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1、全球化的缺點: 經(jīng)濟上,發(fā)展中國家的勞動力被剝削,資源被取用,而產(chǎn)品卻不能夠進人發(fā)達國家,國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)受到外商和外企的沖擊; 社會上,外國的產(chǎn)品流人一個國家,會改變?nèi)藗兊纳盍晳T和購買習慣;年輕人比較喜歡外同產(chǎn)品,比如說食品、衣服、電子產(chǎn)品和娛樂方式; 文化上,本土文化會被削弱,本土語言會受到威脅,文化多樣性會逐步損失; 環(huán)境上,工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)和交通量的加大會增加溫室氣體的排放;游人的增多會對自然環(huán)境構(gòu)成威脅。 Topic 1: Increasing
2、travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to increase tension between people from different countries? 外來人口的增加有利于文化的交流: 游客或者移民都具備經(jīng)濟利益和價值(commercial interest
3、60;and economic value); 而外同人的停留時間是和東道國的合作密切相關的(The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.);很多當?shù)厝艘虼吮憩F(xiàn)得非常好客和友好,這有助于文化的交流(Many local people are very friendly and hospitable,&
4、#160;which promote the cultural communications.); 對其他的文化和人民更為了解(a better understanding of other cultures and other peoples),改變?nèi)藗儗ζ渌褡搴臀幕膽B(tài)度(alter one's attitudes towards another people or cu
5、lture);人們因此可以接受不同的文化和價值觀(embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共處(create motivation to coexist peacefully), 并促進對"多元文化的理解 (promote multi-cultural understanding); 促進文化的融合(promote integration),消除文化障礙(remove cultu
6、ral barriers), 外來人口的增加導致沖突: 違反當?shù)氐牧曀讜づ數(shù)厝耍╞reach of local customs can irritate the locals); 不同文化的人看待同一事物總有不同的角度(harbour different perceptions),并給予不同的解釋(different interpretations),比如對手勢、衣服、言行舉止有不同的理解;舉止不當會引起當?shù)厝艘庀氩坏降姆磻?p
7、rovoke unanticipated responses); 外國游客增多會對當?shù)丨h(huán)境造成壓力,甚至破壞環(huán)境,而移民增多可能導致工作機會減少,致使競爭更加激烈,這些都有可能引起當?shù)厝说姆锤校╟ause resentment in local communities). 范文 Globalization is a catch-all term that refers to any activity
8、60;that involves more than one country, for example, travel from one country to another. The dramatic increase in transnational travel in recent years has sparked controversy&
9、#160;over the potential impacts of this trend on individual countriesf especially those new member states of globalization. Some people are concerned that the upsurge in new
10、160;arrivals will prompt local hostility against visitors instead of promoting their understanding on mutual cultural background. This notion should be rejected as one can see
11、;many facts in favor of this development between countries. The first reason why international travels would never bring conflict is rooted in the fact that both vi
12、sitors and locals are economically motivated. International travel opens up opportunities for business development throughout the world. Entrepreneurs are interested not only in the
13、0;domestic market but also in the oversea market. Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winning over the local people. In turn, locals should show
14、their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that acceptance of each other's cultural background is a necessary condition for cooperation.&
15、#160; Understanding a culture has other implications. Differences in social background, cultural values and religious belief might make the discrepancy of foreigners and local inha
16、bitants on some issues indelible; however, the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for example, used to consider westerners as their&
17、#160;foes. Now they have concrete relations with their western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemed inherent but over time, with better mutual&
18、#160;understanding, they take the same position on many issues. Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel the local community with their scan
19、t regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it should be noted that most offense is accidental, rather than intentional. Instead,
