第7課--關(guān)于日本的貿(mào)易地位外刊經(jīng)貿(mào)知識(shí)選讀-每課重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)-串講-課文翻譯

1、第7課 關(guān)于日本的貿(mào)易地位Japan Says NoTOKYOAmerica wants Japan to meet import targets for some American goods.An unwilling Japan has decided to draw the line.美國(guó)希望日本達(dá)到進(jìn)口美國(guó)貨物的指標(biāo)，不那么情愿的日本決定劃定最低界線。Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss w

2、ould die down.No longer, it seems.The Clinton administration strongly believes in exerting such pressure.Its policy is to open some Japanese markets (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targetsan approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”.This ugly term foreshadows u

3、ncertain consequences.Far from capitulating to this new thrust要點(diǎn)，目標(biāo) of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-pacific confrontation.從前，日本面對(duì)外來壓力時(shí)，或者勉強(qiáng)屈服，或者保持沉默，并希望這種壓力逐漸消失。但現(xiàn)這種情況已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了?？肆诸D政府熱衷于拖加這樣的壓力（依然認(rèn)為對(duì)日施加貿(mào)易壓力會(huì)有效果。）其政策是通過設(shè)定進(jìn)口指標(biāo)來打開日本某些市場(chǎng)（美國(guó)認(rèn)為日本某些市場(chǎng)是對(duì)外封閉的）這種方法被其

4、支持者稱為“以結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向”貿(mào)易政策。這種牽強(qiáng)的說法預(yù)示著不確定的后果。日本非但沒有屈服于美國(guó)的強(qiáng)硬貿(mào)易政策反而采取了一種可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致太平洋雙岸對(duì)抗的矛盾（美日貿(mào)易沖突的立場(chǎng)）。Japans government is deeply opposed to what Americas trade representative, Mickey Kantor, has called a new policy geared to “quantifiable results” for some products.It fears that the demands and threats which are

5、part of any such policy are bound to spreadboth within product groups and to new areas of trade.At the summit meeting last month between Bill Clinton and Japans prime minister, Kiichi Miyazawa, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import

6、targets.Japans government will refuse.日本政府強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表米奇坎特所稱的使某些產(chǎn)品適合 “定量結(jié)果”的新政策。日本擔(dān)心美國(guó)這種要求和威協(xié)只是其強(qiáng)硬貿(mào)易政策的部分，而注定要擴(kuò)散。兩者都會(huì)擴(kuò)散到產(chǎn)品整個(gè)類別并擴(kuò)散到新的貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域。在上月比爾·克林頓和日本首相宮澤喜一的兩國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)上，美國(guó)堅(jiān)持要求日本拿出滿足新的進(jìn)口指標(biāo)的具體措施。日本政府將會(huì)拒絕這一要求。Instead, Japan is undertaking 著手做a detailed defence of its record on trade.This will first appe

7、ar in the annual white paper on trade developments due to be published on May 21st by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)its definitive statement on trade matters.In addition to the customary dry analysis, this years edition will put Japans side of an argument that has, until now

8、, been dominated by American and European critiques.It follows another MITI report, published this week that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for 指責(zé)某人 their “unfair trading practices”.Both reports argue for trade governed by multilateral rules and call f

9、or the completion of the Uruguay round of trade talks.相反，日本正為其貿(mào)易記錄進(jìn)行具體的辯護(hù)。這將首次出現(xiàn)在日本通商產(chǎn)業(yè)省將于5月21日發(fā)布的關(guān)于貿(mào)易發(fā)展的年度白皮書中，這是該省有關(guān)貿(mào)易事務(wù)的權(quán)威性闡述。今年的白皮書除了常規(guī)的直截了當(dāng)?shù)姆治鐾?，還要提出日本的態(tài)度，而以前則是美歐的評(píng)論占主導(dǎo)地位。此前，在本周通產(chǎn)省曾發(fā)布了另一份報(bào)告，譴責(zé)美國(guó)、歐共體和其他主要貿(mào)易伙伴采取了“不公平的貿(mào)易做法”。兩份報(bào)告都認(rèn)為貿(mào)易由多邊貿(mào)易規(guī)則管理并呼吁完成烏拉圭回合貿(mào)易談判。Besides making worthy free-trade noises, M

