動詞不定式及主動表被動 (My design)

1、動詞不定式動詞不定式Grammar 動詞不定式動詞不定式 動詞不定式由動詞不定式由“to+ +動詞原形動詞原形”構(gòu)成，構(gòu)成，可以在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定可以在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語等語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語等, ,但但不能作謂語不能作謂語。動詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)動詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài).主動式主動式( to do / to be doing /to have done)1. We want to learn English well.2.Robert is said_abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. to have st

2、udied B.to studyC. made D. to make當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí).1. He seems to know this.2. I hope to see you next week.一般式一般式( to do ).不定式的一般式所不定式的一般式所表示的動作（狀態(tài)）表示的動作（狀態(tài)）與句子謂語的動作與句子謂語的動作同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或之后發(fā)生。發(fā)生，或之后發(fā)生。進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式( to be doing)1.He pretended to be working when I c

3、ame in.2. He seems to be thinking deeply, without noticing me passing him.表示謂語表示的動作表示謂語表示的動作（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動作正定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。在進(jìn)行。完成式（完成式（to have done)1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.2. You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.不定式的動作不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語表發(fā)生在謂語表示的動作之前。示的動作之前。

4、動詞不定式的語態(tài)動詞不定式的語態(tài).被動式被動式( to be done / to have been done)1. He didnt like to be laughed at.2. He claimed _in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. being badly treated B.treating badlyC. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated.當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時(shí)（被動關(guān)系）的

5、動作的承受者時(shí)（被動關(guān)系）.系動詞系動詞be的不定式：的不定式：to be + n./adj.(作賓補(bǔ)和表語時(shí)作賓補(bǔ)和表語時(shí)to be?？墒〕？墒÷月?動詞不定式動詞不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English. I warned the patient not to eat cold water a

6、fter the operation. 主語主語 賓語賓語表語表語 定語定語 狀語狀語 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)to前前not是否定是否定， 各種用法區(qū)別開。各種用法區(qū)別開。作主語作主語To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.To give up smoking is right.1.當(dāng)今掌握一門外語真的很重要。當(dāng)今掌握一門外語真的很重要。2. 放棄吸煙是對的。放棄吸煙是對的。it作形式主語不定式后置作形式主語不定式后置作賓語作賓語Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for

7、 a job.He promised not to tell anyone about it.1. Fred 沒有錢，所以他決定找一份工作。沒有錢，所以他決定找一份工作。2. 他答應(yīng)不告述任何人這事。他答應(yīng)不告述任何人這事。it 作形式賓語不定式后置作形式賓語不定式后置afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hope, hurry, intend,

8、 learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive. Remember! 作表語作表語To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。眼見為實(shí)。1)表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情。情。如：如： The students are to meet at the school gate tom

9、orrow. 明天學(xué)生們將在學(xué)明天學(xué)生們將在學(xué)校大門口集會。校大門口集會。 2）表示可能性，必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、）表示可能性，必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、禁止等。禁止等。如：如： Her necklace was not to (couldnt) be found. 她的項(xiàng)鏈找不到了她的項(xiàng)鏈找不到了 be to do的用法的用法金典金典seem + to do/to be done/to have done/to have been done/to be doing/(to be) n./adj.remain + doing/done/to be doneremain sitting/seatedrema

10、in to be solvedremain unsolvedIt remains to be said/seen/ whether作定語作定語Do you have anything to say?1. 你有什么要說的嗎你有什么要說的嗎?2. Betty是第一個知道這真相的人是第一個知道這真相的人 Betty was the first to know the truth It seems that he has no pen _ . A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with 注意注意如果作定語的不定式是不及物動詞，如果作定

11、語的不定式是不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)加上必要的介詞其后應(yīng)加上必要的介詞Eg. He is a pleasant person to work with.不定式作定語，往往表示將要發(fā)生的不定式作定語，往往表示將要發(fā)生的動作。動作。I have a lot of work to do.The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.注意注意只能用動詞不定式做定語的情況只能用動詞不定式做定語的情況 當(dāng)當(dāng)修飾的名詞是修飾的名詞是ability ambition attempt chance(機(jī)會機(jī)會)/opportunity courage desire

