漢英翻譯(上)教案

1、漢英翻譯（上）教案主講：魏志成教授第5單元I 提示同第4單元 II 譯法要點(diǎn) 5.1不妥的合譯 5.2 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu): with+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)5.3 重新梳理句際關(guān)系 5.4 誤譯：被動(dòng)句5.5漏譯 5.6變通：逗號(hào)破折號(hào)5.7呼應(yīng)：主題 5.8變通：增補(bǔ)（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）5.9 誤用：介詞 5.10誤用：詞語5.11變通：分譯(單詞) 5.12誤譯：語義邏輯5.13變通：闡釋法（II） 5.14 風(fēng)格：對(duì)應(yīng)式換碼5.15歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)（I）III 原文與譯文【原文】香山紅葉（II）聽著這個(gè)白胡子老人絮絮叨叨談些離奇的傳說，你會(huì)覺得香山更富有迷人的神話色彩。我們不會(huì)那么煞風(fēng)景，偏要說不信。只是一路上山，怎

2、么連一片紅葉也看不見? 老人說：“你先別急，一上半山亭，什么都看見了?！?我們上了半山亭，朝東一望，真是一片好景，莽莽蒼蒼的河北大平原就擺在眼前，煙樹深處，正藏著我們的北京城。也妙，本來也算有點(diǎn)氣魄的昆明湖，看起來只像一盆清水。萬壽山，佛香閣，不過是些點(diǎn)綴的盆景。我們都忘了看紅葉。紅葉就在高山頭坡上，滿眼都是，半黃半紅的，倒還有意思?？上~子傷了水，紅的又不透。要是紅透了，太陽一照，那顏色該有多濃。 我望著紅葉，問：“這是什么樹?怎么不大像楓葉?” 老向?qū)дf：“本來不是楓葉嘛。這叫紅樹?！本椭钢愤叺臉洌f：“你看看，就是那種樹?！?路邊的紅樹葉子還沒紅，所以我們都沒注意。我走過去摘下一片，葉

3、子是圓的，只有葉脈上微微透出點(diǎn)紅意。 我不覺叫：“哎呀!還香呢?！卑讶~子送到鼻子上聞了一聞，那葉子發(fā)出一股輕微的藥香。 另一位同伴也嗅了嗅，叫：“哎呀!是香。怪不得叫香山。” 老向?qū)б猜f：“真是香呢。我怎么做了四十年向?qū)?，早先就沒聞見過呢?” 我的老大爺，我不十分清楚你過去的身世，但是從你臉上密密的紋路里，猜得出你是個(gè)久經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的人。你的心過去是苦的，你怎么能聞到紅葉的香味?我也不十分清楚你今天的生活，可是你看，這么大年紀(jì)的一位老人，爬起山來不急，也不喘，好像不快，我們可總是落在后邊，跟不上。有這樣輕松腳步的老年人，心情也該是輕松的，還能聞不見紅葉香? 老向?qū)Ь驮跐M山紅葉的香里，領(lǐng)著我們看了

4、“森玉笏”、“西山晴雪”、昭廟，還有別的香山風(fēng)景。下山的時(shí)候，將近黃昏，一仰臉望見東邊天上現(xiàn)出半輪上弦的白月亮，一位同伴忽然想起來，說：“今天是不是重陽?"一翻身邊帶的報(bào)紙，原來是重陽的第二日。我們這一次秋游，倒應(yīng)了重九登高的舊俗。也有人覺得沒看見一片好紅葉，未免美中不足。我卻摘到一片更可貴的紅葉，藏到我心里去。這不是一般的紅葉，這是一片曾在人生經(jīng)過風(fēng)吹雨打的紅葉，越到老秋，越紅得可愛。不用說，我指的是那位老向?qū)А?【譯文】譯文1Red Leaves on Xiangshan（II）After the white-whiskered old man had invested Xian

5、gshan with these mystic, colorful stories , I would not spoil the fun by voicing disbelief. Only why was there not a single red leaf all the way up the hill?The old man said："Don't be impatient! As soon as we reach the pavilion half way up the hill , youll see everything. " As we reach

6、ed the pavilion, a truly beautiful sight unfolded itself to the east. The vast Hebei Plain stretched out in front of us with our beloved city, Beijing, hidden in the thick of the misty trees. It was wondrous, in a way, to see Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace, which had always been considered a grea