20、visitors disobey rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to be improved with the passing of time when visitors
21、0;from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culture. According to the above analysis, we can observe that the increase in the international travel sho
22、uld not be taken as the cause of any conflict that arises between two countries. Alternatively, one should recognize its role in improving mutual understanding between tw
23、o countries. 近義詞表 1. catch-all = all-embracing:包羅甚廣的 ;包括一切的 2. hostility=enmity=resentment:敵意,怨'恨,憤恨 3. rooted in=derived from=based on:基于 4. entrepreneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:企業(yè)家,
24、實業(yè)家 5. discrepancy=disagreement=difference=divergence:分歧,矛盾 6. foe=enemy=rival:敵人,竟爭對手 7. concrete=tangible=solid:具體的,實際的 8. overtime=in due course=sooner or later:最終,早 9. resort:勝地;tourist resort:旅游勝地
25、;holiday resort:度假勝地;beach resort:海邊度假勝地; scenic spot:景觀;place of interest: 旅游景點 10. repel=revolt=repulse:使厭惡,憎惡 11. scant=limited=scarce:缺乏的,不足的Topic2: When international media (incl
26、uding movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has&
27、#160;negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion? 媒體信息一致的缺點: 國際媒體(global media)般掌握在少數(shù)幾個有實力的機構(gòu)手中(in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations);有了媒體的宣傳(propaganda)后,西方文化成
28、了主流(domineering force),大規(guī)模的、有吸引力的廣告(mass seductive advertising )喚起了落后地區(qū)人們對物質(zhì) 新的向往(create fresh desires),經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系增強(strong economic ties),西方產(chǎn)品取代了本地產(chǎn) 品,使人們更加向往西方的文化; 文化開始融合在一起(mingle),人們被新的價值觀所圍繞(bombarded with new values),對自
29、;己的文化失去信心和自豪感(confidence and pride),拒絕接受自己的文化傳統(tǒng)(rejection of their cultural heritage)轉(zhuǎn)而接受西方的文化習慣(adoption of Western cultural practices);西方 媒體削弱了民族的特征(ethnic identity)和社會的凝聚力(social cohesion);因為擔心失去觀眾 (a loss of vie
30、wers),當?shù)氐碾娨暸_也開始播放西方的電視節(jié)目(television shows), 國際媒體的普遍會降低世界文化的品質(zhì)和多樣性(degrade the quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商業(yè)化(commercialized), 些文化產(chǎn)品(cultural goods),如音樂、服裝,都 變成了商品(commodities in the marketplace)。因此,即便一些文
31、化在世界其他地方傳播,它原 來的性質(zhì)(authenticity)已經(jīng)喪失。 媒體信息一致的優(yōu)點: 國家之間的頻繁交往會促進文化之間的交流。因此,相互了解和相互認同的可能性 (likelihood of mutual understanding and mutual acceptance )就會增加,這是順應全球化的趨勢; 未必一定放棄傳統(tǒng)觀念(not necessarily lead to the ab
32、olition of traditional values),事實上媒體 可以起到宣傳和穩(wěn)固傳統(tǒng)文化的作用; 主流媒體一般都會反應文化多元性(The dominant media reflect cultural diversity.); 些外國 節(jié)目其實促進了文化多元性(Most foreign programming is promoting cultural diversity.),適應
33、了當?shù)氐臈l件(adapt to local conditions),注意到了當?shù)匚幕拿舾行裕╝ware of cultural sensitivity).自我調(diào)節(jié)來適應市場(exercise self-censorship to suit themarket :)。 范文 As international media companies expand across the world
34、, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media programs (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many people have strong views towar
35、d this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalization and cultural homogeneity. The dominance of international media is a sign of&
36、#160;Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owned and operated by a handful of
37、60;giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction in the number of
38、60;media owners will cause a proportional reduction, in the variety of programs broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small
39、number of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds. In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global
40、160;entertainment companies affect cultural diversity by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and i
41、deals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximization of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than co