12、decision effort failure moment promise right time wish （一些表示企圖、努力、愿望、打算、能一些表示企圖、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意義的名詞）力等意義的名詞）Please make an effort to catch the bus. He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 當(dāng)當(dāng)修飾的名詞前有修飾的名詞前有the only, the next, the best, the first, the last, 以以及由序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的及由序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常常用不

13、定式作定語。名詞常常用不定式作定語。 He was the first one to think of the idea.You are the only person to be late.The manager is the last to come to the meeting. 當(dāng)當(dāng)修飾的詞為修飾的詞為 something, nothing, anything 等不定代詞等不定代詞時(shí)。時(shí)。 Do you have anything to say? There is nothing to worry about. 當(dāng)當(dāng)定語表示未來的還沒定語表示未來的還沒做的動作時(shí)。做的動作時(shí)。 The

14、letter to be written is to my father. The matter to be discussed is important. 不定式與前面所修飾的不定式與前面所修飾的名詞之間一般是名詞之間一般是動賓動賓關(guān)關(guān)系、系、主謂主謂關(guān)系或關(guān)系或同位同位關(guān)關(guān)系。系。注意注意 : 當(dāng)當(dāng)名詞與定語間有名詞與定語間有動賓動賓關(guān)系時(shí)。關(guān)系時(shí)。 I usually have a lot of meetings to attend. She is a nice person to work with.注意主動表被動注意主動表被動 當(dāng)當(dāng)名詞與定語間有名詞與定語間有主謂主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。關(guān)系時(shí)。

15、 We must find a person to do the job. We need someone to go and get a doctor. 當(dāng)當(dāng)名詞與定語有名詞與定語有同同位位關(guān)系時(shí)。關(guān)系時(shí)。 We got the order to leave the city.作狀語作狀語He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.They jumped with joy to hear the news.Im too tired to walk any further tonight.目的狀語目的狀語.原因狀語原因狀語.結(jié)果狀語結(jié)果狀語目的

16、狀語目的狀語: 常用的結(jié)構(gòu)常用的結(jié)構(gòu)to do; in order to do, so as to do, etc.I come here to say good-bye to you.結(jié)果狀語結(jié)果狀語: 常與常與only , enough , too連用，或連用，或 so/ such as to do（位于句子后半部分位于句子后半部分） 。He studied hard only to fail the exam.He is old enough to go to school.原因狀語原因狀語: 一般用在句尾一般用在句尾Im glad to see you.She wept to see

17、the sight.作賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ)She asked me to stay there.1. 她叫我呆在這兒。她叫我呆在這兒。2.請?jiān)试S我介紹請?jiān)试S我介紹Mr. White給你們。給你們。 Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.習(xí)慣用法 有很多動詞接不定式作有很多動詞接不定式作賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)如如: allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等。等。 如如: He didnt allow us to smoke in his house.

18、他不允許我們在他的家里吸煙。他不允許我們在他的家里吸煙。 還有一類還有一類典型典型的只能用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的只能用不定式作賓補(bǔ)( (或或主補(bǔ)主補(bǔ)) )的情況：的情況：1). 認(rèn)為認(rèn)為think/consider/believe sb./sth. to have done/to be done/(to be) n./adj. sb./sth. be thought/considered/believed to have done/to be done /(to be) n./adj. 2). 據(jù)說據(jù)說sb./sth. be said to do/to have done/to be done 3)知

19、道知道know sb./sth. to have done/to be n./adj. sb./sth. be known to have done/to be n./adj. 注意注意 :Its said that sb./sth. be said to doIts thought/considered/believed that sb./sth. be thought / considered/believed to dothink/consider/believe sb./sth. to doIts known that be known to do know sb. to do 在該結(jié)

20、構(gòu)中，往往考查在該結(jié)構(gòu)中，往往考查to have done 和和to be n./adj. 巧巧記記 注意注意3) 不帶不帶to的不定式的不定式作賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ)。使役動詞。使役動詞make, have, let;感官動詞感官動詞see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶式不帶to。 如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài), ,不定式就由原來的賓不定式就由原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語, ,此時(shí)第此時(shí)第2 2類動詞類動詞( (let, , have無被動語態(tài)無被動語態(tài)) )后原來不

