英語詞匯學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、Word-formationWord-formation or word-building is that branch of lexicology which studies the patterns on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word f

2、ormation:Composition or Compounding Definition: Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounding is the most productive word-formation process in contemporary English.Identity crisis 個(gè)性危機(jī) stand-up collar 豎領(lǐng) hit-and-run t

3、actics 打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù) spoon-feed 填鴨式灌輸， 嬌養(yǎng)糊里糊涂 muddle-headed/minded 笨嘴笨舌 heavy-tongued無憂無慮 carefree 飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜weather-beaten/worn 令人心碎 heart-breaking 半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive 不合時(shí)宜 ill-timed/badly-timed 批量生產(chǎn) mass-produceCompounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example, A scho

4、olboy is more concise than “a boy attending school”; “Up-to-the-minute information” is more vivid than “the latest information” ; “The old man would sit for hours, thinking sadly of all the might-have-beens” is more compact and expressive than “thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have

5、happened in the past.”The relative criteria of a compound word Orthographic criterion(書寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g. solid: airmail; hyphenated: air-conditioning; open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion(語音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) : Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a m

6、ain stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. 'blackboard, 'blue bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body)Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and a main stress on the second element. E.g. blue 'bottle (a bottle which is blu

7、e)Semantic criterion(語義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a single idea. The lexical meaning of the components are closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning which one can easily recognize, e.g. backdoor, sunset, workday. However, the meaning of a compound i

8、s not always the sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback (美鈔)，green-hand(生手), greenroom（演員休息室）, mother wit（天生的智力）, Indian paper（字典紙）.More examples: home letters(家信), home voyage（歸程）, home life（家庭生活）, home affairs（家庭事務(wù)），home bird（不愛外出的人）, home e

9、conomics（家政學(xué)）, home front（大后方）, home games（在本地舉行的比賽）, home help（家務(wù)女傭）, homemaker（主婦）, home plate（棒球的本壘打）, home sickness（思家?。?Word order: A flower pot (花盆) a pot flower (盆花) tiptoe(腳尖) deaf-mute（聾啞者）Some of them were influenced by French: court martial(軍事法庭) ; president elect（當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)）; ambassador design

10、ate（尚未上任的大使）Classification of compounds Compounds can be classified according to parts of speech of the compounds. noun compounds : airplane , flower pot adjective compounds: weather-beaten , snowwhite verb compounds: proof-read, baby-sit proposition compounds: notwithstanding, alongside of conjunct

11、ion compounds: whenever ,whereas pronoun compounds: another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, and verb compounds.noun compounds Noun + noun rainwater 雨水; springwater 泉水; houseplants 室內(nèi)植物;fireball 火球 ; firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船；spacesuits 太空服；m

12、ousemat ； 鼠標(biāo)墊 Dream Team；bar code 條形碼； lip service 口頭上說得好聽的話； information highway 信息高速公路； science fiction 科幻小說； sugar cane 甘蔗；gaslight 煤氣燈； Noun + verb daybreak 拂曉； nightfall 夜幕降臨；sunset/sunrise 日落， earthquake 地震；landslip/landslide (山體滑坡)； headache toothache ；stomachache ；heartbeat drumbeat； footbea

13、t 腳步節(jié)拍 ； wingbeat 翅翼振動(dòng) ； window-dress 布置櫥窗； water-supply 自來水 ； snowfall 降雪量； toothpick 牙簽； haircut ； pickpocket ； scarecrow稻草人 ( scare the crow) Verb + noun cry baby (愛哭的嬰兒)； playboy (花花公子) ；glowworm (發(fā)光蟲)； watch-dog (看家狗), swearword（罵人話）, breakwater（防波提）, driveway（車道）, jump suit（傘兵跳傘服，連衣褲工作服）；rattl