42、mmunal life and family solidarity, the values and norms previously treasured in" many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing th
43、e alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those movies and TV programs that portray the success of American individuals or
44、0;corporations. The loss of media diversity is also responsible for people's narrow sense of ways of life. The ruling class of many countries speaks English, favors&
45、#160;Western food, wears Western-style jackets and even prefers Western weddings. Young people are captivated by American basketball and some even daubing the names of NBA sta
46、rs on their school sweatsuits. All these transformations in life are the result of the audience's exposure to Hollywood movies, TV shows and sports reports. The loss&
47、#160;of media diversity will lead to degradation of culture and to a minimization of cultural diversity. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to
48、;preserve and pass on their valuable heritage to future generations, including lifestyle. As shown above, international media, controlled by a handful of transnational media
49、corporations, is exporting Western culture worldwide and putting many indigenous cultures at the risk of extinction. The uniformity of media programs has led to that of a
50、rtworks, norms and ways of life wherever international media goes. 近義詞表 1. dominance=domination=power:統(tǒng)治,力量 2. sign=symbol=mark=signal=indication:標志,象征 3. thwart=prevent=spoil=ruin:阻止,破壞 4. a&
51、#160;handful of=a small number of:少數(shù)的 5. contraction-reduction :減少 6. proportional=relative:相對的,成比例的 7. perception=view=opinion:看法 8. ideal=value=belief=principle:觀點,觀念;標準 9. solidarity=uni
52、ty=harmony=cohesion:團結(jié) 10. be captivated by=be obsessed with=be passionate about=be addicted to=be keen on=be enthusiastic about:被所吸引 11. pass on=give=impart=convey:傳遞,灌輸Topic 3: There is a
53、disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country's identity. What is your opinion?商業(yè)和文化的接觸增多會導致一個國家特征的喪失: 影響文化:文化不是靜態(tài)的,而是動態(tài)的(not stati
54、c, but dynamic);種文化的改變主要是由 于社會環(huán)境(social environment)發(fā)生了變化。比如說,人們的飲食習慣發(fā)生了改變,這是學習 夕卜界文化的結(jié)果(People's eating habits have been changed as the result of learned behaviour.); 快餐文化源自美國,有些人將此作為財富的象征(symbols of
55、wealth),從而喜歡快餐;另外, 本地的飲食文化會改變,以適應外國人的口味(suit the tastes of visitors); 影響生活方式:進口商品的增多,對外國產(chǎn)品的喜好(preference for imports);人們更加熟悉 他國的文化,而忘記自身的特點(sense of identity),社會的團結(jié)也有所損害(an erosion of social solidarity);服裝、飲食、娛樂等等都被兩化了&
56、#160;(westernized),比如說,西裝現(xiàn)在是流行 的男性服裝(the suit is the most popular outfit for men); 欠發(fā)達國家在技術革新中起到的作用甚微(play a small role in the technological revolution),所 以需要"出賣"自己國家的主權(quán)或者利益來獲得國際的幫助(concede
57、;sovereignty and interests to other countries for aid);貧富差距加大(widening gap between the richest and poorest parts of the world); 接受西方文化的人們成為一個國家新的統(tǒng)治階級(new ruling class);人們摒棄傳統(tǒng)的觀念 (renounce
58、160;traditionally-held beliefs),覺得傳統(tǒng)觀念是過時的和低人一等的(outdated and inferior);主流文化會取代老式的和各種各樣的文化(A dominant culture takes over diverse cultures.),人們不再尊重傳統(tǒng)文化(lose respect older cultures),而傳統(tǒng)觀念最終成為歷史 consigned to history)。 商業(yè)和文化
59、的接觸增多會加強一個國家的特征: 外來文化讓人們意識到自己文化的特點,從而更加注意維持這種文化; 一種特殊文化會引起世界的關注,人們會更加注意保護。 范文 One of the most conspicuous trends in the 21st century is a closer connection between countries, in
60、;both economic and cultural aspects. There is a widespread worry that this will lead to the gradual demise of countries identities. This issue should be viewed and a
61、nalyzed from multiple perspectives. When a country tends to develop a closer relationship with the rest of the world, it does not necessarily give up its culture.
