計(jì)算機(jī)輔助建筑設(shè)計(jì)：第一節(jié) 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助建筑設(shè)計(jì)概述

1、 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助建筑設(shè)計(jì)第一講：簡(jiǎn)介計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介CAD(Computer-Aided Design) 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)的定義是：使用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)來(lái)輔助一項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)的建立、修改、分析或優(yōu)化。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)包括硬件和軟件系統(tǒng)，用以完成不同用戶的專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)功能。CAAD(Computer Aided Architectural Design)發(fā)展起點(diǎn) 1963年，美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院的博士研究生 Ivan Sutherland 發(fā)表了他的博士學(xué)位論文Sketchpad：一個(gè)人機(jī)通訊的圖形系統(tǒng)，并在計(jì)算機(jī)的圖形終端上實(shí)現(xiàn)了用光筆繪制和修改圖形，控制圖形的縮放。這項(xiàng)工作被公認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)方面的開創(chuàng)性

2、工作，也為以后計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。 Ivan Sutherland at the console of the TX-2 - Sketchpad Project, MIT, 1963 Dr. Ivan Sutherland in the classroom,California Institute of Technology, 1976 /classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/abowd_team/ivan/ivan.htmlIvan Sutherland is considered by many t

3、o be the creator of Computer Graphics. Starting with his Ph.D. thesis, Sketchpad, Sutherland has contributed numerous ideas to the study of Computer Graphics and Computer Interaction. Ivan introduced concepts such as 3-D computer modeling, visual simulations, computer aided design (CAD) and virtual

4、reality.但是，人們還是認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助建筑設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)研究的起點(diǎn)始于1958 年，這一年，美國(guó)的埃勒貝建筑師聯(lián)合事務(wù)所(Ellerbe Associates)裝置了一臺(tái) Bendix G15的電子計(jì)算機(jī)，進(jìn)行了將電子計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)用于建筑設(shè)計(jì)的首次嘗試。Bendix G15 Computer (circa 1958)The BENDIX G-15 computer was manufactured by Bendix Aviation Corporation, Computer Division, Los Angeles, California, in the mid to late 1950s.

5、 The BENDIX G-15 was about 5 x 3 x 3 feet and weighed about 950 pounds. The base system, without peripherals, cost $49,500 and was available at a monthly rental fee of $1,485.The G-15 could utilize a high-speed paper tape punch for output, punched cards, or a graph plotter. It used magnetic tape sto

6、rage. It utilized paper tape or punched card input. The G-15D could perform addition or subtraction functions at about 2.5 milliseconds and multiplication or division at about 20 milliseconds.The G-15 had vacuum tubes and germanium diodes. 180 tube packs and 300 diode packs.http:/putermuseum.li/Test

7、page/Bendix-G15-1950s.htm計(jì)算設(shè)備的日益普及化及小型化網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、普適化及物聯(lián)網(wǎng)60年代 60年代的CAAD系統(tǒng)是歷史上第一代的CAAD系統(tǒng)，應(yīng)用的計(jì)算機(jī)為大型機(jī)，體積龐大，圖形顯示以刷新式顯示器為基礎(chǔ)， CAD裝置的價(jià)格昂貴繪圖和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理的軟件比較原始，功能有限。在當(dāng)時(shí)，CAAD中的“D”，與其說(shuō)是Design，還不如說(shuō)是Drawing或Drafting。因此第一代的CAAD系統(tǒng)不太合建筑師的口味，而且整個(gè)CAD裝置的價(jià)格昂貴。許多建筑師仍然不知道計(jì)算機(jī)能夠幫他們干些什么，有的甚至對(duì)CAAD懷有敵意。整個(gè)建筑業(yè)界普遍仍然使用“趴圖板”方式搞建筑設(shè)計(jì)。但不管怎樣，計(jì)算機(jī)技

8、術(shù)已經(jīng)引起人們的注意。事實(shí)上到了60 年代末，在西方已經(jīng)有建筑師事務(wù)所開始應(yīng)用CAAD系統(tǒng)。70年代 DEC公司的PDP系列16位計(jì)算機(jī)問(wèn)世，在20世紀(jì)70年代初，計(jì)算機(jī)的性能價(jià)格比大幅度提高 美國(guó)波士頓出現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)商業(yè)化的CAAD系統(tǒng)ARK-2，該系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行在PDP15計(jì)算機(jī)上，可以進(jìn)行建筑方面的可行性研究、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、平面圖及施工圖設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)指標(biāo)及設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明的編制等。 美國(guó)著名的SOM建筑師聯(lián)合事務(wù)所為了承接大型項(xiàng)目，在1975年引進(jìn)了全套CAAD系統(tǒng)，隨后應(yīng)用CAAD系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)沙特阿拉伯的吉達(dá)航空港、阿卜杜拉阿齊茲國(guó)王大學(xué)以及一些高層建筑獲得了成功并取得了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。他們的舉動(dòng)，對(duì)信息技術(shù)在

