心理學與生活（雙語）：5Chapter 11 motivation

1、Chapter 11 Motivationoutlineunderstanding motivatonEating Sexual behaviorMotivation for personal achievementA hierarchy of needs Understanding motivation Motivation is the process involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities動機是激發(fā)和維持個體進行活動，并導致該活動朝向某一目標的心理傾向或動

2、力。Functions of Motivational ConceptsTo relate biology to behaviorTo account for behavioral variabilityTo infer private states from public actsTo assign responsibility for actionsTo explain perseverance despite adversitySources of MotivationDrive驅力Drive is defined in biological terms as internal stat

3、es that arise in response to an organisms physical needs.Drive-reduction theory驅力理論Tension reduction is reinforcing, but is not sufficient to explain all types of motivated behavior.Drive Reductionism and HomeostasisDrive-reduction theory驅力理論Drives occur as a result of environmental change and the d

4、esire for an organism to maintain homeostasis (or equilibrium) of the internal environment. Homeostasis 動態(tài)平衡is a steady state. People are motivated to maintain a steady state. We engage in behaviors that reduce the tension. Sources of MotivationIncentive誘因Behavior can also be motivated by incentives

5、, external stimuli or rewards that do not relate directly to biological needs.Instinctual Behaviors and LearningInstincts are preprogrammed, species-specific behaviors essential for survival.本能是在進化過程中形成的，由遺傳固定下來的一種不學而能的行為模式。James (1890)Freud (1915)Behaviorist and anthropologist(19591939)Question Mot

6、ives are described as hypothetical states because a.they cannot be seen or measured directly.b.they cannot be measured. c.there is no theory of motivation. d.they are questionable.Eating Eating The Physiology of Eating飲食的生理學The Psychology of Eating飲食的心理學The Physiology of Eatingfour tasks:Detect inte

7、rnal food needInitiate and organize eating behaviorMonitor quantity and quality of food eatenDetect when sufficient food has been eaten and stop eatingThe Physiology of Eating Biological Influences on Hunger.Chewing and swallowing provide some sensations of satiety過飽.experimentThe Physiology of Eati

8、ngPeripheral Responses外周反應Cannon (1934) proposed gastric activity in an empty stomach 空胃里的胃部活動was the sole basis for hungerThe Physiology of Eatingstomach contractions are not a necessary condition for hunger.Injections of sugar into the bloodstream will stop the stomach contractions but not the hun

9、ger of an animal with an empty stomach.Human patients who have had their stomachs entirely removed still experience hunger pangsResearch shows gastric distension 胃部擴張caused by ingestion of food causes the individual to stop eating.The Physiology of EatingVentromedial hypothalamus. (VMH)腹內(nèi)側下丘腦（飽食中樞）

10、The stop eating center of the brain. Research with rats has shown that: When destroyed the rat continues to eat (becomes hyperphagic貪食的). When stimulated the rat stops eating.Lateral hypothalamus is the start eating center of the brain. (LH)外側下丘腦（饑餓中樞）When destroyed the rat may stop eating altogethe

11、r (aphagic).When stimulated the rat starts to eat.Central Responses中樞反應中樞反應Obesity and dieting HeredityChildren bear a closer resemblance in weight to their biological parents than adaptive parents.Fat cellsObesity and dietingOther factors that influence hunger include: Aroma of food, 香味Anxiety or d

12、epression, or Boredom.Eating Disorders and Body ImageAnorexia nervosa神經(jīng)性厭食: Individual weighs less than 85 percent of expected weight, but continues to express fear of becoming fat. Characterized by over- control of food intake. Eating Disorders and Body ImageBulimia nervosa神經(jīng)性貪食: Characterized by p

13、eriods of intense, out-of control eating, or bingeing, followed by efforts to purge the body of excess calories through self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and/or fasting.Eating Disorders and Body ImagePrevalence of anorexia nervosa in late-adolescent and young adult females is about 0.5 to

14、1.0 percent.Prevalence of bulimia nervosa during late-adolescent and young adult females is about 1.0 to 3.0 percent.Females are ten times more likely to suffer eating disorders than males.Motivation for Personal AchievementMotivation for Personal AchievementOutline Need for Achievement 成就的需要Atttibu

15、tions for Success and Failure成功與失敗的歸因Work and Organizational Psychology工作和組織心理學Need for AchievementMurray postulated a need for achievement (n Ach) that varied in strength in different people, and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances. HENRY MURRAY1893-198

16、8 成就動機成就動機是人們希望從事對他有重要意義的、有一定困難的、具有挑戰(zhàn)性的活動，在活動中能取得完滿的優(yōu)異結果和成績，并能超過他人的動機。Need for AchievementMcClelland used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)主題統(tǒng)覺測驗to measure strength of Need for Achievement.David McClelland Need for AchievementThe Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)主題主題統(tǒng)覺測驗統(tǒng)覺測驗是投射測驗的一種。測驗中不對被試所編故事的內(nèi)容

17、進行任何限制，對被試所編故事進行的分析是以被試在每個故事中涉及的主題為核心的，該測驗的目的在于通過被試的自由陳述將其內(nèi)心的動機、情緒等自然投注于故事，從而尋找出個人生活經(jīng)驗、意識、潛意識與其當前心理狀態(tài)的關系。Need for Achievementn Ach reflected individual differences in the importance of planning and working toward attainment of ones goals.High scores on n Ach reflected upward mobility上進心.High n Ach i

18、ndividuals have a need for efficiency.Likely to earn higher salaries and be promotedEarn higher gradesAtttibutions for Success and FailureAtttibutions for Success and FailureAttributions are judgments about the causes of outcomes that can impact the level of motivation.歸因就是關于結果產(chǎn)生的原因的評價，這種評價能對動機產(chǎn)生影響。

19、Atttibutions for Success and FailureAttributions can vary along two dimensions:Locus of control orientation 控制源傾向is a belief that outcomes of our actions are contingent on the following: internal control orientation external control orientationThe dimension of stability versus instability.Ability lu

20、ckTask difficultyeffortexternalinternalunstabestabeAtttibutions for Success and FailurePessimistic attributional style focuses on causes of failure as being internally generated, with the situation and ones role in causing it as stable.Optimistic attributional style attributes failure to external ca

21、uses and to events that are unstable.Causal explanations reverse when the outcome is a success.A Hierarchy of NeedsA Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow posited that the individuals basic motives formed a hierarchy of needs, with needs at each level requiring satisfaction before achieving the next level.A Hierarchy of NeedsBiologi