonishing astonished.即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)v用所給動(dòng)詞的to do或do

30、ing方式填空：v1)The journey was quite_(tire)v2)The story is very_We are_ in it(interest)v3、The result of the exam made me _ (disappoint)v4)This was really an _moment(excite)v5)The _boy couldnt believe his ears(astonish)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)v6)It was a _ storyWe didnt want to listen again(bore)v7)He seemed quite _

31、at the idea(delight)v8)The problem was quite_(press)v9)The present situation is _(encourage)v10)I was _at what she said(puzzle)4)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：v(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。v如：I have something important to tell youv The poor children had little to eatv它和被修飾的名詞有時(shí)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。v如：There is some books for you to

32、read(可看成：to read some books)vId like to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something)v假設(shè)這這個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，留意不可忽略不定式短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。v如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen)v She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)(2)如今分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別v*如今分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾的

33、名詞的前面，分詞短語(yǔ)放在被修飾的名詞的后面。v如：A fishing boy was seen sitting at the end of the boat.v (a fishing boy =a boy who was fishing)v The soldier riding a horse was my brother v(the soldier riding a horse =the soldier who was riding a horse) v*動(dòng)名詞用來(lái)闡明用途，和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上無(wú)主謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)只能放在被修飾的名詞的前面。v如：There was only one

34、fishing boat on the riverv (a fishing boat=a boat used for fishing)v The old man needs a walking stick when he goes outv (a walking stick=a stick used for walking)(3)不定式、如今分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)在時(shí)態(tài)上有區(qū)別：v*不定式作定語(yǔ)表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。v如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the riverv*如今分詞作定語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作。

35、v如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the riverv*過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示已完成的動(dòng)作。v如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)v用所給動(dòng)詞的正確方式填空：v1)The man_ (question) in the police station now is a spyv2)A man_ (respect) others will be respectedv3)she can find no one

36、_(make) friends withv4)Is there anybody _ (answer) the question ?v5)Half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were foreigners.v6)She would be the best _(agree) the opinion v7)The matter _(discuss) is very importantv8)That is the way _(operate) the machinev9)She was then a professor _(love) by a

37、ll her studentsv10)With much money _(spend)，the boy formed a bad habit5)不定式、如今分詞、過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：v*如今分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有自動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)展。v如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment v (看到他時(shí)他正從自行車上掉下來(lái)。)v He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himselfv (他清醒過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)正躺在地上。)v*不定式作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有自動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過(guò)

38、程。v 如：I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left legv(看到他從自行車上掉下來(lái)，并且摔傷了腿。動(dòng)作有先后，是全過(guò)程。)v They were made to work day and night v (他們被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某個(gè)時(shí)辰正在干活。)v*過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。v 如：I heard my name called by someonev (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)v I felt a great weight taken off my mind.v (重?fù)?dān)被卸下來(lái)了，a

39、 great weight和taken off是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)v用所給動(dòng)詞的正確方式填空：v1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didnt see anyone _(sell) them.v2)I know that _(be) a fact.v3)Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn). He always work hard.v4)The patient was warned _(not eat) after the examine.v5)Just now I saw a man_ (wa

40、lk) in the street, with a little girl _(seat) on his shoulderv6)The lady loved to have her luggage _(weigh).v7 )Who did the teacher have _(clean) the blackboard just now?v8)Businesses are beginning _ (develop) new methods of reaching customers.v9)The thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarke

41、t again v10)-What happened to Mr. White early this morning ?v -Oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive) awayweighedcleanto developstealingknockeddrove6)不定式和如今分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： 不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示：緣由，結(jié)果，目的； 分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示：緣由，結(jié)果，時(shí)間，伴隨情況v(1)不定式和分詞表示緣由時(shí)的區(qū)別：v *不定式表示緣由通常跟在某些表示感情的描畫詞后，用來(lái)闡明產(chǎn)生這種感情的緣由。v如：I was so excited t