9、建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。Digital Equipments PDP15 Brochure70年代在英國(guó)，也開發(fā)了幾個(gè)著名的用于公共建筑設(shè)計(jì)的CAAD系統(tǒng)，例如用于醫(yī)院設(shè)計(jì)的HARNESS系統(tǒng)和OXSYS系統(tǒng)，愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)也開發(fā)了一個(gè)SSHA系統(tǒng)，主要用于住宅設(shè)計(jì)。日本也在70年代就開展CAAD系統(tǒng)的研制工作。這時(shí)出現(xiàn)的CAAD系統(tǒng)以專用型的系統(tǒng)為多，同時(shí)還有一些通用性的CAD系統(tǒng)，例如COMPUTERVISION、CADAM等，被用作計(jì)算機(jī)制圖。這個(gè)時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的CAAD系統(tǒng)大多數(shù)只是極為簡(jiǎn)單的線框造型系統(tǒng)，這種初期的線框造型系統(tǒng)只能表達(dá)基本的幾何信息，不能有效地表達(dá)幾何元素間的拓?fù)潢P(guān)系

10、，更談不上渲染效果圖的生成。這一時(shí)期CAAD 的圖形技術(shù)還是以二維為主，用傳統(tǒng)的平面圖、立面圖、剖面圖來(lái)表達(dá)建筑設(shè)計(jì)，以圖紙為媒介進(jìn)行技術(shù)交流。CAAD的二維繪圖技術(shù)一直平穩(wěn)地發(fā)展。直到今天，二維繪圖仍然占有相當(dāng)大的比重。Digital Equipments PDP15 Brochure80年代 在80年代對(duì)信息技術(shù)發(fā)展影響最大的是微型計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，由于微機(jī)的價(jià)格已經(jīng)降到人們可以承受的程度，建筑師們將設(shè)計(jì)工作由大型機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)移到微機(jī)上。軟件工程學(xué)的誕生，使CAAD系統(tǒng)的研制有了理論指導(dǎo)。基于16位微機(jī)開發(fā)的CAAD系統(tǒng)就是在這樣的環(huán)境下出現(xiàn)的，AutoCAD、MicroStation、ArchiCA

11、D等軟件都是應(yīng)用于16位微機(jī)上具有代表性的軟件。但基本還是以二維繪圖為主。90年代以來(lái) 最近這15年是信息技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的年代，其特征是：高速而且功能強(qiáng)大的CPU芯片、高質(zhì)量的光柵圖形顯示器、海量存儲(chǔ)器、因特網(wǎng)、多媒體、面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)等。隨著個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)的擁有量迅速增加，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)也得到了空前的普及。Facility Management Facility Management Generative Design Generative Design Geographic Information System Integrated Building Models Integrated Bu

12、ilding Models Human Computer Interaction Knowledge Management in Design Trends and Case studies in Practice Virtual Architecture Virtual Reality in Design and Planning Web-based Design and Communication Case-based Reasoning Computer & Design Pedagogy Collaborative Design tools and methods City M

13、odeling Digital Design Studio Teaching Digital Methods of Construction Digital Methods of Construction Design Process & Methods Environmental Simulation Future Directions & Visions 計(jì)算機(jī)制圖三維模型及真實(shí)感渲染建筑信息模型BIM和BLM生成式設(shè)計(jì)(generative components)建筑物理環(huán)境的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí) AR基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)逆向工程及快速成型技術(shù)GIS 與三維GISImag

14、e modeled with ArchiCad and rendered on Mac OS using FormZ from autodessys Inc, with its integrated LightWorks rendering engine. Copyright Chaker Azaiez. 三維模型及真實(shí)感渲染三維模型及真實(shí)感渲染Architectural designers can accurately simulate daylight through a window with LightWorks radiosity, as well as lighting effec

