高一英語上冊語法知識點小結(jié)

1、Tony寒假英語培訓(xùn)定語從句專講（一）定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句：限定性定語從句：從句對先行詞進行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。非限定性定語從句：對先行詞進行補充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。（二）定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子（做這個名詞或代詞的定語）叫定語從句，定語從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞，它與定語從句之間要有一個詞連接，這個詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）

2、。先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，時間，地點，原因狀語。（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.知識重點與難點（一）當(dāng)先行詞有最高級，序數(shù)詞修飾，或是all, no, only等形式時，關(guān)系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been b

3、uilt at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.（三）定語從句的簡化表達： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.說明：以上的定語從句部分可以用更加簡單的非

4、謂語形式表達出來：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives. A. which B. that C. who D. it2 Uncle L

5、i _ I worked three years ago has retired now. A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his wo A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before. A

6、. who B. that C. which D. whose5 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built6 She has three children, _ is working in Australia. A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them1. Susan is the very girl _ the good de

7、ed. A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did C. who I think did D. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket. A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month. A. where B. which C. to which

8、D. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play. A. when B. in that C. which D. in which5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss6. Do you know the teacher _ under the big t

9、ree ? A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read【試題答案】1. C Susan 正是我認為作了好事的那位女孩。先行詞the very girl在從句中做think的賓語，同時又是后面賓語從句did the good deed.的主語，所以關(guān)系詞不能用whom2. C 定語從句_ he could buy a train ticket.修飾先行詞money：用這筆錢買火車票。關(guān)系詞前面需要加介詞：with3. C 定語從句_ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的時間都投入在這本書上了。devote.to sth.關(guān)系詞前加介詞

10、：to4. A 定語從句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修飾先行詞the day ：先行詞the day在從句中做時間狀語：在這一天我得到了扮演一個角色的機會。5. C 短語_ tomorrow做定語修飾the question，根據(jù)表達的內(nèi)容：明天即將被討論的問題。應(yīng)當(dāng)用不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)做定語。6. D 短語_ at the moment做the food的定語,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定語表示：正在被的。7. C 現(xiàn)在分詞短語reading under the big tree做定語修飾the teacher

11、 表示：正在大樹下看書的那位老師。情態(tài)動詞1. 情態(tài)動詞的推測表達2. 情態(tài)動詞表達虛擬語氣3. 某些情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動詞在表達推測意義的句子中的運用：（一）用情態(tài)動詞表達事實的推測。can，could，might，may，must可以用來表達對事實的推測。根據(jù)說話人對事實的把握性大小，must表示“肯定”，may / might / can / could表示“可能”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不”, 而can / could可以用于疑問句，表示“可能，可能嗎?”，其否定式cant / couldnt 表示

12、“不可能”。用情態(tài)動詞可以對現(xiàn)在或過去的事實進行推測。對不同的時間內(nèi)容推測有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。（二）對現(xiàn)在的事實進行推測：主要結(jié)構(gòu)：must / may / might +動詞原形be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語 be + doing例句：1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well. 2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in

13、class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?（三）對過

14、去的事實進行推測：結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情態(tài)動詞表達虛擬語氣：表達“本來”，“不然

15、早就”。這是情態(tài)動詞的一種虛擬語氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實相反。表達了說話人的埋怨，后悔的語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達的意思，有如下結(jié)構(gòu)：should have done / ought to have done：本應(yīng)該shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done：本不該could have done：本來可以neednt have done：本來沒必要would like to have done：本來很想would rather not have done: 本來不愿意could / might

16、/ have done: 不然早就例句：1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to ha

17、ve seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.知識難點：某些情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法：need 和dare 的兩種形式的用法need 和dare可以用做實義動詞，后面接不定式（to do）結(jié)構(gòu)，在疑問句和否定句中，加助動詞do/does/did/或dont/doesnt/didnt。作為情態(tài)動詞使用時，主要用于疑問句和否定句中。情態(tài)動詞

18、neednt（沒有必要，不必）相當(dāng)于dont have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you neednt.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意：句型I dare say+從句。 意思是：我肯定 = Im sure或There is no doubt that+從句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the mon

19、ey if I die.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 則指過去愿意做例句：1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.would可以表達“過去習(xí)慣做”類似于“used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.表示請求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do?

