初中英語句子成分結(jié)構(gòu)

1、英語句子成分和英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解英語中的詞可以根據(jù)詞義、語法功能和形式特征分為十大類，即名詞noun（n.）:人或事物的名稱。例：girl,history代詞pronoun（pron.）:代替名詞，數(shù)詞等。例：they,it形容詞adjective（adj.）:表示人或事物的特征。例：brave,small副詞adverb（adv.）：表示動作特征或性狀特征。例：nicely,very動詞verb（v.）：表示動作或狀態(tài)。數(shù)tnumeral（num.）:表示數(shù)目或順序。冠詞article（art.）:用在名詞前，幫助說明其意義。介詞preposition（prep.）:用在名詞，代詞前說明與別的

2、詞的關(guān)系。連詞conjunctions（conj.）：用來連接詞與詞或句與句。感嘆詞interjection（interj.）:表示說話時的感情或口氣。一、英語句子成分和英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解：（一）句子成分1 .主語（subject）:句子說明的人或事物。主語可以由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、主語從句和短語等來擔(dān)任。Thesunrisesintheeast.（名詞）Helikesdancing.（代詞）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.（數(shù)詞）Seeingisbelieving.（動名詞）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneeds

3、isabook.（主語從句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）2 .謂語（predicate）:說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.3 .表語（predicative）:系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。Heisateacher.（名詞）Seventy-four!Youdon'tlook（代詞）Fiveandfiveisten.（數(shù)詞）Heisasleep.（形容詞）Hisfatherisin.（副詞）Thepictureis

4、onthewall.（介詞短語）Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容詞化的分詞）Towearafloweristosay"I'mpoor,Ican（不定式buyaring.Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表語從句）（常見的系動詞有：be,sound（聽起來）,look（看起來），feel（摸起來，smell（聞起來）taste（嘗、吃起來），remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感覺）.Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomloo

5、ksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.4 .賓語：1）動作的承受者-動賓IlikeChina.（名詞）Hehatesyou.（代詞）Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（數(shù)詞）Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（動名詞）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（賓語從句）2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-介賓Areyouafraid

6、ofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.5 .賓補(bǔ)：對賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。Weelectedhimmonitor.（名詞）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn'tcomehere.（名）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容詞）Wefoundnobodyin.（副詞）Pleasemakeyourselfathome.介詞短語）Don'tlethimdothat.（省t

7、o不定式）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（帶to不定式）Don'tkeepthelightsburning.（現(xiàn)在分詞）I'llhavemybikerepaired.（過去分詞）6 .主補(bǔ)：對主語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為主語補(bǔ)足語。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.7 .定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.（名詞）Heiso

8、urfriend.（代詞）Webelongtothethirdworld.（數(shù)詞）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容詞）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.（副詞）Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.（介詞）TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（過去分詞）Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.

9、（定語從句）8 .狀語：用來修飾v.,adj.,adv.,或句子。表示時間、地點、原因、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。（以下例句按上述順序排列）Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeeting-room.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidn'tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexa

10、m.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.（二）句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句的五個基本句型1 .主語+不及物動詞Shecame./Myheadaches.2 .主語+及物動詞+賓語ShelikesEnglish.3 .主語+系動詞+表語Sheishappy.4 .主語+雙賓動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語ShegaveJohnabook.5 .主語+賓補(bǔ)動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+be句型Therearesomebooksonthede

11、sk.Thereliesabookonthedesk.Exercises:分析下列句子成分1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity.翻譯練習(xí)：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+不及物動詞）1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Shewenthomeveryla

12、teyesterdayevening.練習(xí)：1、Thisboxweighsfivekilos.這個盒子重五公斤。2、IlivedinBeijingfiveyearsago.五年前我住在d匕京。主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+及物動詞+賓語）1 、Iwrotealetterlastnight.2 、Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.練習(xí)：1、AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.我們大家都相信Jack是一個誠實男孩。2、Hedidnotknowwhattosay.他不知道說什麼好。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+系動詞+表語）1 .Mybrothersarea

13、llcollegestudents.2Inwinter,thedaysareshortandthenightsarelong.2 .MrsBrownlooksveryhealthy.4Attheageoffifteenhebecameafamouspianist.練習(xí)：1、樹葉已經(jīng)變黃了。Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.2、這個報告聽起來很有意思。Thereportsoundsinteresting.雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+雙賓動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）1 .MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2 .Grandmatoldmeaninteresting