21、帶后原來不帶toto的不定式要加的不定式要加to。如如: He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看見他上樓去了。有人看見他上樓去了。Be careful!動詞不定式動詞不定式主動表被動一、一、不定式作定語不定式作定語，放在被修飾詞后面，與前面，放在被修飾詞后面，與前面被修飾的名詞或代詞有動賓關(guān)系，又在句子中與被修飾的名詞或代詞有動賓關(guān)系，又在句子中與另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系，不定式要用主動表另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系，不定式要用主動表被動含義。被動含義。 I have much work to do. （與（與work有動賓關(guān)系，與有動賓關(guān)系，與I有主謂關(guān)系）有主謂關(guān)系）

22、Tom is looking for a room to live in. （與（與room有動賓關(guān)系，與有動賓關(guān)系，與Tom 有主謂關(guān)系）有主謂關(guān)系） He has a family to support. （與（與family有動賓關(guān)系，與有動賓關(guān)系，與he有主謂關(guān)系）有主謂關(guān)系）1）have（give, show）sth. to do在這種句型中的不定式與前邊的名詞有動賓關(guān)在這種句型中的不定式與前邊的名詞有動賓關(guān)系系, 又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。例如例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon

23、. to do與與things是動賓關(guān)系是動賓關(guān)系, 與與I是主謂關(guān)系。是主謂關(guān)系。 否則否則, 在表示被動意義時(shí)在表示被動意義時(shí), 仍需要被動式。試比仍需要被動式。試比較較:Do you have anything to do this afternoon? 今天今天下午你有事要做嗎下午你有事要做嗎?（to do是由是由you發(fā)出的）發(fā)出的）I am going to your hometown . Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要帶你有要帶給你父母的東西嗎給你父母的東西嗎? （我替你帶，不是你帶）（我替你帶，不是你帶）再如

24、再如: Please get me something to read. 請給我弄點(diǎn)讀的材料。請給我弄點(diǎn)讀的材料。Hell show you the right path to take. 他會給你指出要走的正確的路。他會給你指出要走的正確的路。 2）It（This, That）beaanadj. n. to do在這種句型中在這種句型中, 不定式與前面的名詞有動賓關(guān)系。不定式與前面的名詞有動賓關(guān)系。動詞不定式可改為動詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動詞不定式可改為動詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。例如例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 這是這是個難答的問題。個難答的問

25、題。question與與to answer為動賓關(guān)系。為動賓關(guān)系。to answer可改為可改為 for me to answer。再如再如:It is an easy sentence to translate. 這個句子很容這個句子很容易翻譯。易翻譯。 3）There be n. to do在此句型中在此句型中, 用來修飾主語的不定式用來修飾主語的不定式, 可用主動式可用主動式, 也可用被動式也可用被動式, 只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。用主動式作定語用主動式作定語, 重點(diǎn)在人重點(diǎn)在人, 用被動式作定語用被動式作定語, 重重點(diǎn)在物。點(diǎn)在物。例如例如:沒有時(shí)間可以耽誤?？勺g成沒有時(shí)間可以耽

26、誤?？勺g成:There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用用 to lose可看成可看成for us to lose; 用用to be lost, 誰誰 lose time不明確。不明確。但下述兩句用主動不定式與被動不定式意義不但下述兩句用主動不定式與被動不定式意義不同同:a. There is nothing to do now. （We have nothing to do now. ）現(xiàn)在沒事干。）現(xiàn)在沒事干。b. There is nothing to be done. （We can do nothing now. ）現(xiàn)在沒辦法了。）現(xiàn)在沒辦法了。a.