20、例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人稱，表示“請求”；“建議” 或“推薦”例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人稱，表示“命令，“要求”，“許諾”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with

21、me if you make so much noise again.在表示推測的否定句或疑問句中，常用can /cant /could / couldnt表示，意思是：“可能嗎?”；“不可能”。而不能使用mustnt或must等詞?！镜湫屠}】1. Do you think he will do me a favor ?As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand, though.A. might B. must C. can D. should分析：本題考查情

22、態(tài)動詞推測性用法。 根據(jù)he is the last one to help others.（他是最不可能幫助別人的人），既然如此，那么“幫助你”的可能性也就最小了。 答案為A2. Look, someone is coming. Guess who it _ be ?I think it _ be Tom.I dont think it _ be _ .A. can ; must ; can ; he B. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; his D. might ; must ; can ; himself分析：根據(jù)備選答案。 ca

23、n表示推測時用于疑問句或否定句中。本題首句就應(yīng)該是Guess who can it be? 第二句應(yīng)該是I think it must be Tom.（說話人十分肯定）。第三句表達了說話人對前一個人的否定。即：I dont think it can be him/he.（不可能是他）。答案為A3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ?Sure. She _ around the campus now.A. must be walking B. must walkC. may walk D. may be walking分析：關(guān)鍵詞S

24、ure告訴我們說話人的口氣十分肯定。根據(jù)句子語境：她此刻肯定正在校園散步呢。must be doing表示肯定正在做。答案為A4. I stayed at a hotel in New York.Oh, did you ? You _ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed分析：首句說：我在紐約住在一家賓館里。在此a hotel是泛指。所以D選項不合題意。第二句在說：你本來可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done表示：本來可以。答案為A5. Why

25、didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through the heavy snow.A. neednt have driven B. cant have drivenC. mustnt have driven D. shouldnt have driven分析：根據(jù)句意：你為什么不告訴我今天沒有會？我本來沒必要冒著大雪開車跑這么多路。Neednt have done表示本來沒必要。答案為A6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a

26、 word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave分析：根據(jù)句意：我真的很擔(dān)心你，你真不應(yīng)該一句話都不說就離開家?！半x開家”已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。Should have done正好表達了本句的意思。答案為B7. A：Are you coming to Jeffs party ?B：Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might分析：根據(jù)B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去聽音樂會。Might

27、表示推測：可能。答案為D8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday.B：Will it be a big surprise to her ?A. should B. must C. would D. shall分析：A說：“我答應(yīng)她在生日聚會上她會得到一份生日禮物。shall表示許諾。答案為D【模擬試題】1. A：Is John coming by train ?B：He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D.

28、may2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up.A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving3. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again.A. might B. should C. can D. will4. You _ be tiredYouve only been working fo

29、r an hour.A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not5. I didnt go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down.You _ mine. I wasnt using it.A. might borrow B. could have borrowedC. can have borrowed D. ought to borrow6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.It _ her husband. He

30、 has been dead for ages.A. mustnt be B. couldnt have beenC. may not have been D. mustnt have been 【試題答案】1. 分析：根據(jù)B的回答“他應(yīng)該（坐火車來），但是也不一定，他喜歡開自己的車。本題考查了情態(tài)動詞的推測用法。may表示不十分有把握的推測。答案為D2. 分析：根據(jù)句意：White先生本應(yīng)該在8:30到這里出席會議的，可他（在8:30）沒有到場。Should have done表示：本應(yīng)該。答案為A3. 分析：本句是說話人在解釋遲到的原因：我或許是關(guān)掉鬧鐘又睡了。might hav

31、e done 表示對過去的推測：可能已經(jīng)答案為A4. 分析：根據(jù)后半句Youve only been working for an hour.（你才剛干了一個小時）說明You _ be tired（你不可能很累），cant 表示“不可能”答案為C5. 分析：聽到對方說“昨天車壞了而沒去上班”，第二個人說“你本來可以借我的車去上班?！?本來可以/能：could have done. 答案為B6. 分析：第二個人是說：那個人不可能是她丈夫，因為她丈夫已經(jīng)去世多年了。根據(jù)對話的語境，是在談?wù)撨^去的事，表示過去不可能：could not have done 答案為：B 與it有關(guān)的主要句型

32、it強調(diào)句型（一）it用做形式主語或形式賓語：根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，it用做形式主語或形式賓語，而真正的主語或賓語（to do 短語，doing短語，名詞性從句）則放在句尾。：1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English . 2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs . 3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.4. Its no use going

33、 there so early.（二）其他句型1. It takes+時間段+sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示“據(jù)說，據(jù)報道，/人們認為/相信/建議等Its said that.Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that例句：1. It generally takes time to reach this point3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem . 3. It was once predicted（預(yù)測）that

34、British and American English would become separate languages finally .（三）it在強調(diào)句型中：在英語中，為了突出強調(diào)句子的某一個成分（謂語除外），達到強調(diào)或使聽話人特別注意這一部分的目的。便形成了一種強調(diào)句型。It is / was+被強調(diào)的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+時間+that+句子的其他部分。例句： It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.It was on my way to

35、school that I saw John this morning.It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.：1. I dont think possible to master a foreign language without much memory. A. this B

36、. that C. its D. it2. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but didnt help.A. he B. which C. she D. it 3. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. This C. That D. It4. It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _he spen

37、t his childhood.A. which ; that B. that ; where C. which ; which D. that ; which 翻譯：（1）It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.（2）Only when we cannot see perfectly do we realize how important our eyes are.3. It was in surgery that the results of that discov

38、ery were obtained, and it was there that the battle between the new idea and the old prejudices was fought out most dramatically.【模擬試題】一. 單項選擇：1. Nobody thinks very polite to be always cutting in when another person is talking.A. that B. this C. it D. there2. I was disappointed with the film, I had