7、t lake , appear more like a basin of clear water, and Wanshoushan (Longevity Hill) and Foxiangge (Temple of Incense to the Buddha) mere little artifices for flower pots. We had forgotten about the leaves although the slope higher up was completely covered with them, yellowing and turning red. Too ba

8、d that the rain had spoilt the color, preventing them from turning a true red. How beautiful they might otherwise have been in the sunshine !Gazing at them, I asked："What kind of trees are they? They don't look like maple. ""They're really not maples; they're called red tr

9、ees," the old man replied. Pointing at a tree by the road, he said: "Take a look. This is one. "This tree had not turned red; that was why we paid no attention to it. I went over and broke off a leaf - round in shape with its veins beginning to show red. "Ah! It smells good! &quo

10、t; I could not help exclaiming as I brought the leaf to my nose and detected a faint scent resembling herbal medicine. Someone else smelled it and said: "Oh, yes! It does smell good! No wonder it's called Fragrance Hill. ""Really good! " The old man also commented in his slow

11、 manner. "How come in my forty years as a guide I had never noticed its fragrance?""My dear grandpa, " I said to myself, "I know little of your past , but merely judging from the thick wrinkles on your face, it is easy to surmise what a harsh life you must have had. With so

12、much suffering , how could you have had the leisure to detect the leaf's fragrance? I know little, too, of your present life, but you could walk up the hill easily without breathing hard while we had trouble catching up with you. You must be as light-hearted as you are light-footed. Why should y

13、ou not smell the fragrance of the leaves now?" Amid the pervading fragrance of these red leaves , the old man took up to see Senyuhu (Forest of Jade Tablets) , Xishanqingxue (Sun on the Snowy Western Hills) , Zhaomiao (Bright Temple) and many other scenic spots. It was nearing evening when we b

14、egan to come down the mountain. Reminded by the first quarter of the moon shining bright overhead, someone suddenly said："Isn't today the Double-ninth of the lunar calendar?" Checking in the newspaper that we had brought along showed That it was the day after the Double-ninth Festival.

15、 Our trip this day unexpectedly fitted in with the old custom of climbing mountains on this occasion.Some among us regretted that we had not seen a single beautiful red leaf. But I had found a precious red leaf and hidden it in my heart. It was not an ordinary red leaf but one that had weathered man

16、y of life's storms , and whose color had intensified in its deepening late autumn. Needless to say, my red leaf was the old man. 譯文2The Red Leaves on the Fragrant Hill（II）Listening to the old man's garrulous talking about those fantastic legends , you could feel that the Fragrant Hill was st

17、ill full of charming mythological flavour. We would not spoil the fun by saying we didn't believe in him. Thus we continued to climb all the way up the hill, but why not a single piece of red leaf could be found?The old man said, "Don't worry. When we climb to the Banshan Pavilion (Hill

18、side Pavilion) , you will see everything. "When we reached "Banshan Pavilion", we looked towards the east. What a splendid sight ! The immense misty Hebei Plain spread before our eyes, and in the midst of the foggy trees Beijing City was hidden. It was really a wonder that the Kunming

19、 Lake, which originally held man's vision, now only looked like a basin of clear water. Wanshoushan (The Longevity Hill ) and Foxiangge (Tower for Incense for the Buddha) were but a few potted landscapes of decoration. We all forgot to look for the red leaves on the slope of the hill. Although t

20、he vast stretch of them were still partly yellow and partly red, they were actually very interesting. The sad thing was that the leaves spoiled the water, for the red leaves were not red enough. If they had been red through, how luxurious they would have been in the sun shine! Looking at the leaves,

21、 I asked："What tree is it? Why is it not quite like Chinese sweet gum?"The old man said, "It is by no means Chinese sweet gum. It is mangrove. " Then pointing to the tree by the road he said, "You see, it is that kind of tree. "The leaves of the mangroves on the roadsid

22、e also had not yet turned red, so we paid little attention to them. I went over to pick one of the leaves. It was round and only the veins penetrated a slight red colour.I cried out involuntarily： “Aha ! It smells so fragrant ! ”As I put the leaf under my nose, it gave off a slight medicinal fragran

23、ce . Another tourist smelled it too and cried："Aha! It is really fragrant! No wonder this place is called the Fragrant Hill."The old guide said slowly too, "It is really fragrant. I have been working as a tourist guide for forty years now, why have I not smelt it?" My old uncle,

24、I am not so clear about your past experience , but from the dense wrinkles in your face, I can guess that you are a man who has experienced hardships in life. In the past your heart was bitter, so how could you smell the fragrance of the red leaves? I am not so clear about your life today, but such