10、ITI's defence will also tackle American criticism head on.Naoyuki Haraoka, director of MITI's international trade research office is at pains to point out that Japan is in fact more open than other countries.Japans average tariff on mining and manufactured goods is 2.7%, compared with 4.2% i

11、n America and 4.6% in the European community.The report will also reject駁斥 the argument that Japan needs special trade sanctions because it operates a different sort of capitalism.It will try to do so by explaining the nature and future of the countrys trade surplus.除了發(fā)表有價(jià)值的自由貿(mào)易議論以外，也將針對(duì)美國(guó)的批評(píng)進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。通產(chǎn)

12、省國(guó)際貿(mào)易研究室主任葉廊不遺余力指出，日本實(shí)際上比其他國(guó)家更開放。日本對(duì)礦產(chǎn)品和工業(yè)制成品的平均關(guān)稅是2.7，而美國(guó)是4.2，歐共體是4.6。該報(bào)告還將駁斥一種認(rèn)為由于日本的資本主義制度與他國(guó)不同，則需對(duì)其實(shí)施特殊的貿(mào)易制裁的論斷。報(bào)告將闡述日本貿(mào)易順差的本質(zhì)和前景來達(dá)到此目的。It is this persistent surplus, more than anything, that has provoked anger in Washingtonand Mr.Clintons remark that “the possibility of obtaining real, even acc

13、ess to the Japanese market is somewhat remote”.This year the surplus has been growing fast.Jesper Koll, a Tokyo-based economist at S.G.Warburg, estimates that Japans trade surplus could reach $200 billion if the yen stays at current levels.That is $68 billion more than last years figure.Moreover, th

14、e bilateral surplus with America is also growing rapidly.Mr.Koll reckons it will climb from $44 billion in 1992 to $78 billion this year, an all-time high.With the economy still barely growing, despite two fiscal packages in the past nine months, Japans critics say that the country is once more expo

15、rting its way out of recession.正是也僅僅是由于持續(xù)的貿(mào)易順差，而非其他什么東西，激起了華盛頓的憤怒?？肆诸D說“想要真正獲得日本市場(chǎng)甚至是進(jìn)入日本市場(chǎng)都很遙遠(yuǎn)”。今年日本貿(mào)易順差增長(zhǎng)很快。S.G.瓦爾堡位于東京的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家杰斯帕科爾估計(jì)，如果日元維持目前的水平，今年日本貿(mào)易順差會(huì)達(dá)到2000億美元而比去年增長(zhǎng)680億美元。而且與美國(guó)雙邊貿(mào)易順差也在迅速增長(zhǎng)。據(jù)科爾估計(jì)，日美雙邊貿(mào)易順差將會(huì)從1992年的440億美元增長(zhǎng)到今年的780億美元而創(chuàng)下歷史最高記錄。盡管在過去的9個(gè)月里日本政府推出了實(shí)施了兩個(gè)財(cái)政一攬子計(jì)劃，但日本經(jīng)濟(jì)仍增長(zhǎng)緩慢。批評(píng)人士指出日本又一次在利用

16、出口擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的困境。One defence the ministry will make is that most trade statistics ignore services.MITI estimates, using data from the Bank of Japan, that if Japans import of services had been included in its trade statistics, then the grade surplus would have been $84 billion, $48 billion lower than repo

17、rted.Exclusive惟一的 attention to trade in goods is therefore misleading.MITI wants to see better collection of statistics for trade in services by international bodies such as the OECD.通產(chǎn)省還準(zhǔn)備了這樣的反駁，多數(shù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)忽略了服務(wù)貿(mào)易，根據(jù)日本銀行的統(tǒng)計(jì)，如果算上日本的服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口，那么其貿(mào)易順差將是840億美元，比現(xiàn)在報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)低480億美元。因此，只關(guān)注貨物貿(mào)易是有誤導(dǎo)性的。通產(chǎn)省希望看到經(jīng)合組織等國(guó)際組織收

