小升初英語語法名詞

1、一、 名詞(一) 名詞的分類名詞類別意義例詞專有名詞表示具體的人名、事物、國家、地名、機構(gòu)、團體等的專有名稱Jim, China, Qingdao, the United Kingdom, the Great Wall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞表示單個人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat, country集合名詞表示一群人或一些事物的總稱people, police, team, clothes, group不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無法分為個體的物質(zhì)water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, air抽象名詞表示抽象概念的詞fun,

2、healthy, happiness, courage, love, care【注】：專有名詞(1) 專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫，專有名詞前一般不加冠詞，但由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前要加定冠詞“the”，“the”不大寫，例如：Beijing, the Peoples Republic of China,the Great Wall(2) 姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人（復(fù)數(shù)含義）,如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。(3) 節(jié)日中傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前要加“the”，其余不加“the”，如：the Spring Festival, Mothers Day(二) 名詞的數(shù)：表示可以

3、計算數(shù)目的人或物稱為可數(shù)名詞。1、可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式：可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在名詞前加 “a或an”；復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加 “-s或-es”。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種，規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照下表：當(dāng)名詞為：詞尾變化讀音例詞一般情況加s在清輔音后讀/s/chips, jeeps, maps, clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, bags以ce, se, se, (d)ge結(jié)尾的詞讀/iz/oranges, 以t結(jié)尾的加s讀/ts/以d結(jié)尾的加s讀/dz/cats, kiteshands, grades以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的

4、單詞加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes注：stomach-stomachs以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞去y 變i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，則只須加s，如：monkey- monkeys。以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞加s或es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes zoos, photos, bamboos, pianos以f 或fe結(jié)尾的單詞去f或fe變v 加es/vz/leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, life-lives, wife-wives,wolf-

5、wolves, self-selves,shelf-shelves, knife-knives, half-halves, scarf-scarves(圍巾)注：roof-roofs（屋頂）以th結(jié)尾的詞加s/ðz/z/mouths/ðz/paths; months, deaths【注】：讀音變化mouthmau-mouthsmauðz, househaus-houseshauziz, saysei-sayssez2. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)不規(guī)則變化：tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, chil

6、d-children, ox-oxen, man-men, woman-women, postman-postmen, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen; mailman-mailmen; Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen【注意】：walkmanwalkmans，GermanGermans2)單復(fù)數(shù)同形：deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, goldfish-goldfish, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese3)復(fù)合名

7、詞：由man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞, 前后都要變復(fù)數(shù)；其他只變后面詞例如：a man doctor-men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachersa man scientist-men scientists,a dinner table-dinner tables【注】：a sports shop-sports shops, a clothes shop-clothes shops, a sports car-sports cars4)有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分,在使用時只有復(fù)數(shù)形式例如：shoes, gloves, socks,

8、 trousers, shorts, pants, glasses, scissors, etc; 5)有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù), 實際上是單數(shù)（其后的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)）例如：news, maths, phyiscs, politics, works（工廠）6)有些集體名詞形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：people（人們）, police總為復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)分別用person和policeman、policewoman表示例如：family（家庭、家庭成員）, group（組、組成員）, class（班，班里的學(xué)生），team（隊，隊員）等在表示總體時為單數(shù)，在表示成員時為復(fù)

9、數(shù)。7)某國家人：中日不變、英法變，其他s加后面例如：Chinese-Chinese, Japan-Japanese, Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen3. 不可數(shù)名詞：表示不能計算數(shù)目的人或物，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,也不能用數(shù)詞修飾（如one, two），沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都屬于不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式, 但有其特殊用法:物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時, 常用某個量詞+of來表示例如：a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice請區(qū)別：