25、an old man as you, while climbing, you neither walk fast nor are short of breath. You seem to be not so quick in your steps, and no matter how hard we tried, we could not keep up with you. An old man with such light steps must be light in your heart. Why then could not you smell the fragrance of the

26、 red leaves?The fragrance of the red leaves lingered all over the hill as the old guide led us on to visit other sights as "Sen Yu Hu", "Xishan Qingxuer” (Clear Snow in the West Hill) , Temple of Zhao and other scenic spots around the Fragrant Hill. When we began descending, it was ne

27、arly dusk. Lifting my head, I saw half a white moon (the first quarter moon) was hanging in the sky. Suddenly, a companion recalled something and said , "Isn't it the Double Ninth Festival today?" Fetching out the newspaper, it turned out to be the second day of the Double Ninth Festiv

28、al. This autumn tour of ours coincided with the old Chinese custom , the Double Ninth Festival !There were also some people who felt it a pity because they had not seen a good red leaf, regarding it much like a fly in the ointment. But as for me, I picked a precious red leaf and held it in my heart.

29、 It was not an ordinary red leaf but a red leaf that had experienced the hardship in life. The more autumn advances, the more lovely it becomes. It goes without saying that the red leaf is the old tourist guide.-Double Ninth Festival: An old Chinese customary festival on the ninth day of the ninth m

30、onth in the lunar calendar. On this day people used to climb onto a high place to peacefully think of their dead men.IV 比較分析與譯法（1） 1聽著這個(gè)白胡子老人絮絮叨叨談些離奇的傳說，2你會(huì)覺得香山更富有迷人的神話色彩。3我們不會(huì)那么煞風(fēng)景，4偏要說不信。5只是一路上山，6怎么連一片紅葉也看不見?譯文1 After the white-whiskered old man had invested Xiangshan with these mystic, colorful s

31、tories , I would not spoil the fun by voicing disbelief. Only why was there not a single red leaf all the way up the hill?譯文2 Listening to the old man's garrulous talking about those fantastic legends , you could feel that the Fragrant Hill was still full of charming mythological flavour. We wou

32、ld not spoil the fun by saying we didn't believe in him. Thus we continued to climb all the way up the hill, but why not a single piece of red leaf could be found?5.1不妥的合譯 合譯在漢英翻譯中是常見的一種技巧，這是因?yàn)闈h語的語句偏于短小或松散，而英語語句偏于長而緊湊，所以需要合譯。但是合譯仍然要以保證原文信息的正確傳達(dá)為前提，這一點(diǎn)是無庸質(zhì)疑的。就語段的分析來看，原文為兩個(gè)句號(hào)句，一個(gè)問號(hào)句，相互并列。兩個(gè)譯文采取的方法

33、都不相同：譯文1偏于合譯，譯文2重在順譯。無論是從語義信息的傳達(dá)還是從文體風(fēng)格的再現(xiàn)，譯文2的順譯都要比譯文1的合譯更能體現(xiàn)原文。就1234部分而言，2為1主句，1為修飾2的時(shí)間狀語句；4為3的主句，3為4的原因狀語句。12與34互為并列。譯文1將1234合譯之后，其不妥之處在于：第一、丟失了部分語義，如原文的“絮絮叨叨”（注意：這個(gè)詞在譯文2中體現(xiàn)為garrulous）；第二、丟失了原文修辭句的風(fēng)格，如原文以“你”開頭的修辭句?，F(xiàn)代漢語詞典說，“你”字可以泛指任何人或一般人，有時(shí)候?qū)嶋H上指“我”（注意譯文2順譯為you開頭的句子，因?yàn)橛⒄Z里的you也可以泛指任何人或一般人）。 （2）我們上了

34、半山亭，朝東一望，真是一片好景，莽莽蒼蒼的河北大平原就擺在眼前，煙樹深處，正藏著我們的北京城。譯文1 As we reached the pavilion, a truly beautiful sight unfolded itself to the east. The vast Hebei Plain stretched out in front of us with our beloved city, Beijing, hidden in the thick of the misty trees. 譯文2 When we reached "Banshan Pavilion&quo

35、t;, we looked towards the east. What a splendid sight ! The immense misty Hebei Plain spread before our eyes, and in the midst of the foggy trees Beijing City was hidden. 5.2 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu): with+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)就對(duì)本句原文的處理而言，譯文1采用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的方法比譯文2要顯得更加流暢一些。如我們所知，漢語句短而且松散，所以英譯時(shí)常常需要采用合句（關(guān)于合句請(qǐng)參見1.15）。合句的手段有很多，如增補(bǔ)連詞、介詞等。使用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)（Abso

