專題04科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代技術(shù)-五年高考2012018年英語閱讀理解話題分類解讀與訓(xùn)練原卷版

1、專題04科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代技術(shù)普希電解犢.“科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技”是高中新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)話題之一。該話題包括各領(lǐng)域最新科技知識(shí)、最新發(fā)明創(chuàng)造等方面?？萍家呀?jīng)影響滲透到我們生活的方方面面，例如電視、電腦、手機(jī)、MP3火箭、衛(wèi)星、宇宙飛船好多好多，幾天幾夜都說不完。總之生活離不開科技，科技在為生活服務(wù)。點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴，時(shí)時(shí)事事，科技無處不在?！靖呖继骄俊俊翱破罩R(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技”話題是歷年高考英語的必考話題，主要題型為閱讀理解，體裁一般為說明文，分值所占比重也比較高?！镜淅饰觥浚?017年新課標(biāo)卷II）TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompletedits

2、firstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.ThevehiclenamedtheTransitionhastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga

3、23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdonexpectittoshowup

4、intoomanydriveways.It'sexpectedtocost$279,000.Andwon'thelpifyou'restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenth

5、asalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration'sdecisionfiveyearsagotoseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,which

6、arelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.28. Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A. ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B. Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C. Thepotentia

7、lmarketforflyingcars.C.ThedesignersoftheTransition.29. WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A. Itcauserstrafficjams.B. Itisdifficulttooperate.C. Itisveryexpensive.D. Itburnstoomuchfuel.30. Whatisthegovernment'sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A. CautiousB. Favorable.C. Ambi

8、guous.D. Disapproving.31. Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A. FlyingCaratAutoShowB. TheTransitionsFirstFlightC. PilotsDreamComingTrueD. FlyingCarClosertoReality【話題解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了Terrafugia公司研制出了飛車，試飛成功，預(yù)計(jì)將于明年進(jìn)行銷售。本文主要對(duì)飛車的歷史由來及其構(gòu)架進(jìn)行了介紹。28 .A【解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)"Thevehicle-namedtheTransition-hastwoseatswhe

9、elsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115inthefliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.可知選A?！?9 .C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Butdon'expectittosho

10、wupintoomanydriveways.It'sexpectedtoc30.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)$279,000可知，因?yàn)門ransition的價(jià)格較高，所以不太可能在太多的馬路上出現(xiàn)。故選C。hegovrenmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly以及“MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration'sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreateas

11、eparatesetofstandardsforlightsportairCfaf,政府對(duì)于飛車的研發(fā)是比較支持的。故選B。31. D【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。瀏覽全文，主要從飛車的試飛成功、飛車的構(gòu)架以及多年以前人們對(duì)飛車的設(shè)想至今成為現(xiàn)實(shí)展開說明。故選D。Passage1（2018年新課標(biāo)卷I）體裁；話題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文新舊電子設(shè)備的差別3637分鐘Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeep

12、usingourolddevices（裝置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment-andourwallets-astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktracked

13、theenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife-fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthesc

14、enein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutour'oThenesigroomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids'room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroom“ofaidehouseoneresearcher.Th

15、eaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.Werenotjustkeepingtheseolddevices-wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitts'team,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（

16、排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat'sthesolution軍決方案）？Theteam'sdataonlywentupto200buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandente

17、rtainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.32. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A. Theyareenvironment-friendly.B. Theyarenobetterthantheold.C. Theycostmoretouseathome.D. Theygooutofstylequickly.33. WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch?A. Toreducethe

18、costofminerals.B. Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C. Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D. Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.34. Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.35. Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusi

19、ngthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.Passage2（2018年天津卷）體裁話題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用3837分鐘There'sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat'sbeginningtofcodieRetcenocjlisvelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn'tstoppingthere.Foodproductio

20、nWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothatittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito-createformsandpiecesoffoodthatare“exactlythesame,freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherre

21、staurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.Sustainability（可持續(xù)性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcould

22、probablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids（水解膠體）fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae（藻類）andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients（烹飪?cè)希?3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandre

23、ducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Fodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterdaybreadfromthesupermarket,you&

24、#39;eatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste（糊狀物）beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomp

25、lexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46. Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A. Ithe

26、lpscookstocreatenewdishes.B. Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C. Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D. Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.47. Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?A. Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B. Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C. Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.D. Ituses

27、renewablematerialsassourcesoffood.48. AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood.A. ismoreavailabletoconsumersB. canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials49. Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A. Theprintingproc

28、essiscomplicated.B. 3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C. Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D. Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50. Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A. 3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB. ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC. TheChallengesfor3DFoodProductionD. 3DFoodPrinting:FromFarmtoTablePassage