14、storylastnight.練習(xí)：1、請你給我弄一本新的，好嗎？Willyoupleasegetmeanewcopy?2、我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？ShallIcallyouataxi?復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）1 .WecallherAlice.2 .HisparentsnamedhimJohn.練習(xí)：1、學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學(xué)生要起立。Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.2、我認(rèn)為與那個人談話是無益的。IthoughtitnousetalkingwiththatmanThe

15、rebe句型1 .Thereisn'tgoingtobeameetingtonight.2 .Therewasonlyawellinthevillage.練習(xí)：1、鈴響了。2、一周有七天。二、英語句子種類講解：按照句子的用途，英語句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。中考對句子的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面：1 .陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；2 .祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；3 .一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；4 .由what,how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別對于各種從句的用法我們在后

16、面分別論述。（一.）陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1 .陳述句：陳述句是用來陳述一個事實或表達(dá)說話人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號“?！盩omhasanewcar.Theflowerisn'tbeautiful.2 .陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成（1）如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或連系動詞be,則只需在這些動詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。Heisplayingtheguitar.（肯定）Heisnotplayingtheguitar.（否定）Wecangettherebeforedark.（肯定）Wecan'tgettheebeforedark.（否定）（

17、2）如果陳述句的謂語動詞是實義動詞，而其中又沒有情態(tài)動詞或助動詞時，則需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)在該實義動詞前加don't,doesn或didn'。t同時把該實義動詞變?yōu)樵巍eplaystheviolinwell.（肯定）Hedoesn'tplaytheviolinwell.否定）Shewonthegame.（肯定）Shedidn'twinthegame.（否定）如果句子是therebe結(jié)構(gòu)或謂語動詞是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外,句中如果有some要變?yōu)閍ny。例如：Thereissomewaterinthecup.fThereisnotany

18、waterinthecup.Hehassomebooks.fHehasnotanybooks.（4）除not以外，否定詞no,never,nothing,nobody,few等也可構(gòu)成否定句。例如：Thereissomethingwrongwithhisbike.fThereisnothingwrongwithhisbike.Ihaveseenthefilm.fIhaveneverseenthefilm.（二.）祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子，謂語動詞用原形，句末用感嘆號r或句號“?！崩首x時一般用降調(diào)。(1) 定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主語是you時，y

19、ou常省略，但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對方或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的情緒時可以有主語或稱呼語。Bequiet.Youbequiet!(2) “Do祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請求，do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。Docomebackatonce!Dobecareful.(3) please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣，但please用在句末時，必須用逗號與其余部分分開。Openthewindow,please.(4) Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時，后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語，人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。LetJackwaitaminute.Let'sgotoschool.(5)在祈使句中，Let'和Letus是有

20、區(qū)別的。Let'包括說話者，而Letus不包括聽話者在內(nèi)。這點從反意疑問句時可明顯看出。Let'sgoskating,shallw&喉示內(nèi)部的建議)Letustryagain,willyou?(表示向別人發(fā)出請求)2.否定祈使句通常以Don'或Never開頭。其結(jié)構(gòu)通常是："Don't(Neve!)+司原形+其他成分"例如：Don'tdothatagain!Neverleavetodaysworkfortomorrow!Dontbelatenexttime!(三.)一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本

21、用法1. 一般疑問句：(1) 一般疑問句的肯定形式一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞或have(有)開始，通常要求以yes,或no來回答的疑問句，一般疑問句讀時通常用升調(diào)。DoyouknowMr.Smith?Canyouswim?(2) 一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)在一般疑問句的否定Z構(gòu)中，把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-n',t則須將-n'有一般疑問句句首的be,have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實際運用中，一般都采用簡略式。Areyounotafootballfan?Aren'tyouafootballfan?Willshen

22、otlikeit?Wontshelikeit?與漢語不同的是，英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定，全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的，則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；若答語是否定的，則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。Aren'tyouafootballfan?爾不是足球迷嗎？Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.Wontshelikeit?Yes,shewill.No,shewont.2 .特殊疑問句特殊疑問句由疑問代詞或疑問副詞+一般疑問句”構(gòu)成，句子一般用倒裝語序，但如果主語是疑問代詞或由疑問代詞修飾時，用陳述句的語序。特殊疑問句不能用yes或no回答，讀時用降調(diào)。例如：Whoisondut