15、ts for complex geometry, such as curved surfaces and variations in lighting levels.三維模型及真實(shí)感渲染三維模型及真實(shí)感渲染有關(guān)建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling，BIM)和建筑生命周期管理(Building Lifecycle Management，BLM)的觀念正在給建筑設(shè)計(jì)信息化技術(shù)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)新的推動(dòng)力。新一代基于建筑信息模型的建筑設(shè)計(jì)軟件如Revit、TriForma、ArchiCAD已經(jīng)嶄露頭角。BIM & BLMBidding and Negotiatio

16、nConstructionClose OutFacilitiesManagementPlanningPreliminaryDesignDesignDevelopmentConstructionDocumentationBuilding Lifecycle ManagementAutoCADAutoCADRevit SeriesBuzzsawDWF ComposerCivil 3DMapGuideBIM的含義建筑信息模型建筑信息模型建筑師建筑師結(jié)構(gòu)工程師結(jié)構(gòu)工程師設(shè)備工程師設(shè)備工程師建造商建造商業(yè)主業(yè)主Building Information Modeling, BIM 在一個(gè)建筑項(xiàng)目的在一個(gè)建

17、筑項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)和建造過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)和建造過(guò)程中，創(chuàng)造和應(yīng)用一一對(duì)創(chuàng)造和應(yīng)用一一對(duì)應(yīng)的、內(nèi)部協(xié)調(diào)的、應(yīng)的、內(nèi)部協(xié)調(diào)的、可計(jì)算的信息?？捎?jì)算的信息。BIM的含義 NBIMS（美國(guó)國(guó)家BIM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）關(guān)于BIM的論述 BIM代表新的概念和實(shí)踐，它通過(guò)創(chuàng)新的信息技術(shù)和業(yè)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)，將大大消除在建筑行業(yè)的各種形式的浪費(fèi)和低效率。無(wú)論是用來(lái)指一個(gè)產(chǎn)品 Building Information Model（描述一個(gè)建筑物的結(jié)構(gòu)化的數(shù)據(jù)集），還是一個(gè)活動(dòng) Building Information Modeling（創(chuàng)建建筑信息模型的行為），或者是一個(gè)系統(tǒng) Building Information Management（提

18、高質(zhì)量和效率的工作以及通信的業(yè)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)），BIM是一個(gè)減少行業(yè)廢料、為行業(yè)產(chǎn)品增值、減少環(huán)境破壞、提高居住者使用性能的關(guān)鍵因素。BIM的含義 BIM的含義包括三個(gè)方面 BIM是建筑項(xiàng)目所有信息的數(shù)字化表達(dá)（ Building Information Model ） BIM是建立、完善建筑項(xiàng)目信息化模型的行為（ Building Information Modeling ） BIM是一個(gè)透明的、可重復(fù)的、可核查的、可持續(xù)的協(xié)同工作環(huán)境（ Building Information Management ）PLAN規(guī)劃規(guī)劃DESIGN設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)CONSTRUCT施工施工OPERATE運(yùn)營(yíng)運(yùn)營(yíng)Existi

19、ng Conditions Modeling 現(xiàn)狀建模Cost Estimation 成本預(yù)算Phase Planning 階段規(guī)劃Programming 規(guī)劃文本編制Site Analysis 場(chǎng)地分析Design Authoring設(shè)計(jì)建模Design Reviews 設(shè)計(jì)方案論證Energy Analysis 能量分析Structural Analysis結(jié)構(gòu)分析Lighting Analysis 日照分析Mechanical Analysis 設(shè)備分析Other Eng. Analysis其他分析LEED Evaluation LEED評(píng)估Code Validation 規(guī)范驗(yàn)證3D

20、Coordination 3D協(xié)調(diào)Construction System Design 施工系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Digital Fabrication 數(shù)字化加工3D Control and Planning 三維控制和規(guī)劃Record Model 記錄模型Maintenance Scheduling 維護(hù)計(jì)劃Building System Analysis 建筑系統(tǒng)分析Asset Management 資產(chǎn)管理Space Mgmt/Tracking 空間管理/追蹤Disaster Planning 災(zāi)害計(jì)劃Site Utilization Planning 場(chǎng)地使用規(guī)劃主要BIM應(yīng)用次要BIM應(yīng)用BIM

21、的運(yùn)用BIM設(shè)計(jì)工具Changing the ProcessBuilding Information ModelingDrawingsBuilding InformationBuilding Lifecycle ManagementRevit Supports the Building Lifecycle Coordination eliminate errors and omissions Time increase efficiency Delivery enable new ways of working Profit new opportunities Cost estimating