42、o hear the news(不定式to hear the news表示激動(dòng)的緣由。) vWe were surprised to see such great changes in that villagev(不定式to see such great changes in that village表示詫異的緣由。)v *分詞表示緣由時(shí)，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)緣由狀語(yǔ)從句。v如：Being a monitor, she takes lead in everything v (Being a monitor=As she was a monitor)v Knowing some English, he

43、offered to be an interviewer for us.v (Knowing some English= As he knew some English)v(2)不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時(shí)的區(qū)別：v *不定式表示結(jié)果，含有沒有預(yù)料到的情況的意味。v如：I got up only to find it was raining outside (起來(lái)時(shí)沒有料到在下雨。)v He was too excited to say a word (太激動(dòng)了說(shuō)不出話，是沒有預(yù)料到的情況。)v*分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。v如：His parents died，leaving him a

44、 lot of money(父母去世，錢留給兒子。這是自然的事。)vThe output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tonsv (產(chǎn)量下降，到了80，000噸，這是必然結(jié)果。)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)即時(shí)穩(wěn)定練習(xí)v用所給動(dòng)詞的正確方式填空：v1)-Why was the official meeting called?v-_(select) new officersv2)_(get) back my story, he refused the invitationv3) The beautiful girl tried to kil

45、l herself only _(save)v4)When_(face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreatedv5)_(wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldnt comev6)He was said to have refused a gift from her, _(know) that it meant a bribe.v7) The president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation,_ (

46、add) that he had enjoyed his stay here v8)The president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going onv9)_(allow)to develop his talent, he could become an excellent artistv10)_(invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bagknowingaddinginformedHaving

47、 been allowedHaving been invited4運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的本卷須知：v1)動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問代詞或副詞when，what, where, why, who, whom, which, how一同構(gòu)v成不定式短語(yǔ)，但不說(shuō)why to do (Why not do?，它表達(dá)一種建議，和此部分所說(shuō)的to dov無(wú)關(guān)。)“疑問代詞或副詞+to do的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句。v如：My teacher didnt tell me what to do next(=what I should do next)vHe said he knew how to do it(=how

48、he should do it)vThis is the first time I have come to this dryI dont know which way to go (=which way I should go)4運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的本卷須知：v2)方式主語(yǔ)和方式賓語(yǔ)v*方式主語(yǔ)：當(dāng)作主語(yǔ)的不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，謂語(yǔ)部分太短，常用it作方式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)放到后面，以堅(jiān)持句子的平衡。v如：It is easy to work out this problem vIt is my duty to help the people who are in trouble v*方式賓

49、語(yǔ)：當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)的不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，賓補(bǔ)部分太短，常用it作方式賓語(yǔ)，而把真正的賓語(yǔ)放到賓補(bǔ)后面，亦為堅(jiān)持句子的平衡。v如:I found it easy to answer this question vWe think it no good giving little children too much money3)不定式符號(hào)的省略不定式符號(hào)的省略v(1)兩個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，后一個(gè)常省去兩個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，后一個(gè)常省去to。v I told her to stay and wait for me to come backv 但表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，要帶但表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，要帶to。v He has

50、nt decided to stay at school or to go home.v(2)在以下句型中不定式符號(hào)在以下句型中不定式符號(hào)to常省去。常省去。v *Why not do?v * would rather dothan dov *Youd better do.v *do nothing but do/have nothing to do but dov(3)簡(jiǎn)短回答中的不定式符號(hào)簡(jiǎn)短回答中的不定式符號(hào)to后的動(dòng)詞常省去，有后的動(dòng)詞常省去，有時(shí)時(shí)to亦省去。亦省去。v -Would you like to have dinner with us ?v -Id love to .v(

51、4)有些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式不帶有些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式不帶to。這些。這些動(dòng)詞是：動(dòng)詞是：see, watch, notice，look at，hear,v listen to, feel，make，have, et等感官動(dòng)詞和使等感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞。役動(dòng)詞。v 這些動(dòng)詞假設(shè)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，后面的不定式要帶這些動(dòng)詞假設(shè)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，后面的不定式要帶to。v His father made him write twenty more sentencesv He was made to write twenty more sentences by his fatherv help后