36、lute Construction）來完成合句也是一種非常有效的技巧。With+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的一種，其中的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)包括：（一）名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞；（二）名詞/代詞+過去分詞；（三）名詞/代詞+形容詞；（四）名詞/代詞+不定式；（五）名詞/代詞+介詞短語；（六）名詞/代詞+副詞。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的語義功能包括：表示行為方式、伴隨情況、時(shí)間、原因、條件、同位語等。 就本語篇的兩個(gè)譯文而言， 譯文1共使用了3處獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)；譯文2也使用了1處獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，它們是：99With his hands folded over his abdomen, the old man led the way at a

37、pace neither too fast nor too slow while he went on talking in his accustomed slow manner :（with+名詞+過去分詞, 譯文1）100and dreamed he was in a boat with swelling waves under his feet. （with+名詞+介詞, 譯文1）101The vast Hebei Plain stretched out in front of us with our beloved city, Beijing, hidden in the thick

38、of the misty trees. （with+名詞+過去分詞, 譯文1）102The old guide walked in front at a moderate pace with his two hands across his belly and always saying unhurriedly , （with+名詞+介詞, 譯文2）（3） 我們都忘了看紅葉。紅葉就在高山頭坡上，滿眼都是，半黃半紅的，倒還有意思。譯文1 We had forgotten about the leaves although the slope higher up was completely co

39、vered with them, yellowing and turning red. 譯文2 We all forgot to look for the red leaves on the slope of the hill. Although the vast stretch of them were still partly yellow and partly red, they were actually very interesting. 5.3 重新梳理句際關(guān)系由于漢語的特性所致，我們有時(shí)對(duì)漢語句際關(guān)系的理解恐怕不能只是停留在表面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)上，而是需要在超越標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)形式的對(duì)原文句際

40、關(guān)系進(jìn)行重新梳理，并且按照英語表達(dá)的形式作出調(diào)整。譬如，對(duì)原文兩個(gè)句號(hào)句的處理，譯文1、2似乎都存在可以進(jìn)一步商榷的地方，-這主要指對(duì)原文句際關(guān)系的理解與表達(dá)。譯文1雖然理解到了兩個(gè)句號(hào)句之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，但是漏譯了原文“倒還有意思”一句，也許是因?yàn)椴惶锰幚怼暗惯€有意思”一句與其它部分的關(guān)系；譯文2的although一句，雖然是按照原文另起一句，但是這個(gè)復(fù)句卻在語義上隔斷了與前一句內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，而且把原文句子重心“我們都忘了看紅葉”，轉(zhuǎn)移到了“倒還有意思”。我總體上傾向于譯文1的理解和句式表達(dá)，需要補(bǔ)充的是把“倒還有意思”理解為與“半黃半紅”的遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。因此，譯文可以修改為： 103We had

41、forgotten to look for the red leaves on the slope of the hill, although the vast stretch of them were still partly yellow ,partly red and very interesting.（4）可惜葉子傷了水，紅的又不透。 譯文1 Too bad that the rain had spoilt the color, preventing them from turning a true red. 譯文2 The sad thing was that the leaves

42、spoiled the water, for the red leaves were not red enough. 5.4 誤譯：被動(dòng)句（參考1.13 ）“葉子傷了水”的深層意義應(yīng)該是“葉子被雨水傷了”，也就是說原文是一個(gè)無形態(tài)標(biāo)志的被動(dòng)句或被動(dòng)語態(tài) ；如果轉(zhuǎn)換為主動(dòng)語態(tài)，這句話的意思是“雨水傷了葉子”。譯文1理解到了原文的語態(tài)意義，并從主動(dòng)語態(tài)入手, 當(dāng)然是可以的；而譯文2既沒有理解原文的語態(tài)意義, 也誤解了句際關(guān)系, 因而造成譯文失誤。建議譯文修改為： 104The sad thing was that the leaves were spoiled by the rainwater,

43、so the red leaves were not red enough. （5）1要是紅透了，2太陽一照，3那顏色該有多濃。譯文1 How beautiful they might otherwise have been in the sunshine !譯文2 If they had been red through, how luxurious they would have been in the sun shine!5.5漏譯譯文1漏譯了原文1“要是紅透了”一句，使得譯文的語義與原文有出入，因?yàn)椋?2都是修飾主句3的從句；如果漏譯1這個(gè)條件從句，主句的表意欠邏輯。正確表達(dá)參見譯文2