23、ytoday?HowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?Whattimedoyougetupeverymorning?WhatmustIdonow?常用的特殊疑問句詢問內(nèi)容疑問詞或句型例句回答職業(yè)，身份whatWhatisyourfather?Heisadoctor.姓名或關(guān)系whoWhoisthatboy?HeisJack.Heismybrother相貌特征what-like?Whatisshelike?Whatdoesshelooklike?Sheisbeautiful.目的whatfor?Whatdidtheycomeherefor?Toattendameeting.原因w

24、hyWhydidtheycomehere?Becausetheyhaveameetingtoattend.howwhatlike?Howistheweathertoday?Whatistheweatherliketoday?It'sfine.顏色whatcolorWhatdolorisherskirt?It'sred.服裝尺寸whatsizeWhatsizedoeshewear?Hewars40.幾點鐘whattimeWhattimeisit?It's7:30.星期幾whatdayWhatdayistoday?It'sTuesday.幾號，日期whatisthe

25、date？Whatisthedatetoday?It'sMay2.年齡（多大）howoldHowoldishe?Heis38.持續(xù)多長時間（多久）howlongHowlonghaveyoubeenhere?Forfivemonths.長度（多長）howlongHowlongisthebridge?It's500metres.距離（多遠(yuǎn)）howfarHowfarisitfromheretothezoo?It's6kilometres.頻度（多經(jīng)常）howoftenHowoftendoyoucomeback?Onceaweek.時間經(jīng)過（多快）howsoonHowsoonw

26、illshearrive?Inanweek.數(shù)量（多少）價格howmany（可數(shù)名詞）howmuch（/、可數(shù)名詞）Howmanyjacketsdoyouhave?Howmuchcoffeedoyouwant?Three.Twocups.howmuchHowmuchisit?Howmuchdoesitcost?Fivedollars.局度（多高）howtall（人,樹）howhigh（山,建筑物）Howtallisshe?Howhighisthetower?She's1.73metres.It's450metres.3 .選擇疑問句：選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情

27、況，讓對方選擇回答的疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是疑問句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接，or前面的部分讀升調(diào)，or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。選擇疑問句不能用yes或no回答，而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。Isyourbagyelloworblack?It。'sblack.Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?Eitherwilldo.。Whichdoyoulikebetter,singingordancing?Ilikedancingbetter.4 .反意疑問句：反意疑問句(tagquestion)又叫附加疑問句，是在陳述句后，對陳述句所敘述的事提出的疑問。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種：一肯定陳述句+簡略

28、否定問句”；二否定陳述句+簡略肯定問句”。反意疑問句的前后兩部分在時態(tài)，人稱和數(shù)上都要保持一致。Itlookslikerain,doesn'tit?Hedoesntneedtoworksolate,doeshe?(1)肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問句，否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問句。Iamyourteacher,aren'tI?Hedidn'tstudyhard,didhe?(2)當(dāng)反意疑問句是否定陳述句+肯定附加問句”時，英語與漢語的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語回答時只看實際情況，若答語的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+定結(jié)構(gòu)”，答語的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No否定結(jié)構(gòu)”，而譯

29、成漢語時，則必須把yes譯不是"，把no譯成是的”。-Youwon'tbeawayforlong,willyou?(爾不會離開太久，是嗎？- -Yes,Iwill不，我會離開很久。-No,Iwon是的，我不會離開很久。- -Idon'tthinkshe'llby)ibike,willshe?我認(rèn)為她不會騎自行車，會嗎?- -Yes,shewill不，她會騎自行車來。-No,shewon是的，她不會騎自行車來。即：對反意疑問句的回答，是根據(jù)事實，而不是根據(jù)問題的提法。Heisn'tadoctor,ishe?是醫(yī)生，是嗎?)Yes,heis.汴，他是醫(yī)生。

30、)No,heisn't.(是的，他不是醫(yī)生。)(3)陳述部分的主語是this,that時，疑問部分的主語多用it;陳述部分的主語是these,those時，疑問部分的主語多用they。Thisisadictionary,isn'tit?Thoseareshelves,aren'tthey?(4)陳述部分是"therebe”結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問部分用there省略主語代詞。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?(5)陳述句中含有not,no

31、,hardly,neither,never,few,little,too等否定詞或同有否定意義的詞時，疑問部分常用肯定形式。如：Fewpeopleknewthenews,didthey?TomhasneverbeentoEngland,hashe?(6)如果陳述句的主語是something,nothing,anything,everything等不定代詞時，反意疑問部分的主語多用it。(7)如果主語是l'以后反意部分用aren'tll'mlate,aren'tl?Attention:簡短問句的否定形式，要用縮寫形式，不能出現(xiàn)not,主語要用人稱代詞不能用名詞.H

