Conceptual Metaphor概念隱喻（課堂PPT）

1、.1Metaphor.2What is metaphor?p Comparison theory Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other.(Kovecses,2002:vii) p Substitution theoryA metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore, complet

2、ely replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)p Conceptual metaphor theory Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. What mak

3、es it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson).3Metaphors and cognitive model Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. Idealized Cogn

4、itive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure of an entire cognitive model. Wha

5、t is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.4Mapping LOVE IS A JOURNEY 傳統(tǒng)：（tenor /primary term ） （vehicle/ secondar

6、y term ） 當(dāng)代： ( target domain ) (source domain)A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements of the source and the target domain.5The unidirectionality of metaphorAn important observation made by conceptual metaphor theorists is that conceptual metaphors a

7、re unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example:1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES John is so efficient; hes just a machine.2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE I dont think my car wants to start this morning.Although these two metaphors appea

8、r to be the mirror image of one another, close inspection reveals that each metaphor involves distinct mappings: in the first one, the mechanical and functional attributes associated with computer are mapped onto people, such as their speed and efficiency. In the second metaphor, it is the notion of

9、 desire and volition that is mapped onto machine. .6Metaphorical entailmentIn addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the

10、mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEYWe will proceed in a step-by-step fashion.We have covered a lot of ground.In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to TRAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOU

11、RNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and target gives rise to the entailment that these ev

12、ents can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT.a.metaphorical entailments paly an essential role in linking all of the instances of a single metaphorical structuring of a concept.7Metaphors and image schemas Subsequent to the development of image schema theory, the idea that certain concepts were

13、 image-schematic in nature was exploited by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Lakoff and Johnson both argued that image schemas could serve as source domains for metaphoric mapping. Image schemas appear to be knowledge structures that emerge directly from pre-conceptual embodied experience. These structur

14、es are meaningful at the conceptual level precisely because they derive from the level of bodily experience, which is directly meaningful. The importance of image schemas is that they can provide the concrete basis for metaphoric mappings.8Invariance Lakoff and Turner observed that there appear to b

15、e certain restrictions in terms of which source domains can serve particular target domains.In order to account for these restrictions, Lakoff posited the Invariance Principle: Metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive topology ( that is , the image schema structure) of the source domain, in a wa

16、y consistent with the inherent structure of the target domain.( Lakoff, 1993:215)What the invariance principle does is guarantee that image-schematic organization is invariant across metaphoric mappings. This means that the structure of the source domain must be preserved by the mapping in a way con

17、sistent with the target domain.9Hiding and highlighting An important idea in Conceptual Metaphor Theory relates to hiding and highlighting: when a target is structured in terms of a particular source, this highlights certain aspects of the target while simultaneously hiding other aspects. For exampl

18、e: ARGUMENT IS WAR highlights the adversarial nature of argument but hides the fact that argument often involves an ordered and organized development of a particular topic. This shows that that the metaphorical structuring involved here is partial, not total. If it were total, one concept would actu

19、ally be the other, not merely be understood in terms of it.10Categories of Metaphors（1）Orientational metaphorrelates to spatial orientation, is not arbitrary but is based on our physical and cultural experience. Through orientational metaphor, we can project specific spatial orientations onto some a

20、bstract concepts, such as emotion (happy and sad), body (illness and death), and morality (virtue and depravity). For example：HAPPY IS UP；SAD ID DOWN Im feeling up. My spirits rose. Hes really low these days. I fell into a depression. .11(2) ontological metaphormeans human experiences with physical

21、objects enable us to view abstract concepts and experiences as entities and substances. For example:INFLATION IS AN ENTITY.Inflation is lowering our standard of living.We need to combat inflation. Container metaphor is an ontological metaphor in which some concept is represented as having an inside and outside, and capable of holding something else. Perso