18、集更好的服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。Surplus, what surplus?順差，什么是順差？Analysis by Mr.Haraokas office explains the recent rise in Japans trade surplus as follows: because of the recession衰退 at home, Japan has seen a decline in expensive imports of luxuries, which were enormously fashionable during the second half of the 1980s

19、.This effect has been compounded, thanks to slow growth elsewhere, by low prices for the international commodities that Japanese industry depends upon.Exports of Japanese machinery, on the other hand, withstood the downturn quite well because the Asian economies that buy them continued to boom.葉廊下所在

20、部門的分析解釋了近期日本貿(mào)易順差增長(zhǎng)的原因：由于日本國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，昂貴的奢侈品的進(jìn)口有所下降，而這些產(chǎn)品在20世紀(jì)80年代后期卻是十分流行的。另外，由于其他地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩，因此日本工業(yè)所依賴的國(guó)際商品的價(jià)格下落，由此使日本貿(mào)易順差更為明顯。另一方面，由于購(gòu)買日本機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的亞洲國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)高速增長(zhǎng)，因此日本機(jī)械產(chǎn)品出口仍可經(jīng)受經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟而保持持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)Also, the American and Japanese economies have been out of kilter.Americas strengthening economy caused an increase in Ameri

21、can demand for Japanese imports, while Japanese demand for foreign goods declined.The effect is amplified, MITI argues, because 35% of American exports to Japan are industrial commodities, which are highly sensitive to the business cycle.另外，美國(guó)和日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)失調(diào)，美國(guó)日益增強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)致了其對(duì)日本進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的需求增加，另一方面，而日本對(duì)國(guó)外產(chǎn)品的需求減少。通

22、產(chǎn)省認(rèn)為，這種矛盾會(huì)逐漸增強(qiáng)，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)對(duì)日本的出口產(chǎn)品35是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，而工業(yè)產(chǎn)品正是在商業(yè)周期中最易敏感的。Having argued that criticism of the trade surplus in Washington is misconceived, MITIs forthcoming paper goes on to predict that the surplus will, of its own accord, gradually diminish in size and relevance:ØWhen Japanese demand picks up aga

23、in, imports will grow more quickly than in past recoveries.This is because the volume of Japanese imports has become more sensitive to the domestic economic cycle.在提出華盛頓對(duì)貿(mào)易順差的錯(cuò)誤批評(píng)以后，通產(chǎn)省即將發(fā)布的報(bào)告接著預(yù)測(cè)這種貿(mào)易順差的規(guī)模和重要性將會(huì)自動(dòng)地逐漸縮減：日本內(nèi)需再次增長(zhǎng)時(shí)，進(jìn)口將會(huì)比過去的恢復(fù)期增長(zhǎng)更快。這是因?yàn)槿毡镜倪M(jìn)口量對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的敏感度正在提高。ØParts and components a

24、ccount for a growing share of Japans exports; 28% of total exports and 36% of machinery exports in 1992 compared with 19% and 28% respectively in 1981.MITI believes that such exports should be of less concern to advocates of managed trade than consumer goods, because components increase the competit

25、ivenessand therefore the export potentialof the industries that buy them.(Advocates of managed trade would doubtless dispute that.)零部件的出口在日本的出口中占有越來越大的比例：1992年在總出口額和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品出口額中占的份額分別為28和36，而1981年僅為19和28。通產(chǎn)省認(rèn)為，零部件出口相對(duì)消費(fèi)品出口不太會(huì)引起管理貿(mào)易倡導(dǎo)者的非議，因?yàn)檫@些部件的進(jìn)口有利于提高了購(gòu)買行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，從而改善這些零部件進(jìn)口行業(yè)的出口潛力（管理貿(mào)易的倡導(dǎo)者無疑會(huì)反對(duì)這一點(diǎn)）。Ø