22、Bidding Scheduling Construction sequencingImages Courtesy of HBG Construction, London建筑行業(yè)流程業(yè)主運(yùn)營(yíng)業(yè)主運(yùn)營(yíng)建筑師建筑師工程設(shè)計(jì)工程設(shè)計(jì)建筑設(shè)備制造商建筑設(shè)備制造商總承包商總承包商分包商分包商建造建造/安裝安裝制造制造管理管理使用使用規(guī)劃規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)3精益建造2設(shè)計(jì)制造一體化1整合規(guī)劃概念概念初步設(shè)計(jì)初步設(shè)計(jì) 知識(shí)工程模板 詳細(xì)的產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造詳細(xì)的產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造幕墻設(shè)計(jì)流程捕捉重復(fù)性的設(shè)計(jì)元素捕捉重復(fù)性的設(shè)計(jì)元素- 簡(jiǎn)化的 3D 圖形- 自動(dòng)計(jì)算零件尺寸及定位- 自動(dòng)生成零件規(guī)格詳細(xì)的零件或產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)詳細(xì)的零件或產(chǎn)品

23、設(shè)計(jì)- 工程圖紙、公差及標(biāo)注- 系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)迭代設(shè)計(jì)迭代概念概念 / 初步設(shè)計(jì)初步設(shè)計(jì)詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì) 制造制造骨架線框骨架線框與制造廠協(xié)作與制造廠協(xié)作設(shè)計(jì)迭代設(shè)計(jì)迭代3DEXPERIENCE 平臺(tái)平臺(tái)-在3D平臺(tái)協(xié)作-制造級(jí)細(xì)節(jié)-材料清單The top five professional practices admired for their technology expertise has changed somewhat since last year:2012 20131. HOK1. HOK2. Gehry Partners2. Gehry Partners3. Kieran Tim

24、berlake3. SHoPFabricating ArchitectureFabricating ArchitectureFabricating ArchitectureFabricating ArchitectureFabricating ArchitectureFabricating Architecturehttp:/www.case- LOD 400 Cast Stone Panel Fabrication Models and Coordination Louisiana State Museum and Sports Hall of FameModel Authoring and

25、 DocumentationBIM is not a single model or software, it is the process of managing geometric elements and the associated data in order to accomplish specific tasks. CASE has extensive experience creating BIM deliverables in a variety of software platforms throughout all phases of a project. We provi

26、de comprehensive modeling.Project Parametric Modeling, Automation and Documentation Stanford University Bing Concert HallCATIA LighthouseJohn CERONENew YorkJohn CERONE3DEXPERIENCE connects the Dots2013-08-149348123D Experience platform is the first convincing effort towards a holistic project enviro

27、nment. We are using ENOVIA to manage project durations and milestones, assign tasks and CATIA-based deliverables to team members across both the design and fabrication disciplines. 建筑設(shè)施管理生成式構(gòu)件(generative components) GenerativeComponents is a parametric and GenerativeComponents is a parametric and as

28、sociative design system. Allows designers to associative design system. Allows designers to explore alternative design scenarios without explore alternative design scenarios without manually rebuilding the design modelmanually rebuilding the design model 參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)代表了當(dāng)今參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)代表了當(dāng)今CADCAD技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要方技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要

29、方向，參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)一般是指設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀與設(shè)計(jì)向，參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)一般是指設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀與設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象的控制尺寸之間有顯式對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果可被對(duì)象的控制尺寸之間有顯式對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果可被尺寸驅(qū)動(dòng)，從而可以通過(guò)參數(shù)的調(diào)整衍生不同的設(shè)計(jì)尺寸驅(qū)動(dòng)，從而可以通過(guò)參數(shù)的調(diào)整衍生不同的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象。傳統(tǒng)的對(duì)象。傳統(tǒng)的CADCAD繪圖軟件產(chǎn)生的是靜態(tài)的幾何圖形，繪圖軟件產(chǎn)生的是靜態(tài)的幾何圖形，而實(shí)際上相當(dāng)多的設(shè)計(jì)工作都是在原有設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)上的而實(shí)際上相當(dāng)多的設(shè)計(jì)工作都是在原有設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)上的修改改進(jìn)，參數(shù)化幾何造型系統(tǒng)可以使得設(shè)計(jì)圖形可修改改進(jìn)，參數(shù)化幾何造型系統(tǒng)可以使得設(shè)計(jì)圖形可以隨著某些結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的修改和使用環(huán)境的變