14、e snake(響尾蛇) Verb + adv / prep changeover (轉(zhuǎn)變進(jìn)程) ； setback (挫折)； breakdown (崩潰)， show-off(炫耀), slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故）, put-off（推遲，搪塞）, follow-up（連續(xù)廣告法）sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off Adjective + noun clear-way(超速道路), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk, soft disk，red tape(官樣文章)

15、 adverb + noun under-clothes(內(nèi)衣), after-effect（后效，副作用）, upgrade（升級(jí)）, overburden V+ing + noun chewing gum(口香糖), baking powder（發(fā)酵粉）, reading lamp（臺(tái)燈）, lodging house（分間出租供人休息用的房屋），leading article(社論), working party（作業(yè)隊(duì)） Adverb + verb outlet(出口), upset（顛覆）, downfall（垮臺(tái)，陷落）, upstart（暴發(fā)戶）, onflow（滾滾向前）adj

16、ective compounds Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier ( describe a noun phrase or restrict its meaning in some way) Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic writings. noun + adjective skin-hungry, power-hungry,

17、news-hungry, career-hungry (急于成名的) , bloodthirsty duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-free water-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proof, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibration-proof air-sick, seasick, car-sick, ho

18、me-sick, heartsick (沮喪的) user-friendly, reader-friendly profit-conscious,time-conscious, class-conscious, environment-conscious, security-conscious slap-happy(被打得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向的) boxer， trigger-happy (嗜殺成性的)gangster， travel-happy(對(duì)旅游入迷的) accident-prone, crisis-prone (危機(jī)四伏的)，error-prone, air-tight(不透氣的)，water-

19、tight, light-tight(不透光的), rain-tight work-shy(不愿工作的)，camera-shy(怕上鏡頭的)， publicity-shy (不愿出頭露面的) color-blind, night-blind blood-weary (厭戰(zhàn)的)，travel-weary(旅途勞累的) stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-white, ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright, feather-light, fire-hot, crystal-clear, waist-high, should

20、er-high, life-long, grass-green, dog-tired, threadbare（穿舊的） college-bound/preparatory (準(zhǔn)備考大學(xué)的)，labor-short (缺乏勞動(dòng)力的)，top-heavy(頭重腳輕的)，penny-wise(小事聰明的) ， oven-fresh (剛出爐的) line-dry(一晾就干的)，world-famous adjective + adjective wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, white-hot, bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, shabby-gentee

21、l(窮酸的)，dead-alive(半死不活的)，dark-blue, deep-blue, light-blue, pale-blue, bright-red, bloody-red, yellow-green, yellowish-green，social-political V+ing + adjective steaming-hot/smoking-hot (滾燙的，熱氣騰騰的)，soaking-wet/wringing-wet(濕淋淋的，濕得可擰出水來的)，biting-cold/freezing-cold (冷得刺骨的，冰冷的) Adverb/Prep + adjective ev

22、er-victorious (戰(zhàn)無不勝的)，over-cautious, all-round (全面的)， far-reaching (深遠(yuǎn)的，廣泛的)，evergreen (tree), wide-awake (機(jī)警的)，over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe (不成熟的)，too-rapid noun +V+ing peace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-consuming, summer-flowering(夏季開花的), ocean-going (遠(yuǎn)洋的)， fault-findin

23、g, record-breaking, heart-breaking, hair-raising, side-splitting (令人捧腹的)，thirst-quenching (解渴的)，man-eating noun + V+ed heart-felt(衷心的), air-born（空降的，空運(yùn)的）, home-made, travel-worn（旅行得疲乏的）, hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-stricken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned adjective/adverb + V+ing fre

24、sh-frozen(速凍的), easy-going(隨和的), familiar-sounding (聽起來熟悉的)，hard-working, ever-lasting (永恒的) adjective/adverb + V+ed newly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched (牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)的)，half-baked(烤得半生不熟的，膚淺的), hard-won (來之不易的)，quick-frozen (速凍的), new-laid (eggs), so-called, fresh-caught, newly-built, well-informed,