26、;From now on, MITI argues, Japans overseas plants will increasingly export their output back to Japan.Before, they bought Japanese exports of equipment and parts.通產(chǎn)省認(rèn)為，從現(xiàn)在開始，日本的海外工廠將會(huì)越來越多地把出口產(chǎn)品銷回日本。此前這些企業(yè)是從日本國(guó)內(nèi)購(gòu)買設(shè)備和零件。ØThree years of declining profits have followed the over-investment of the la

27、te 1980s.Mr.Haraoka predicts that Japanese managers will henceforth act more like Western managers, putting profits before their firms market share.In the past, that is, Japanese firms have been export-driven; in future they will be less likely to export their way out of trouble.20世紀(jì)80年代后期的過度投資造成了隨后

28、持續(xù)三年的利潤(rùn)下降。葉廊下預(yù)測(cè)，日本的經(jīng)營(yíng)者會(huì)變得更像西方管理者那樣，重視利潤(rùn)超過市場(chǎng)份額。也就是說，日本公司一向是以出口為導(dǎo)向，但將來他們將不太可能通過出口來度過危機(jī)。For these reasons, MITI argues, Japans trade surplus will fall in due course.However, it says, a persistent surplus (albeit a smaller one) is inevitable as long as Japanese households save more than American ones, a

29、nd Americas budget deficit remains untamed.This is a familiar point: trade balances are determined by macroeconomic factors, not by trade policy.To this, a sophisticated advocate of the import-target approach could reply that the balance is not the issue.What matter is access to Japans markets, Amer

30、ica would be content if Japan increased its imports and exports by the same amount (leaving the trade balance, and the associated accounting identities, undisturbed).This reply is disingenuous.American public opinion demands, in its unsophisticated way, a smaller trade deficit.由于這些原因，通產(chǎn)省認(rèn)為，日本的貿(mào)易順差會(huì)在

31、適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候出現(xiàn)下降。但同時(shí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)，只要日本家庭的儲(chǔ)蓄高于美國(guó)，美國(guó)的預(yù)算赤字仍然失控，持續(xù)的貿(mào)易順差（盡管數(shù)量很?。┦遣豢杀苊獾?。這是一個(gè)人們熟知的觀點(diǎn)：貿(mào)易差額是由宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)因素決定的，而不是靠貿(mào)易政策。對(duì)于美國(guó)進(jìn)口指標(biāo)政策的老練支持者會(huì)指出，貿(mào)易差額并不是問題，重要的是要進(jìn)入日本市場(chǎng)。只要日本進(jìn)出口量的增長(zhǎng)幅度相同（不理會(huì)貿(mào)易差額率和相關(guān)的帳目統(tǒng)一），美國(guó)就滿意了。這種回答是略帶詭辯色彩的。美國(guó)公眾的要求很簡(jiǎn)單，即縮小貿(mào)易逆差。On trade and other issues, Japan has caved in to outside pressure countless times b

32、efore, and may do so again.The White House seems to be counting on this.It, and Congress, would be better advised to concentrate on reducing Americas budget deficit.That would reduce the trade deficit regardless of Japans trade policies.Threats of trade reprisals, even if they force Japan to give wa

33、y, will not.在貿(mào)易及其他問題上，日本以前已經(jīng)向外界壓力屈服了無數(shù)次，而且可能會(huì)再次屈服。白宮似乎在指望這一點(diǎn)。但美國(guó)政府和國(guó)會(huì)最好集中精力考慮如何降低美國(guó)的預(yù)算赤字。這樣，無論日本的貿(mào)易政策如何，貿(mào)易逆差都會(huì)降低。用貿(mào)易報(bào)復(fù)來威脅，即使迫使日本屈服，也不會(huì)降低貿(mào)易逆差。-From the Economist.May 15,1993二、Words and Expressionstarget n.指標(biāo)approach n.（處理問題的）方式；方法foreshadow v.預(yù)示capitulate (to) v.投降；屈服(take a) stand n.立場(chǎng)，觀點(diǎn)，態(tài)度（采取一種態(tài)度；