52、面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶to。也可以。也可以不帶不帶to。v I often help( to )do housework at homev(5)被省略的不定式是作助動(dòng)詞用的被省略的不定式是作助動(dòng)詞用的have或或be時(shí)，要時(shí)，要保管這些助動(dòng)詞。保管這些助動(dòng)詞。v He is not what he used to be v -Did he tell you to attend the meeting ?v -No，I ought to have beenv4)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。v When heate

53、d, ice can be changed into waterv Though tired ,I went on with the work.v While walking in the street, I saw a road accidentv5)分詞表伴隨情況，其動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作須同時(shí)發(fā)生。分詞表伴隨情況，其動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作須同時(shí)發(fā)生。v I had to stay in the hotel，waiting for the car to comev They stood there, listening to the broadcast v 但是假設(shè)是延續(xù)的有先后的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作，就不能用分詞但

54、是假設(shè)是延續(xù)的有先后的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作，就不能用分詞表伴隨情況。表伴隨情況。v He finished his work quickly, then went to the kitchen and began to cook supperv The boy fell off the tree and broke his left leg.v6)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)：不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)：v(1)不定式不定式-to have done，to be done，v to have been donev 如今分詞如今分詞-having done, being done，v having

55、 been donev 過(guò)去分詞只需一種方式過(guò)去分詞只需一種方式-done .v(2)在在plan, hope, expect, would (should) like,mean等動(dòng)詞后的不定式的完成時(shí)表示沒有等動(dòng)詞后的不定式的完成時(shí)表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。v I hoped to have seen her(But I didnt see her)v They expected to have found him in the cave(But they failed to find him) 7)不定式，如今分詞和動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)：不定式，如今分詞和動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)： (1)不定式

56、的邏輯主語(yǔ)：-forof sb +to do sth 如：Its impossible for him to move such a big stone The question is too hard for a little child to answer*但表示性質(zhì)的adj (good，nice, kind, rude, polite, impolite, clever, wise, stupid,silly, foolish, right, wrong)等而用介詞of。 Its clever of him to do so Its polite of you to make room

57、for the old man (2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)：-sbs +doing 如：Little Franzs being late again for the school made the teacher very angry. *但動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)邏輯主語(yǔ)可用普通格或人稱代詞的賓格，邏輯主語(yǔ)用普通格。 I suggested him (his) going there by taxi. Did you enjoy Zhou jielun singing at the concert?v(3) 如今分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)：一分詞的獨(dú)立構(gòu)造當(dāng)如今分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)：一分詞的獨(dú)立構(gòu)造當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者和句子

58、的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不一致時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者和句子的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不一致時(shí)，分詞前必需有本人的主語(yǔ)，稱為分詞的獨(dú)立構(gòu)造。分詞前必需有本人的主語(yǔ)，稱為分詞的獨(dú)立構(gòu)造。v Weather permitting, well have a field trip tomorrow v Mother being in，I had to stay at home to look after herv*但有些分詞作狀語(yǔ)屬習(xí)慣用法，分詞的邏輯主但有些分詞作狀語(yǔ)屬習(xí)慣用法，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)可以不一致。語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)可以不一致。v如：如：Judging from the expression on his face

59、, he had failed the driving test againv Generally speaking ,girls are more careful than boys .8)留意以下幾種情況不定式的用法留意以下幾種情況不定式的用法v*在the first, the second，the last和only之后，只能用to do。v 如：He was the last to leave the classroom v*假設(shè)understand，realize, know用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用to do。v 如：I began t

60、o understand the truthv*表示目的的不定式的否認(rèn)式普通不用not to do,而用in order not to do或so as not to do。v 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the windowv ()Not to be seen, he came into the room through the windowv ()He came into the room through the window so as not to be seenv*so as to do普通不放