25、 well-organized noun + Noun+ed hot-tempered(急性子的)，chicken-hearted (膽怯的，軟弱的)，honey-mouthed, paper-backed (平裝本的)， eagle-eyed(目光尖銳地) adjective/adv. + Noun+ed short-sighted, tender-hearted, sweet-hearted(性情溫和的), green-fingered(擅長園藝的)，open-handed, single-handed, bald-headed, empty-headed, hot-headed, kin

26、d-hearted, light-hearted, whole/half-hearted, absent-minded, narrow/broad-minded, double-faced, straight-faced, blue-eyed, muddle-minded/headed (糊里糊涂) , commercially-minded, heavy-tongued (笨嘴笨舌的)，middle-aged, cold-blooded, strong-bodied, rosy-cheeked, apple-cheeked, close/tight-fisted(吝嗇的)， bare-foo

27、ted, white-haired, high-heeled, ill-intentioned, weak-kneed (易屈服的)，long-legged, close/tight-lipped (嘴緊的), ill-mannered, thick/thin-skinned (臉皮厚/薄)，high-spirited, iron-willed, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, glib-tongued (油嘴滑舌的)，loose-tongued(嘴不嚴(yán)的) adjective + Noun long-distance, full-length（未刪節(jié)的），whi

28、te-collar, red-letter(喜慶的), ，full-time, first-rate, high-speed, high-level, low-frequency, left-hand, real-time(實(shí)時(shí)的)， long-range, deep-sea (fish) Verb + Noun break-neck (危險(xiǎn)的)， telltale(搬弄是非的)， cut-rate (減價(jià)的，次等的) Phrases or sentences at-risk（處境危險(xiǎn)的）, in-your-face（明目張膽的）, devil-may-care(不顧一切的), dog-eat

29、-dog（狗咬狗的）, round-the-clock, on-the-spot, cards-on-the-table, matter-of-fact, never-to-be-forgotten, once-in-a-life-time, off-the-cuff (臨時(shí)想起的意見)opinion, back-up (備用) a stand-up collar (豎領(lǐng)), a walk-in closet (走入式大壁櫥)，a see-through shirt （透明的襯衫） take-home pay，cross-border raid，a keep-fit class（保健班）ver

30、b compounds The common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixesHousekeeping housekeep, test-drive(試車)，machine-gun, nickname, spotlight, honeymoon, outline, spee

31、d-read, soft-land, vacuum-clean, mass-produce, sight-see, proof-read, tape-record, chain-smoke, ghost-write, air-condition, baby-sit, window-shop, spoon-feed, hen-peck, snowball, middle-road(走中間道路), chain-react, face-harden(使表面硬化), wire-pull (幕后操縱)，daydream, skyrocket, sleepwalk, highlight, safeguar

32、d, whitewash, sweet-talk， job-hopA compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy 1.chain-drink: from chain-smoke2.bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed: feed from a mother's breastA compound verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork, withhold(扣留), cross-question

33、(盤問)，upbuild (建立), uplift, uproot, fast-talk(花言巧語地企圖說服)，off-load(卸貨)， outeat(吃得比多)， outgo, outgrow , ill-treat, overhear, overtake, undergo, underline, undermine, undertake,Affixation or Derivation It is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix, or c

34、ombining form, to an already existing word.A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, such as auto-（from GK autos self）.據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)下列14個(gè)詞根和20個(gè)詞綴出現(xiàn)在詞典里10，000多個(gè)英語單詞中 詞前綴詞根Preceptpre- (before)capere (take, seize) detainde- (away, from)tenere (hold, have)intermitte

35、ntinter- (between)mittre (send) offerob- (against)ferre (bear, carry)Insistin- (into)stare (stand)monographmono- (alone, one)graph (write)epilogueepi (upon)egein (say, study)詞前綴詞根aspectad- (to, toward)spicere (see)uncomplicated un- (not); com- (together) plicare (fold) nonextendednon- (not); ex- (ou