29、3（2017新課標(biāo)卷I）體裁話題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文制作簡單易行的太陽能蒸儲(chǔ)器的方法3166分鐘Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸儲(chǔ)器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentw

30、ithyou,sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5/父5/sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer-perhapsjustadrinkingcup-tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill

31、,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher'sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsupandout-thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththep

32、lasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet'scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圓錐體）with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundw

33、aterevaporates（蒸發(fā)）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.32. Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It

34、9;sdelicate.B.It'sexpensive.C.It'scomplex.D.It'sportable33. Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcherrefeintplragraph2A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.34. What'sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.Digaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet'scent

35、erdownD.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.35. Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom.A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheetPassage422017北京卷）體裁；話題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文人工智能4668分鐘Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪惡）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealpr

36、oblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論）,putitthisway:"Iweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteff

37、ectivelyinterfere（干預(yù)）,wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;

38、itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldface

39、akindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingt

40、hemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablyd

41、ecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteamsyetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjustswitchthemoff"asifsuperin

42、telligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeo

43、Szilardinventedtheneutron-induced（中子誘導(dǎo)）nuclearchainreaction.67. Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay.A. runoutofhumancontrolB. satisfyhuman'srealdesiresC. commandarmiesofkillerrobotsD. workfasterthanamathematician68. Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartly

44、becausetheymightbeableto.A. preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedB. achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC. doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordersD. beathumansininternationalchessmatches69. Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto.A. helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterB. besecureagainstevilhu

45、manbeingsC. keepmachinesfrombeingharmedD. avoidrobots'affectingtheworld70. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A. ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.B. Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C. Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.D. Itwillstayforadecade.assage5（2017天津卷

46、）體裁話題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文自主駕駛車輛3486分鐘Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles（自主駕駛車輛）.Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthedeathvalley

47、"ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty（財(cái)產(chǎn)）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivi

48、ngwheeltocheckemail,saythecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,“saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawy

49、ers.Theliability（法律責(zé)任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,“saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahumanbewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad"ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.

50、Whenyousaydriverlesscars',peopleexpectdriverlesscars."Meratsays.Youknow-nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithoutoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity

51、,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,“saysCalo.46. Whatdoesthephrasedeathvalley"inP

52、aragraph2referto?A. Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B. Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C. Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D. Asituationwheredrivers'roleisnotclear.47. TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto.A. stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB. helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC. protectdriversof

53、allagesandracesD. preventseriouspropertydamage48. Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A. Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B. Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C. Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D. Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.49. Driverlessvehiclesinpublict

54、ransportseenobrightfutureinA.SingaporeB.theUKC.theUSD.Germany50. Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A. AutonomousDriving:WhoseLiability?B. FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC. AutonomousVehicles:DriverRemoved!D. DriverlessCars:RootofRoadAccidentsPassage6(2015。天津卷體裁；話題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文社會(huì)機(jī)器人的功能與作用3086分鐘m

55、uchmorelikecompanionsWhetherinthehomeortheworkplace,socialrobotsaregoingtobecomealotmorecommoninthenextfewyears.Socialrobotsareabouttobringtechnologytotheeverydayworldinamorehumanizedway,saidCynthiaBreazeal,chiefscientistattherobotcompanyJibo.Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobot

56、swillbethanmeretools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallowsthemtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.TheJiborobot,arrangedtoshiplaterthisyear,isdesignedtobeapersonalizedassistant.Youcantalktotherobot,askitquestions,andmakerequestsforittoperformdifferenttasks.Th

57、erobotdoesn'tjustdelivergeneranswerstoquestions;itrespondsbasedonwhatitlearnsabouteachindividualinthehousehold.Itcandothingssuchasremindinganelderlyfamilymembertotakemedicineortakingfamilyphotos.Socialrobotsarenotjustfindingtheirwayintothehome.Theyhavepotentialapplicationsineverythingfromeducati

58、ontohealthcareandarealreadyfindingtheirwayintosomeofthesespaces.FellowRobotsisonecompanybringingsocialrobotstothemarket.Thecompanys"Oshbot"robotisbuilttoassistcustomersinastore,whichcanhelpthecustomersfinditemsandhelpguidethemtotheproductthestore.Itcanalsospeakdifferentlanguagesandmakerecommendationsfordifferentitemsbasedonwhatthecustomerisshoppingfor.Themoreinteractiontherobothaswithhumans,themoreitlearns.ButOshbot,likeothersocialrobots,isnotintendedtoreplaceworkers,buttoworkalongsideotheremployees."Wehavetechnologiestotrainso