詞匯及語法結構

1、詞匯與語法結構一. 考試內容與要求 大學英語（B）大綱的要求第三部分試題為詞匯與結構?？偡譃?0分，考試時間為30分鐘。此題又分Section A和Section B兩部分。下面我們先看Section A：單句選擇。詞匯和語法結構部分共設20個單句，每句1分，共20分。 大綱對考生詞匯的要求為：“能認知3000個單詞，并熟練掌握其中的1800個單詞以及其基本的搭配?！?語法的要求為：能掌握基本的英語語法知識，并能在聽、說、讀、寫、譯中較正確地加以運用。 詞匯和語法結構部分的考試目的是測試考生運用詞匯，短語及語法結構的能力。二. 詞匯部分答題技巧 詞匯部分的考點為：名詞，代詞，介詞，連詞，形容詞

2、和副詞，數量詞，情態(tài)動詞，動詞短語的搭配和用法。 詞匯試題的正確選擇在很大程度上取決于考生詞匯量的大小，以及運用詞匯能力的強弱。但是了解一些解題技巧也會對考試有一定的幫助。下面簡單介紹幾種詞匯測試題中常見的應試技巧。(一). 根據詞的固定搭配選擇答案英語中有許多約定成俗的固定搭配， 試題設計者把其他部分給出，但是其中有的項未給出，讓考生從四個選項中選出最佳答案，填入句子使其意義完整。如：You should have been more patient _ that customer.A. of B. with C. for D. atbe patient with sb. 是一個固定搭配，意

3、為“對某人有耐心”，因此該題的答案是B.（二）. 通過區(qū)別同義或近義詞選擇答案做這類的題，選擇時要注意區(qū)分詞與詞之間的細微差別，同時要注意在本題上下文中的關系，最好做出選擇。如：In the theatre the actors are very _ to the reaction of the audience.A. sensible B. sensitive C. emotional D. positive答案是B. 本題的句意是：“在劇院里，演員對觀眾的反應很”。四個選項意義分別為A. sensible 可以察覺的； B. sensitive 敏感的； C. emotional 容易動感

4、情的； D. positive 積極的。根據題意判斷只有選項B放在原句中符合邏輯。（三）. 根據上下文的邏輯含義以及主從句之間的關系選擇答案有些邏輯關系比較明顯的句子，選擇答案時，可以根據所給部分之間的提示，選出合乎邏輯的答案；有時，也可根據主從句之間或句子其他部分之間的關系選出可以表明這種關系的詞或詞組。1利用表示增加與遞進關系的詞這樣的詞包括：and, again, also，too, besides, moreover, furthermore, but, in addition to等。例：The house is very _, and furthermore, its too fa

5、r from the town. A. neat B. spacious C. expensive D. fashionable分析四個選項，我們可以看到選項中的所有單詞都可以用來修飾句子的主語房子。句子中間表示遞進關系的furthermore在幫助我們判斷時非常關鍵。它后面所跟的是描述房子離城太遠，這是房子的缺點。根據邏輯推理，它前面的分句說明的也一定是缺點。因此選項中的A、B、D都不對，因為它們都是在說明房子的優(yōu)點，故而答案只能是C，若題句中的and furthermore改成but ，那么選項就要改變了。2利用表示比較與對比關系的詞這樣的詞包括:but, however, althoug

6、h, in contrast, instead of 等。例：A lamp is concrete and you can touch it, but its brightness is _. A. academic B. abstract C. absurd D. absolute句子中表示對比關系的連接詞是but，從這一信號詞中我們可以推斷句子前后兩部分所闡述的內容正好是相對的，與concrete相對的是abstract，因此B是本題答案。3利用表示因果關系的詞這樣的詞包括：because ,so, as a result, thus, consequently, therefore等。例

7、：He is a very _ person because he has done a lot of good things for the local people. A. respectable B. respectful C. respective D. respecting本句后半部分是由because引導的原因狀語從句，意思是“他為當地人做了許多好事”，從這一原因中，我們自然能推斷出他應該受到別人對他的尊敬。表示“被人尊敬的，值得尊敬的”應當是A。4. 利用表示讓步關系的詞這類詞包括：if, although, in spite of, while, whereas等。例：Alth

8、ough Asian countries are generally more _ in social customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India. A. consistent B. comprehensive C. confidential D. conservative本句although引導的是讓步狀語從句，因此可以推斷主句中的事實與前面所出現的有關亞洲國家的特點正相反。與后半句中所闡述的“中國和印度都有一

9、些著名的婦女領袖”這一事實相反的亞洲國家的特點應當是“在社會習俗方面比西方國家要保守”。因此選項中的D是正確答案。（四）. 根據詞法常識判斷選擇有些詞匯測試題，從詞的意義去考慮，填入多個選擇項都可以。在這種情況下，如果借助語法結構對題目進行分析，往往可以找到正確答案。例：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to _ healthy. A. preserve B. stay C. maintain D. reserve從四個選項動詞的詞義來看，哪個都行。但動詞后面直接跟形容詞作表語的只有stay，其它三個動詞都是及物動