36、t of) tendere (stretch) reproduction re- (back, again); pro- (forward) ducere (lead) indisposed in- (not); dis- (apart from)ponere (put, place)oversufficient over- (above); sub- (under)facere (make, do)mistranscribemis- (wrong); trans- (across)scribere (write)Number-related prefixes from Latinprefix

37、meaningexamplesuni-oneuniformduo-twoduet (二重唱/奏）tri-threetrio (三人組）quad-, quart-fourquadruplets (四胞胎）quint-fivequintupletssextsixsexet (六人組）septsevenseptember (7th month, Roman calendar)oct-eightoctobernonaninenonagenarian (90-99歲的人）Number-related prefixes from Latindeca-tendecadecent-hundredcentigr

38、ade (一百度的）multi-manymultiplyprim-, prin-firstprimarysecundsecondsecondaryambiboth (雙）ambivalent (兩種價(jià)值觀的，有矛盾心理的）equi-equalequidistant (等距離的）omni-allomnipotence (全能）semi-, semhalfsemester (half a year 學(xué)期）demi-halfdemitasse (half a cup for serving coffee (一小杯清咖啡） Number-related prefixes from Greekprefi

39、xmeaningexamplesMono-onemonologueduo-, di-twodialoguetri-threetriangletetra-fourtetrameter (四音步詩）penta-fivepentameter，pentagonhexa-sixhexagonhepta-sevenheptagondeka-, dec-tendecathlonhemi-halfhemispherepan-allpandemic (大流行?。㊣.PrefixationThe definition of prefixationPrefixation is the formation of ne

40、w words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes: force-e

41、nforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege The classification of prefixesIn some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to cl

42、assify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:The most productive prefixesPrefixes which are negative a-, dis-, in-, non-, un- Prefixes which are reversative or privativede-, dis-, un-Prefixes which are pejorativemal-, mis-, pseudo-Prefixes which ar

43、e of degree or size arch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super, sur-, ultra-, under- Prefixes which are of attitude anti-, co-, contra- counter-, pro- Prefixes which are locative extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-, Prefixes which are of time and order ex-, fore-

44、, pre-, post-, re- Prefixes which are of numbersemi-, uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly-   Prefixes which are of a miscellaneous category Auto-, neo- pan-, proto-, vice-1.Negative prefixa-/an-amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy, dis-dishonest, discontent, disobey, disagreein-

45、Incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect, invulnerable, illogical, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregularnon-nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholic un-uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest2.Reversative or privative prefix含“消除”意思de-defrost, deregul

46、ation, degeneration, denationalize，dehydratedepollute, devalue, decentralizeun-undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmaskdis-disconnect, dishearten, disinterested(公正的，無私的), disambigulate 3.Pejorative prefixmis-misguide, misapplication, misbehavior, mischoice, mal-maladjustment, maldigestion, malfunction, m

47、aldevelopment,maltreat, malodorous, malnutritionpseudo-pseudonym, pseudoscience, pseudoclassic, pseudo-friend, pseudodemocratic,4) Prefixes of degree or sizehyper-hyperactive, hypercritical, hyperaggressive, hypercautiousultra-ultramodern, ultrasecret, ultraclean, ultrasonic, ultraconservativemini-m

48、inibus, minicamera, miniskirtout-outdo, outgrown, outliveover-overwork, overestimate, overemphasize, overabundance, overburdenunder-underdeveloped, underpopulation, undergraduatesuper-supermarket, superpower, superstarsub-subadult, subtitle, subbreed, subatom5) Prefixes of orientation and attitudeco

49、-Co-author, co-star, co-prosperity, cooperation counter-Counterexample, counterclaim, counteractive, counterattack, counterculture, counterpart anti-anti-abortion, anti-art, antiwar, antibacterial, antisocial, anticancer, antibody pro-pro-American, pro-American親美的, pro-Communist, pro-student, proslavery 6) Locative prefixesfore-forearm, foreheadinter-international, intergovernmental, interdisciplinary, intercollege trans-transa