62、160;Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a country. An indigenous culture can distinguish one country from others, attracting foreign visitors and yielding high
63、160;income. As most tourists travel abroad for learning different cultures and sampling different ways of life, such as Beijing opera in China, Japanese tea culture and T
64、hai temples, many countries have responded with protecting and preserving their cultural identities, in an effort to keep themselves in the list of the most popular desti
65、nations. Increased tourism instills fresh life force into these countries, aiding the conservation of their features. While tourism provides a driving force for cultural conv
66、ersation, some components of a culture, such as traditions customs or taboos might die out over time. It seems that in some countries, the locals have become more
67、60;accustomed to exotic cultures. It reflects the combined effects of the invasion of foreign cultures, either through media or through direct business interaction. For example,
68、60;two decades ago, sex was a taboo subject in China and most Chinese people felt embarrassed to talk openly about it. Over time the Western culture has permeated
69、60;into the Chinese lifestyle, and the Chinese people have broken many of their time-honoured traditions. It occurs in the rest of the world as well. As outlined
70、60;above, increased interaction between countries in the domains of business and culture can either strengthen or undermine the identities of countries involved, To date there
71、;is no definite answer to this question. 近義詞表 1. conspicuous-noticeable=prominent=striking:顯箸的,突出的 2. connection=linkage= relation=relationship:關系,聯(lián)系 3. demise=disappearance=vanishing=fading:消失,死亡4. multiple=manif
72、old=numerous=various=many:不同的,很多的 5. disgrace=dishonour=shame=humiliation:恥辱 6. life force=soul=essence:生命力 7. conservation=protection=preservation:保存,保護 8. exotic=bizarre=outlandish=from afar=mysteriously unusual:&
73、#160;外來的,奇異的 9. taboo=offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=dishonourable=humiliating:無禮的,侮辱性的;忌諱的 10. permeate=seep into=pervade=leak into:滲透 11. time-honoured=age-old=long-established :歷史悠久的 12. interaction=interplay=comm
74、unication=relationship:相互作用 Topic 4: Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others consider that tourism is the
75、only way of protecting a culture. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. 旅游業(yè)有益文化保護(cultural preservation)的論點: 除了自然景觀(landscape)之外,文化和歷史是吸引旅游者去一個國家或者一個旅游景點 (tourism site)觀光的最主要原因(motivator);旅游
76、業(yè)和文化遺產(chǎn)相結(jié)合(integrate tourism and cultural heritage)為文化保護提供了經(jīng)濟支持(economic incentives); 在文化領域提供一些旅游選擇(introduce the tourism options available with the cultural sectors), 如博物館、歷史景點、活動禾卩奠食等(including museums, histo
77、rical sites, events and cuisine), 游客會深人了解當?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)和習俗(get an insight into local customs and traditions),感受當?shù)貍?#160;統(tǒng)和藝術(experience local traditions, arts and heritage),從而更加尊重當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和周圍的環(huán)境 (respect the host
78、60;community and its environment),促進不同國家之間關于自然和文化資源保護的交流與對話(the dialogue over conservation of natural and cultural resources )0 一 旅游業(yè)導致文化破壞cultural destruction )的觀點: 保護的一般是食物、時尚、節(jié)日等(preserve food, fa
79、shion, festivals and so forth)些文化的表 面一,征(superficial elements of a culture), ;|各文化定格成表演者(freeze culture as performers), 導致了文化、宗教、傳統(tǒng)儀式、物質(zhì)文化和語言的損失(the loss of culture, religion, rituals, material c
80、ulture and language);將文化商業(yè)化(commercialise the culture),破壞了文化神圣和 獨特的本質(zhì)(erode the sacred and unique nature);雖然很多活動是娛樂活動(entertain, rather than educate tourists),但有些是對當?shù)厝说囊环N羞辱(humiliate the local people); 垃圾
81、、涂鴉、破壞和噪音不斷增加(increasing litter, graffiti, vandalism and noise),游客在沒有 被允許的情況下進人建筑物、神殿、神圣的土地(enter buildings, shrines or sacred lands without permission).這都與當?shù)匚幕鄾_突,是一種文化侮辱(an insult to the local culture )&
82、#160; 范文 There is little room for doubt that tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. However, its impact on culture remains a source of c
83、onstant debate. This essay will elaborate on both positive and negative effects of tourism from a cultural perspective. Providing economic incentives for cultural preservation
84、0;is unarguably one of the main contributions of tourism. To many tourists, culture and history are what they first consider when choosing a destination. Their mindset ha
85、s been recognised by many tourism sites and money has been subsequently directed toward cultural protection, including the maintenance of key historical sites. Tourism is ther
86、efore one of the primary forces contributing to the preservation of a culture. In addition to raising financing, tourism can make an indigenous culture known to the
87、 world and rally support worldwide to protect it. When a historic site or a site that shows a country's cultural heritage is made accessible to the public,
88、visitors from all over the world will soon flock there. They will share their experience in the local culture with their friends and families once they return home,&
89、#160;assisting this site to gain international fame. Both financial and technological support will flood in for the conservation of natural and cultural resources.On the negative
90、160;side, tourism develops sometimes at the expense of part of culture. Food, festivals, costumes and other stimulating elements of a culture are highlighted to entertain tourists, const
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