34、持一種觀點(diǎn)）be opposed to 反對(duì)，對(duì)抗gear to v.使適應(yīng)；使適合thrust n.要點(diǎn)；目標(biāo)customary a.習(xí)慣上的；按慣例的critique n.評(píng)論文章argue v.提出理由；提供理由argue for 主張tackle v.（著手）對(duì)付head on （副詞短語）迎頭；正面針對(duì)地at pains 盡力；費(fèi)盡心機(jī)；努力trade sanctions 貿(mào)易制裁persistent a.持久的，持續(xù)的；始終存在的provoke v.激起；引起；惹access n.接近或進(jìn)入的機(jī)會(huì)（權(quán)）；享用機(jī)會(huì)；享用權(quán)obtain access to a market 得到進(jìn)入一

35、個(gè)市場(chǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)（權(quán)利）remote a.絕少的；微乎其微的reckon v.估計(jì)；判斷withstand v.經(jīng)受；承受out of kilter 失常；失調(diào)amplify v.增強(qiáng)；擴(kuò)大misconceived a.設(shè)想錯(cuò)誤的accord n.自愿意志of one's own accord 出于自愿；主動(dòng)地diminish v.減少relevance n.意義sensitive to environment 對(duì)環(huán)境敏感advocate n.擁護(hù)者；提倡者dispute v.辯駁；爭(zhēng)議henceforth ad.從今以后，從此以后untamed n.問題；爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)disingenuous

36、a.詭詐的sophisticated a.老練的cave in 屈服trade reprisal 貿(mào)易報(bào)復(fù)三、重點(diǎn)詞語解釋1.die down: disappear2、foreshadows: predicts3.capitulating: giving in4.geared: adapted5.amplified: strengthened6.withstood: resisted7.misconceived: misunderstood8.caved in: given in四、英漢互譯短語1.trade sanctions: 貿(mào)易制裁2.obtain access to a market

37、: 得到進(jìn)入一個(gè)市場(chǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)3.trade reprisal: 貿(mào)易報(bào)復(fù)4.trade representative: 貿(mào)易代表5.import targets: 進(jìn)口指標(biāo)6.fiscal packages: 財(cái)政一攬子計(jì)劃7.multilateral rules: 多邊規(guī)則8.quantifiable results: 定量結(jié)果1.自由貿(mào)易：free trade2.管理貿(mào)易：manage trade3.貿(mào)易差額：trade balance4.貿(mào)易赤字：trade deficits5.市場(chǎng)份額：market share6.白皮書：white paper7.雙邊順差：bilateral surpl

38、us五、重點(diǎn)語句1. to meet import targets 2.this new thrust of American trade policy3.Japans average tariff on mining and manufactured goods4. the country is once more exporting its way out of recession.5. Japan has seen a decline in expensive imports of luxuries, 6.Americans strengthening economy7.Their fi

39、rms market share8.In the past, that is, Japanese firms have been export-driven 六、課文重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)段落翻譯1.Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down.No longer, it seems.The Clinton administration strongly believes in exerti

40、ng such pressure.Its policy is to open some Japanese market (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targetsan approach to trade policy that supporters call ”results-oriented”, This ugly term foreshadows uncertain consequence.Far from capitulating to this new thrust of American trade policy,

41、Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a transpacific confrontation.過去，當(dāng)日八五年面臨著國(guó)外壓力時(shí)，它要么勉強(qiáng)屈服，要么保持沉默，希望這種壓力自行消失?，F(xiàn)在看起來已不再如此，克林頓政府熱衷于施加這樣的壓力。其政策是通過設(shè)定進(jìn)口指標(biāo)來打開一些（它認(rèn)為是封閉的）日本市場(chǎng)這是支持者稱之為“以結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向的” 貿(mào)易政策。這種不雅的稱呼預(yù)示著不確定的后果。對(duì)于美國(guó)貿(mào)易政策所施加的新的壓力，日本不僅不會(huì)屈服，反而正采取一種可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致太平洋兩岸對(duì)抗的態(tài)度。2.Also, the American and Japanese economies have been out of kilter Americas strengthening economy cansed an increase in American deman