10、詞，后面應當接賓語。因此答案是B。（五）. 排除法在做詞匯題時，常會遇到一時難以判斷哪一個是正確答案的情況。這時不妨從不符合題義的選項著手，將非正確答案逐一排除，剩下的多半就是正確答案。此方法同樣適用閱讀理解，語法及完形填空部分的試題，在此不再一一舉例。練習：1. The telegram was based on information from a _ source.A. recent B. reliable C. rare D. private2. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _ any further responsibilities

11、.A. take on B. bring on C. get on D. carry on3. We were _ for half an hour in the traffic and so we arrived late.A. held up B. put back C. broken down D. taken down4. We develop trade with that company for our shared _.A. honour B. reward C. benefit D. prize5. It is a very popular play, and it would

12、 be wise to _ seats well in advance.A. engage B. book C. isolate D. occupy6. Apples are _ in summer and cost a lot.A. rare B. scarce C. common D. unusual7. I took the medicine, but it didnt have any _ on me.A. effect B. relation C. touch D. affect8. Rapid reading means reading something fast just to

13、 _ the general idea.A. master B. seize C. grasp D. imagine9. They build strong walls round the town as a _ against the enemy.A. defense B. defend C. defeat D. depend10. Who _ the workers to take up the struggle?A. called for B. called in C. called on D. called off練習答案：1-10 BAACB AACAC三. 語法重點 語法部分主要涵

14、蓋以下重點：動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)，非謂語動詞，虛擬語氣，強調句，倒裝句以及各種從句（包括狀語從句、定語從句、名詞性從句等）。 我們先來學習時態(tài)：（一）. 時態(tài)我們需要特別注意以下幾種情況和句型結構：1.一般現在時可以代替將來時，用于時間和條件狀語從句中。例如：1)Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _ it. A. finish B. are finished C. have finished D. are finishing答案A。2)Please be sure to telephone me the next t

15、ime you _. A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come 答案D。2.在“This is the first time”結構中，后面的從句用現在完成時。句子開頭也可以用it代替this例：This is the first time that I have met Jane.3.在“It/This is +形容詞最高級+名詞后面的從句中，用現在完成時?！崩篢his is one of the best books _ on the subject. A. that have ever been written B. which h

16、ave ever been written C. that has ever been written D. whatever have been written 答案為A。 4.在“It is/has been時間段since后邊用過去時?！崩篒t has been twenty years since I left my hometown.5.在“no soonerthan”和“hardly when”結構中，主句部分用過去完成時，從句部分用過去時。例如：1)I had no sooner returned than he called.2)We had hardly begun whe

17、n we were told to stop.6.在“It is (high) time后邊的從句中用過去時?！崩篒t is time that we had a rest.（二）語態(tài)1. 語態(tài)是表示主語與謂語之間關系的一種形式。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。 考查時態(tài)與語態(tài)的題通常結合在一起，尤其是被動語態(tài)，除了注意它的一般時態(tài)之外，還要注意它進行時態(tài)及完成時態(tài)的變化。如：He told me that a highway was being built here.他告訴我這里正在建造一條高速公路。2. 另外還需注意有些動詞，其形式雖是主動，但具有被動的含義。1）當感官動詞作系動詞時

18、,例如：Good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。This material feels very soft.這種衣料摸起來非常柔軟。2）還有一些及物動詞作不及物動詞時，也可以表示被動含義，如：This pen doesnt write well.這支筆不好使。此類動詞不多，常見的有cut, lock, open, peel, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write 等。練習：1. Last night, on his way home, he was _ on the head by something hard.A. striked

19、B. stroke C. struck D. striken2. “Did you say that our neighbor _ in the accident?”A. badly hurt B. was badly hurted C. was badly hurt D. had badly hurted3. While I _ my spectacles, I _ a pen.A. was looking for found B. was looking for looked forC. was finding found D. was finding looked for4. If sh

20、e doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _.A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely.A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace6.