27、 There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）沒有東西值得看。）沒有東西值得看。b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不見什么東西。）看不見什么東西。二、二、不定式修飾作表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞時(shí)，不定式修飾作表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)：結(jié)構(gòu)：主語主語+系動詞系動詞+形容詞形容詞 + 不定式不定式； 動詞動詞+賓賓語語+形容詞形容詞+不定式不定式。如果形容詞是表示。如果形容詞是表示難易、利難易、利弊弊等含義，如等含義，如 difficult, easy, comfor

28、table, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive等，不定式用主動表被動。等，不定式用主動表被動。 The question is difficult to answer. The work is easy to do. I found the car comfortable to ride in. That makes poetry difficult to write. 1）n. beadj. to doThe question was very difficult to answer. 這問題這問題很難回答。很難回答。The job is very eas

29、y to do. 這工作很容易做。這工作很容易做。2）n. betooadj. to doThe thing is too small to see. 這東西太小看不見。這東西太小看不見。I was too excited to say a word. 我激動得連一句我激動得連一句話也說不出。話也說不出。2012二次調(diào)研二次調(diào)研 單選單選30.Several months later, he found Mr. Jackson very difficult _.A. to get along withB. getting along withC to get alongD. to be got

30、ten along withSeveral months later, he found Mr. Jackson very difficult _.A. to get along withB. getting along withC to get alongD.to be gotten along with2011安徽卷安徽卷 單選單選30.Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.A. breakB. breakingC. brokenD. to breakTh

31、e job is easy to do.It is easy to do the job.We find the job easy to do.We find it easy to do the job.English is not easy to learn well.He is a difficult person to get along with.findmakethink/believe/consider/feel3）n. be adj. enough to doThe box is light enough to carry. 這盒子輕這盒子輕得可帶走。得可帶走。The book

32、is cheap enough to buy. 這本書這本書很便宜可以買。很便宜可以買。但下列兩句可用不定式的主動式但下列兩句可用不定式的主動式, 也可用也可用被動式被動式:This plant is fit to eat to be eaten. 這種這種植物可以食用。植物可以食用。The cake is ready to eat to be eaten. 這這塊餅可以吃了。塊餅可以吃了。三、某些動詞三、某些動詞, 如如to let, to blame （責(zé)（責(zé)備）備）, to seek（尋找）用主動式表被（尋找）用主動式表被動意義。動意義。例如例如:The house is to let.

33、 這房子要出租。這房子要出租。Who is to blame for it? 這得怪誰這得怪誰?The reason is not far to seek. 這理由這理由不難找到。不難找到。 注意注意注意注意 A. 動詞不定式的否定式只須在動詞不定式的否定式只須在to 前加前加 not.My father decided not to take up the job.The teacher told us not to be late again.否定副詞否定副詞not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于等要置于to前前My mother told me never to

34、do it again.注意注意B. 動詞不定式之后可加動詞不定式之后可加疑問詞，疑問詞，通常做主語，賓語通常做主語，賓語。Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.Can you tell me where to get the book?注意注意C. 作簡短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時(shí)，作簡短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時(shí)，動詞不定式常常省去動詞不定式常常省去to 后面后面的動詞，的動詞，只只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bike, but I as

35、ked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary想用我的自行車，但我叫她別用。想用我的自行車，但我叫她別用。注意注意:to have (done)/to be (doing/done)/to be (n./adj.)C. 作簡短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時(shí)，作簡短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時(shí)，動詞不定式常常省去動詞不定式常常省去to 后面后面的動詞，的動詞，只只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bik

36、e, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary想用我的自行車，但我叫她別用。想用我的自行車，但我叫她別用。補(bǔ)充補(bǔ)充: 有有do無無to主系表主系表:當(dāng)主語中有的某種形當(dāng)主語中有的某種形式，則作表語的不定式可省式，則作表語的不定式可省toexept/but:have nothing to do but dohave no choice but to do1. The light in the office is still on. -Oh, I forgot . A.

37、turning it off B. turn it off C.having turned it off D. to turn it off2. She cant help _the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. Cleaned D. being c leaned練習(xí)練習(xí)3. Not everybody has the ability in public. A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak4. Mary is always the fi

38、rst student to answer the teachers questions in class. A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen5. Mum ,why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day? -_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting6.Would you be so kind as us out? -With pleasure. A

39、. helping B. in helping C. help D. to help7 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating8. We agreed _ here, but so far she hasnt turned out yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He

40、always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning10. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule.A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking 11. Robert is said _ abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying高考鏈接高考鏈接建議：自己找點(diǎn)練習(xí)較近的考題建議：自己找點(diǎn)練習(xí)較近的考題1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008(2008全國全國I I卷卷) ) A. to be br