30、化而自動(dòng)以隨著某些結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的修改和使用環(huán)境的變化而自動(dòng)修改圖形，從而大幅度提高設(shè)計(jì)效率。修改圖形，從而大幅度提高設(shè)計(jì)效率。 生成設(shè)計(jì)生成式設(shè)計(jì)(generative components)Generative Components -Various SmartGeometry project examples from ACADIA圖片來(lái)源：/tech.htm3生成式設(shè)計(jì)(generative components)來(lái)源:生成式設(shè)計(jì)(generative components)來(lái)源:生成式設(shè)計(jì)(generative components)來(lái)

31、源:Data Stream Matching*（匹配數(shù)據(jù)流）Interior design using composite bamboo strips, at Tang Palace, Hangzhou,China, designed by Atelier FCJZ.The roof structure of Yeoju Golf Club, South Korea, designed by Shigeru Ban, manufactured from timber using NC machining.The Korkeasaari Lookout Tower in Helsinki, Fi

32、nland, with the outer shell built from laminated timber beams. Photos by Jussi Tiainen.逆向工程(Reverse Engineering，RE)案例簡(jiǎn)介:三維掃描點(diǎn)云三維設(shè)計(jì)模型原型視圖1(刪除樹木及過(guò)山車及支架等噪點(diǎn))視圖2(山體截面圖)生成面模型結(jié)構(gòu)布置The modified exit path space.互動(dòng)建筑:Physical Computing, Ubiquitous ComputingExample: The HEX curtain is designed to open and close

33、 automatically in response to natural daylighting conditions. Each row of the HEX curtain is composed of hexagonal shaped apertures that are covered by 2 operable shields.http:/www.rael- Arduino是一個(gè)開放源碼電子原型平臺(tái)，擁有靈活、易用的硬件和軟件。Arduino專為設(shè)計(jì)師，工藝美術(shù)人員，業(yè)余愛(ài)好者，以及對(duì)開發(fā)互動(dòng)裝置或互動(dòng)式開發(fā)環(huán)境感興趣的人而設(shè)的。 Arduino可以接收來(lái)自各種傳感器的輸入信號(hào)從而

34、檢測(cè)出運(yùn)行環(huán)境，并通過(guò)控制光源，電機(jī)以及其他驅(qū)動(dòng)器來(lái)影響其周圍環(huán)境。板上的微控制器編程使用Arduino編程語(yǔ)言（基于Wiring）和Arduino開發(fā)環(huán)境（以Processing為基礎(chǔ)）。Arduino可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)行，也可以與計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行的軟件（例如，F(xiàn)lash，Processing，MaxMSP）進(jìn)行通信。Arduino+SoundSensor+智能手機(jī)+GIS dataServerGIS Data課程設(shè)計(jì):課程設(shè)計(jì):qbotix robot maximizes solar panel outputcalifornia start-up qbotix has envisioned the s

35、olbot, a robot which runs on a track positioned alongside solar panels. a magnet helps it locate each station. as it approaches an assembly, it stops and attaches itself to it, then tilts and modifies the angle of the unit towards the sun throughout the course of a day - much like the the behavior o

36、f a sunflower - increasing the power output of a single solar panel by 40%. each lithium battery-powered robot measures approximately 1.5-meters long and 1-meter high, and performs dual-axis adjustments, but at a reduced cost, the same as that of single-axis trackers which comparatively generate les

37、s electricity. as the sun moves approximately 10 degrees every 40 minutes, the solbot is designed to manage up to 200 panels in 40 minutes (this can be increased for larger solar farms), before it begins its round on the track again re-orienting the cells according to the suns position -as one robot

38、 moves along its path, another is charging in a docking station. outfitted with a GPS, sensors and wireless connection, the solbot is able to collects data on the performance of these units, relaying data back to the owner. qbotix is selling each system in 300-kW units which includes a robot, a back

39、-up robot, steel track and stands for mounting the solar panels.互動(dòng)墻互動(dòng)設(shè)想Kinect + ArduinoMes-Etoiles, is an interactive wall that responds to the presence of people by displaying feedback on the wall as light patterns. Equipped with sensors which could sense the viewers motions, the constellation comp

40、osed of several hundreds of white light spots on the semi-transparent surface becomes activated as the audience approaches closer. Displaying mysterious effects, this work gives an impression as thought one is drawing pictures with lights.Environmental noise interactive facadeThere are environmental phenomena that are far from the experience and knowledge of people. For instance, when we speak of noise pollution and measure noise levels in dB, we dont have a clear idea of what it means, wha