21、 She ought to stop work. She has a headache because she _ too long.A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read7. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A. will have found B. have found C. will be finding D. are finding8. We _ our breakfast when an old

22、man came to the door.A. just have had B. had just had C. just had D. have just had9. Our school _ for the summer at the end of June.A. to be closed B. closing C. closes D. to close10. Send for a doctor quickly. The old man _.A. will die B. is dying C. dies D. died練習答案：1-10 CCAAD AABCB（三）情態(tài)動詞1情態(tài)動詞無人稱

23、變化，在句子中和動詞原形一起組成謂語。只有ought后面接to do。情態(tài)動詞后接完成時的用法:情態(tài)動詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、必須、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。2must現在完成時結構：這一結構表示對過去一個動作比較有把握的猜測。例：I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had答案為D。3should (ought to )have done用來表示本來應

24、該做卻沒有做的事情。例：Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我沒能在他走之前和他聯系上，我本應早點兒給他打電話的。”4could現在完成時，表示本來能做的事情而沒有做。例：Mary _ that coat, but she chose to lend the money to a needy neighbo

25、ur. A. could have bought B. must have bought C. can buy D. could buy答案為A?，旣惐緛砜梢再I那件大衣的，但是她把錢借給一個更急需的鄰居了。（四）虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是動詞的一種特殊形式，用來表達說話人的愿望、請求、意圖、建議、驚奇、設想等。虛擬語氣是英語語法的難點，考生必須熟練掌握。以下從五個方面介紹。1虛擬條件句中虛擬語氣的運用：虛擬條件句從時間上又分為與現在事實相反，與過去事實相反，與將來事實可能相反三種情況。表示與現在事實相反的，if從句用過去式，主句用would（或could, should, might）加原形動詞。與過

26、去事實相反的，if從句用過去完成時，主句用would（或could, should, might）+have done結構。與將來事實可能相反的，if 從句用should (或were to)加動詞原形，主句用would加動詞原形。1）If a better material _, the strength of the part would have been increased. A. had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using根據前面的講解，正確答案為A。 2）Had the weather been good, the

27、children _ out for a walk. A. had gone B. could have gone C. would go D. went答案為B。與過去的事實相反。當if從句中含有were, had, should這三個詞時，if可以省略，主謂倒裝。2某些動詞后的賓語從句以及某些名詞后的表語或同位語從句中虛擬語氣的運用，這些動詞或名詞包括：suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise (advice),demand, insist, order, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, d

28、ecide等表示建議、命令或要求的詞。在這些從句中，謂語形式為should加動詞原形，should可以省略。例：The generals command was that the soldiers _ their fort and carry out more important task. A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left 答案為B。3在It is desired(或desirable), It is important等結構后面的主語從句中，動詞用原形或should+原形動詞。這些結構有： It is suggested, It is

29、 requested, It was ordered, It is necessary, It is essential. It is vital, It is urgent, It is impossible, It is preferable, It is advisable, It was proposed等。例：Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week, A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come答案為C。4在would rather, as if/though以及wish后

30、邊that從句中虛擬語氣的運用。1）I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner. A. come B. would come C. came D. have come答案為C。would rather后面的從句中，動詞形式用過去式。2）He talks as if he _ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have know正確答案為B。在as if/though后邊的方式狀語從句中，表示

31、與現在事實相反或對現在的情況有所懷疑，動詞用過去式；如果表示的是想象中的過去的動作，用過去完成時。本句表示對現在的情況有所懷疑。3）You look as if you had seen a ghost.此句中as if 后邊是說話人想象中的過去的動作，所以用過去完成時。4）I wish I knew his address.在wish后邊的從句中，如果指現在或將來的愿望，動詞用過去式。這句話告訴我們說話人并不知道他的地址。5）Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college. Acould stud

32、y B. studied C. had studied D. would study答案為C。在wish后邊的從句中，如果表示過去沒有實現的愿望，動詞用過去完成時。5在It is (high) time后邊的that從句中，動詞用過去式，表示該做某事了。例：Dont you think it is time you _ smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up 答案為B。練習：1. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change

33、in plans.A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed2. It was proposed that the matter _ discussed at the next meeting.A. will be B. was C. could be D. be3. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _ on the way.A. goes wrong B. should go wrong C. went wrong D. would go wrong4.

34、It is essential that these application forms _ back before the deadline.A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent5. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _?A. we are going home B. we go homeC. we went home D. we can go home6. Id rather you _ make any comment on the iss

35、ue for the time being.A. didnt B. wouldnt C. dont D. shouldnt7. That tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A. hasnt been watered B. didnt waterC. hadnt been watered D. wasnt watered8. She didnt go to the party, but she does wish she _ there.A. has been B. had been C. would have been D. would be9. _

36、 the whole situation, I wouldnt have said it.A. If I should know B. Had I knownC. If I knew D. Were to know10. The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I _ here 30 minutes sooner. A. could have been B. would be C. should be D. had been練習答案：1-10 ADBDC ACBBA（五）非謂語動詞動詞非謂語形式包括不定式，動名詞和分詞，它們在句子中不能充當謂語，可以分別充當