39、expected to be much better.A. this B. that C. one D. it3. He tore up my photo and upset me.A. this B. it C. which D. what4. It was with great courage the boy told the truth he had stolen the money.A. which ; that B. when ; what C. as ; that D. that ; that5. When I try to find that prevents so many p

40、eople from taking part in the program, it seems to me that there are two main causes.A. what it does B. what it is C. why it does D. why it is6. Nancy is expecting another baby and hopes will be a boy.A. he B. that C. it D. there二. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換：將下列陳述句按劃線的內(nèi)容變?yōu)閺娬{(diào)句。1. The children often help their parents do t

41、he farm work.2. In 1993, a tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before.3. The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage of arable land.4. Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods.三. 閱讀理解：AIt is important to know another langua

42、ge and how to communicate without words when you are in another country. Before saying anything, people communicate with each other by using gestures（手勢）. However, many gestures have different meanings, or no meaning at all, in different parts of the world.In the United States, nodding your head up

43、and down means “yes”, while in some pats of Greece and Turkey, it means “no”. In the southeast of Asia, it is a polite way of saying “I heard you”. Today in the USA, when someone puts his thumb up, it means “Everything is all right.” However, in Greece it is bad. Also putting your clasped（緊握的）hands

44、up above your head means “I am the winner.” It is the sign which players often make. In Russia it is the sign of friendship.In the USA, holding your hand up with the thumb and index finger（食指）, and the other three straight means “Everything is OK.” In France, it means “You are worth nothing.”It is a

45、lso important to make eye communication. If you look down when talking to an American, he or she may feel that you are shy, or you are trying to hide something.Besides these, you should also know there are some topics that can not be talked about, such as age, weight and marriage. You can talk about

46、 the weather, work, sports, food, where one lives and news of the day.1. Which of the following is true?A. People all over the world only communicate by words.B. Many gestures either have different meanings or no meanings at all.C. Gestures are the most common way to communicate.D. People can talk a

47、bout anything in another country.2. In Greece nodding your head means “_.”A. Yes. B. NoC. I heard you D. I am the winner3. Putting the thumb up should not be used in _.A. Greece B. the USA C. England D. China4. What does this sentence mean “.your action can speak louder than your words” ?A. What you

48、 do is better than what you say.B. You try your best to be polite.C. You are better understood by your gestures than through your words.D. What you say is better than what you do.5. The main idea of the passage is that when you are in another country, _.A. it is important to know the language.B .it

49、is important to know what you talk about to a foreigner.C. to know how to communicate without words is as important as to know the language.D. to communicate through gestures is more important than to know the language.B“In the old days,” as one wife said. “ The husband was the husband and the wife

50、was the wife.” In the past husbands each had their own way of going on. The wives jobs were to look after them.“The wives wouldnt stand for it nowadays. Husbands help with the children now. They stay more, as well as have more interest, at home.” We shall give some examples of what husbands do, firs

51、tly in sharing work with their wives; and secondly, in their largely independent domain（領(lǐng)域）of house repairs.“Some husbands, as well as doing much of the heavy work in the home, carrying the coals, and emptying the rubbish, act as assistants to their wives for at least part of the day.” Mr. Hammond w

52、ashes up the dishes every night and lays the breakfast for the morning. Mr. Clark said that on Sunday mornings he usually hovered（吸塵）around and read plays aloud for his wife while she did a bit of washing. Mr. Davis polishes the floors and helps to make the beds at weekend, and during weekdays, take

53、s the dog out for one of his twice-daily walks. So it goes on.1. The expression “act as assistants to their wives” means that _.A. husbands read plays aloud.B. husbands are paid by their wives.C. husbands help their wives.D. husbands look after their sick children.2. the meaning of the wifes words a

54、t the beginning of the passage were that _.A. in the past men stayed at home all day.B. in the past there was a clear division of role in the family.C. in the past most boys and girls were married at an early age.D. in the past wives and husbands lived separately.3. What does Mr. Davis do at weekend

55、s ?A. He cleans the floors and makes the beds.B. He reads plays aloud and does the weekly shopping.C. He cooks food for his wife.D. He takes the dog out for a walk.4. In the past, the womans main job was to _.A. take the children to school.B. take care of their husband.C. do the washing up.D. dig th

56、e garden.5. The passage is mainly about_.A. the division of husbands, wives and children.B. how to get on well between husbands and wives.C. the relationship between husband, wives and children.D. the relationship between husband and wives today.【試題答案】一. 單項選擇：1. C，it在句中做形式賓語。句型為think it +形容詞+to do something2. D，it在句中作為代詞指代前面說的film3. B，it作為代詞指代前面He tore up my photo這件事。4. D，這是一個帶有同位語從句的強調(diào)句，“這個男孩懷著極大的勇氣說出了他偷東西的真相。he had stolen the money.做the truth的同位語從句，用that引導(dǎo)。5. B，這是一個強調(diào)句