32、ermotherisadoctor,isn'tshe?Thereisabookonthedesk,isn'tthere?Fillintheblanks:1、TheboyisJapanese,he?Thebookisn'tinteresting,it?HeknowsalotaboutEnglishnames,he?Thegirldoesn'tlikeapples,she?Therearetwobirdsinthetree,there?ThemancametoChinalastmonth,he?2、(1)You'reafarmer,?(2)Theweathe

33、risn'tfine,?(3)Katecameherelastmonth,?(4)Idon'tthinkTomisathome,?(5)Thereweren'tenoughnuts,?(6)There'sapeninthepe-taox,?Themanhadbreadforlunch,?(8)MarycanspeaklittleEnglish,?(9)Nothingiswrongwiththewatch,?(四.)由what,how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號f”，讀時用降調(diào),感嘆句往往由what

34、或how引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞。1. what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：(1) what+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)Whatabeautifulcityitis!Whataninterestingstoryshetold!(2) what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)Whatexpensivewatchestheyare!Whatterribleweatheritis!2. How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：(1) How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)Howcolditis!Howhardheworks!(2) How+陳述句(主語

35、+謂語)Howheloveshisson!HowImissyou!(3) How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)Howtallatreeitis!(4)上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：Whatacleverboyheis!fHowclevertheboyis!Whatacolddayitis!fHowcolditis!【實例解析】1. usefulcomputeritis!A.WhatB.WhataC.WhatanD.How2. -isitfromJiaxingtoHangzhou?-I'mnotsure,butittakesaboutninetyminutes

36、togettherebybus.A.HowmanyB.HowoftenC.HowmuchD.Howfar3. -willittakeustogettherebybus?-Abouttwohours.A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.HowlongD.Howquick4. -Help!Thereisasnakenearthehouse.-afraid.Itwillgoawaylater.A.Don'tB.NotC.Don'tbeD.Be綜合練習(xí)一.單項填空1. -Excuseme,isthenearestbookshop?-Godownthestreetandturnle

37、ftatthesecondcorner.A.howB.whatC.whereD.who2. -isitfromourschooltotheBellTower?-Abouthalfanhour'sbusride.Shallwegoandvisitit?A.HowlongB.HowoftenC.HowfarD.Howmuch3. -Lindahadnothingforbreakfastthismorning,?-No.Shegotuptoolate.A.hadsheB.hadntsheC.didsheD.didntshe4. -Theroomissodirty.wecleanit?-Ofc

38、ourse.A.WillB.WouldC.DoD.Shall5. ,sir?-Size41,IthinkA.WhatsizedoyouneedB.WhatcanIdoforyouC.HowdoyoulikethisshirtD.Whatsthematterwithyou6. -goodweather!Whynotgooutforawalk?A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa7. -It'sanicar.haveyoubeeninit?-JusttoShanghai.A.HowmuchB.HowlongC.HowsoonD.Howfar8. -totheUnitedStat

39、es?-No,never,butIwenttoCanadaafewyearsago.A.HaveyoubeenB.HaveyougoneC.DidyougoD.Willyougo9. -wereyouawayfromschoollastyear?-Abouttwoweeks.A.HowoftenB.HowsoonC.HowlongD.When10. -doyouwant?-IwantaCDofpopularsongs.A.WhichCDB.HowmanyCDsC.WhatCDD.Howmuch1. .isyourmother,ateacheroradoctor?A.WhatB.WhichC.W

40、hoD.whose12. -isyourmothertoday,Jim?-Sheismuchbetter.A.HowB.WhatC.WhereD.Howold13. -heatthisschoollastterm?-Yes,Ithinkso.A.DidstudyB.DoesstudyC.WasstudyD.Didstudied14. -didyoubegintolearnEnglish?-Threeyearsago.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhereD.What15. -doyouwritetoyourpen-friend?-Onceaweek.A.HowlongB.HowsoonC.How

41、farD.Howoften16. niceflowers!Wheredidyoupickthem?A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa17. Thesickman'sallowedtotakeawalkinthegardeneveryday,?A.isheB.isn'theC.hasheD.hasn'the18. crosstheroadbeforethetrafficlightsturngreen.A.NotB.Won'tC.Don'tD.Doesn't19. Hefoundnothingintheroom,?A.doesntheB.doesheC.didntheD.didhe20. Youhaven'tchangedyourmind,?A.doyouB