37、主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。雖然非謂語形式不能充當謂語，但它們仍然保留了動詞的某些特征，比如說它們可以有自己的賓語，補足語或狀語以及自己的邏輯主語，能成為句子的獨立成分。動詞非謂語形式有一般時、進行時和完成時三種形式以及相應的主動與被動形式。在解答有關動詞非謂語形式的試題時，應特別注意以下幾點：1英語中有些動詞后跟不定式作賓語，有些動詞后面則接動名詞作賓語，還有一些動詞的后邊既可以接不定式，也可以接動名詞，有時意義不變，但有時卻在意義上大不相同，所以必須牢記有關非謂語形式的基本知識。1）We shall appreciate _ from you soon. A. being heard B

38、. hearing C. to hear D. having been heard答案是B。appreciate 這個詞后面只能接動名詞，且應該是其一般式。2）The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told短語動詞confess to中的to是介詞，不是動詞不定式符號，因此選項A和B可以排除。選項C是動名詞的被動式，而動名詞后邊已經有了賓語a lie ,因此動名詞不能是被動式，因此正確答案是

39、D。用完成形式的動名詞表示這個動作在主要動詞之前已經發(fā)生。3）We all feel sorry for _ for so long after your arrival. A. keep you waiting B. having kept you waiting C. waiting for you D. keep you wait答案為B。2非謂語動詞作賓語補充語時，要弄清哪些動詞后面可以跟不定式作賓補，哪些動詞后面可以跟分詞作賓補。1）Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house _ so well. A. to be decorated B. t

40、o decorate C. be decorated D. decoratingdecorate是及物動詞，因此可以排除B和D，C項缺了不定式的符號to，因此正確答案為A。2）There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself _. A. hearing B. being heard C. to hear D. heardhear 在本句中是及物動詞，據此可以排除A和C，B項選擇形式不對，因此D是正確答案。3）The manager has his employees _ a business report every w

41、eek. A. to write B. written C. writing D. write答案為D。have和get后面接賓補時，要用過去分詞或無to不定式。4）we are going to have our office _ to make room for a new engineer. A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged D. rearranging答案為C。3非謂語動詞作狀語時，尤其是分詞作狀語時，要注意分詞的邏輯主語必須和句子的主語一致。例：Arriving at the bus stop, _ waiting there. A

42、. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were C. he found a lot of peoples D. people were found根據上面所述，可以首先排除B和D，C項中的peoples結構不對，正確答案只能是A。4掌握好非謂語動詞形式時態(tài)和語態(tài)的正確使用。如果非謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主要謂語動詞所表示的動作之后或同時，用一般式，如果非謂語動詞表示的動作在主要謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，則用完成式。非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者還是接受者決定了應當用主動式還是被動式。例：The famous novel is said

43、 _ into Chinese. A. to have translated B. to be translate C. to have been translated D. to translate答案為C。練習：1. It is no good _ to come now. He is busy.A. if you ask him B. to ask him C. asking him D. that you ask him2. He was lucky to escape _ to prison.A. sending B. being sent C. to be sent D. sent

44、3. The bedroom needs _.A. clean B. to clean C. cleaned D. cleaning4. His parents _ last week, the child has no one to look after him.A. having died B. died C. dead D. having dead5. _ a teacher in the university, it is necessary to have at least masters degree.A. Become B. To become C. One becomes D.

45、 Becoming6. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made7. I have heard both teachers and students _ well of him.A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak8. Mrs. Brown is supposed _ for Italy last

46、week.A. to have been left B. to be leaving C. to leave D. to have left9. When _ the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave no comment.A. being asked to compare B. asked him to compareC. asking him to compare D. asked to compare10. You will see this product _ wherever you go.A. to

47、 be advertised B. advertise C. advertised D. advertising練習答案：1-10 ABDAB BDDAC（六）從句機考涉及到的從句主要有四種，分別是定語從句、狀語從句（特別是讓步狀語從句），賓語從句和主語從句。下面分別給同學們提示一些需要注意的問題。1定語從句定語從句又分限制性和非限制性定語從句?？忌貏e注意非限制定語從句的用法。從形式上看，限制性定語從句由who ,whom ,whose ,which ,that 等關系代詞或when ,why, where等關系副詞引導，不用逗號把主句和從句分開。而非限制性定語從句中不會出現that，而且

48、要用逗號把主句和從句分開。1）An old friend from abroad, _ I was expecting to stay with，telephoned me from the airport . A. that B. whom C. who D. Which這是一個非限制性定語從句，正確答案是B，因為此處的whom 是stay with 的邏輯賓語。 2）The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _ are separated from the others by land or water. A. them B

49、. that C. which D. those 正確答案為C。在非限制性定語從句中，關系代詞前面可能會有介詞，在介詞前面還可能有其它限定詞，這就更復雜一些，需特別注意。2狀語從句狀語從句有很多種，讓步狀語從句是個難點。讓步狀語從句主要由以下一些詞或詞組引導：though, although, even if, even though, whetheror, no matter wh-(或how), whatever(whoever, whichever等)。1） _，you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. A. No matter whomever you are B. In whomever you are C. Whoever you are D. No matter who