44、（不過譯文2 中的sun shine應(yīng)該拼寫為sunshine，疑為排版失誤）。 （6）1路邊的紅樹葉子還沒紅，2所以我們都沒注意。3我走過去摘下一片，4葉子是圓的，5只有葉脈上微微透出點(diǎn)紅意。譯文1 This tree had not turned red; that was why we paid no attention to it. I went over and broke off a leaf - round in shape with its veins beginning to show red.譯文2 The leaves of the mangroves on the ro

45、adside also had not yet turned red, so we paid little attention to them. I went over to pick one of the leaves. It was round and only the veins penetrated a slight red colour.5.6變通：逗號(hào)破折號(hào)漢英語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用或翻譯，可能比我們平常想象的要復(fù)雜或靈活一些，尤其是漢語的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用及其英譯。譬如原文3后面的逗號(hào)，在譯文1中被轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)破折號(hào)。比起譯文2相應(yīng)的處理，譯文1的這個(gè)破折號(hào)實(shí)在是翻譯得很好。為什么？首先我們

46、必須深刻理解原文逗號(hào)的語義功能。如林穗芳（2000：197）所說，漢語逗號(hào)-比起其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來說-用途最廣泛，用法也最靈活，因此也最難掌握。原文3后面的逗號(hào)，其語義功能是引出一個(gè)補(bǔ)充解釋性的同位語，具體地說就是45都是“一片（葉子）”的同位語。就同位語的表達(dá)而言，其前也可以使用破折號(hào)，如林穗芳（2000：304）所說定義的那樣：“破折號(hào)后面的話是對(duì)破折號(hào)前面詞語的概念內(nèi)涵作具體解釋，所指的范圍相同?！币虼耍?45句的“，?！备袷?，也可以轉(zhuǎn)換為“，?！备袷?，即：“我走過去摘下一片葉子是圓的，只有葉脈上微微透出點(diǎn)紅意?！逼浯危覀儽仨毨斫庥⒄Z破折號(hào)的語義功能。如我們所知，英語的同位語或同位語從句經(jīng)

47、常由一個(gè)破折號(hào)引出。（張道真、溫志達(dá).下.1998:518）通過這樣一個(gè)對(duì)比性的溝通，譯文將原文3之后、45之前的逗號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為破折號(hào)是非常貼切的。綜合兩個(gè)譯文的優(yōu)譯，建議譯文修改為：105The leaves of the mangroves on the roadside also had not yet turned red, so we paid little attention to them. I went over to pick one of the leaves- round in shape with its veins beginning to show red.（7） 我不

48、覺叫：“哎呀!還香呢?！卑讶~子送到鼻子上聞了一聞，那葉子發(fā)出一股輕微的藥香。另一位同伴也嗅了嗅，叫：“哎呀!是香。怪不得叫香山?！弊g文1 "Ah! It smells good! " I could not help exclaiming as I brought the leaf to my nose and detected a faint scent resembling herbal medicine. Someone else smelled it and said: "Oh, yes! It does smell good! No wonder it&

49、#39;s called Fragrance Hill. "譯文2 I cried out involuntarily ：“Aha ! It smells so fragrant ! ”As I put the leaf under my nose, it gave off a slight medicinal fragrance . Another tourist smelled it too and cried : "Aha! It is really fragrant! No wonder this place is called the Fragrant Hill.

50、"5.7呼應(yīng)：主題原文中的這幾句話，對(duì)于主題來講，有著直接點(diǎn)題的作用；從情節(jié)上看，是全文的高潮部分。原文標(biāo)題為香山紅葉，這里點(diǎn)出了“香山”之所以“香”，是因?yàn)闈M山的紅葉一到秋天便發(fā)出的誘人的藥香味?？梢姟跋闵健钡摹跋恪笔怯袑?shí)實(shí)在在的意義的，英譯時(shí)突出這個(gè)意義是必要的。但是，地名翻譯又是提倡遵循“音譯為主，適當(dāng)意譯，照顧通譯”的原則，以便保留其文化特性，（參見4.1）所以對(duì)于這個(gè)帶有主題意義的地名不能簡單地意譯為Fragrance Hill或Fragrant Hill。譯文1在一開頭就注意到了這一點(diǎn)，可惜在這里沒有進(jìn)行呼應(yīng)；譯文2在處理其它地名時(shí)都注意到音譯與意譯的兼顧，而恰恰對(duì)于這個(gè)

51、主題地名忽視了。所以，我建議首先音譯這個(gè)地名，然后再增補(bǔ)一個(gè)意譯地名。這樣的話，與譯文開頭對(duì)“香山”的處理便形成呼應(yīng)，也甚至點(diǎn)明了緣由；再者也與譯文中其它地名的處理方式形成風(fēng)格上的統(tǒng)一。106 I cried out involuntarily,“Aha ! It smells so fragrant ! ”As I put the leaf under my nose, it gave off a faint fragrance resembling herbal medicine .Another tourist smelled it too and cried ,"Aha! I

52、t is really fragrant! No wonder this place is called Xiangshan Hill, - Fragrant Hill." （8）老向?qū)б猜f：“真是香呢。我怎么做了四十年向?qū)?，早先就沒聞見過呢?”譯文1"Really good! " The old man also commented in his slow manner. "How come in my forty years as a guide I had never noticed its fragrance?"譯文2 The ol

53、d guide said slowly too, "It is really fragrant. I have been working as a tourist guide for forty years now, why have I not smelt it?"5.8變通：增補(bǔ)（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）（參見2.14）英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式和意義比漢語要細(xì)膩得很多，這是漢英翻譯時(shí)需要特別注意的一點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，只要一遇到漢語動(dòng)詞的英譯，就必須考慮到其相應(yīng)的外在形式和內(nèi)在意義。如原文“我做了四十年向?qū)А币痪?，譯文1將其處理為一個(gè)介詞短語，譯文2以一個(gè)含現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子對(duì)應(yīng)。很顯然，

54、譯文2的處理更加符合原文的深層語義，這是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將原文“40年前開始做向?qū)Р⑶椰F(xiàn)在仍然在做向?qū)А钡倪@個(gè)意義完全表達(dá)了出來。如我們所知，在英語中，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不僅可以表示一個(gè)由過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，而且還表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作仍然在繼續(xù)。（張道真，溫志達(dá).下.1998：440）結(jié)合其他幾個(gè)因素，建議譯文修改為：107 "Really fragrant! " The old guide said slowly too. " Although I have been working as a tourist guide for forty years no

55、w, why have I not smelt it?" （9）我的老大爺，我不十分清楚你過去的身世，但是從你臉上密密的紋路里，猜得出你是個(gè)久經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的人。譯文1 "My dear grandpa, " I said to myself, "I know little of your past , but merely judging from the thick wrinkles on your face, it is easy to surmise what a harsh life you must have had.譯文2 My old uncle

56、, I am not so clear about your past experience , but from the dense wrinkles in your face, I can guess that you are a man who has experienced hardships in life.5.9 誤用：介詞“臉上密密的紋路”,譯文1為the thick wrinkles on your face，譯文2為the dense wrinkles in your face，其中譯文2的in your face 為誤用，應(yīng)修改為on your face，如譯文1，因?yàn)閕n

57、 sbs face 與on sbs face是不同的意思。當(dāng)face被用于本意，即the front part of the head的時(shí)候，前面用介詞on；當(dāng)face被用于引申意義的時(shí)候，face前面的介詞可以根據(jù)不同的意思使用不同的介詞。以下是相關(guān)英語詞典中給出的例句：108a surprised expression on ones face臉上的驚訝表情(Longman詞典。Face 被用于本意。)109laugh in sbs face當(dāng)面嘲笑某人(英漢大詞典。In sbs face, 引申為openly的意思)110He wouldnt be so rude to her face

58、他不會(huì)當(dāng)面對(duì)她無禮。（Oxford詞典。To sbs face, 引申為openly的意思）（10）你的心過去是苦的，你怎么能聞到紅葉的香味?我也不十分清楚你今天的生活，可是你看，這么大年紀(jì)的一位老人，爬起山來不急，也不喘，好像不快，我們可總是落在后邊，跟不上。譯文1 With so much suffering , how could you have had the leisure to detect the leaf's fragrance? I know little, too, of your present life, but you could walk up the h

59、ill easily without breathing hard while we had trouble catching up with you.譯文2 In the past your heart was bitter, so how could you smell the fragrance of the red leaves? I am not so clear about your life today, but such an old man as you, while climbing, you neither walk fast nor are short of breath. You seem to be not so quick in your steps, and