10、可數(shù)名詞也可用量來表示，如：三箱蘋果three boxes of apples同一個詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式, 意義不同。（特別是表示種類為可數(shù)）例如：food 食物- foods 各種食物，fish 魚-fishes 各種魚類，fruit 水果-fruits 各種水果vegetable 蔬菜- vegetables 各種蔬菜，candy 糖果-candies 各種糖果cucumber 黃瓜-cucumbers 各種黃瓜，green 綠色-greens 青菜有些不可數(shù)名詞有時表示為具體的東西時，則變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞，意思上也有了變化。例如：beer-a beer一杯啤酒，coffee-a coffee一杯咖

11、啡，glass-a glass一個玻璃杯，room空間-a room一個房間，work-a work著作 常見的不可數(shù)名詞：water，rice，fish，meat，bread等。應(yīng)特別記medicine, news, work, homework, housework, money, chalk, weather, cotton, wood.4. 特別注意的名詞：（見筆記本）room-空間U; 房間Ctime-時間U; 次、倍C; 時代復(fù)數(shù)paper-紙U;考卷、文件Cchicken-雞肉U; 雞Cpeople-人們集體名詞; 民族Cwish-可數(shù)名詞C，表示愿望常用復(fù)數(shù)difference

12、-可數(shù)名詞Cnewspaper-可數(shù)名詞Cnoodle-可數(shù)名詞C，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式noodlescloud-云U；具體的、不同區(qū)域、不同種類的云或云塊C，經(jīng)常a+形容詞（white、dark）+cloud，也可以復(fù)數(shù)cloudsrain-雨U；一種樣的雨C，例如，a heavy rain；rains表示“大陣雨”或“雨季”wind-風(fēng)U；一種樣的風(fēng)C，例如，a north wind；winds表示“一陣陣的風(fēng)”snow-雪U；一種樣的雪C，例如，a heavy snow；snows表示“多場雪”或“積雪”exerciseU CstudyU C cloth、clothes總是復(fù)數(shù)clothing

13、hair、hairs work、worksorange1) sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感

14、冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)2) fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)(三) 名詞的所有格：名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系，有兩種表示形式, 一種是在名詞后+s；另一種是用of, 表示 “的”。1. (1) 有生命的名詞的所有格, 直接在詞尾 +s。如：Childerns Day, my sisters

15、 book, childrens clothes (2) 以s結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)所有格只在詞尾 +如：teachers books，Teachers Day (3) 兩人共有的物體, 則在第二個名詞后+s; 如果分別是兩人所有, 則在每個名詞后面+s。例如：Lucy and Lilys room. (指兩人共住一個房間)Mrs Greens and Mrs Browns son. (指兩人各自的兒子) (4) 所有格后面的名詞是不言而喻時，或表示某具體場所（如住所、診所、店鋪等）時, 所有格后面的名詞可省略例如：We had a great evening at Pauls Ill go in F

16、ranks car and you can go in Alans（不言而喻）the doctors (office)(診所)；Mr. Whites；my anuts(我阿姨家)：go to the doctor's 去醫(yī)生家2.(1) 沒有生命的事物一般用of 短語來表示所屬關(guān)系。例如：the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom (2) 名詞的定語較長時,有生命的事物也可用of短語表示。例如：a long story of a 50-year-old man3. 表示時間、距離、金額、世界、國家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞，也可

17、以加s來構(gòu)成所有格。例如：tenminuteswalk, todays newspaper, ten minutes break, Chinas population4.雙重所有格：“of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格。被修飾的名詞前有指示代詞、不定代詞、或數(shù)詞限定。例如：a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) Two friends of my fathers came to see me.【注意】：(1) 不能是獨一無二的，例如：不能說a father of Marys (2) 被修飾的詞前面不能

18、加“the”，但可以加this、that (3) 后面應(yīng)是確指的，例如：不能說a brother of a friends，可以說a brother of my friends (4) 后面應(yīng)是有生命的，例如：不能說a door of the rooms，只能說a door of the room【注意】：區(qū)別 This is a photo of my mothers（媽媽收藏的照片）This is a photo of my mother（媽媽的照片）【名詞練習(xí)】：1、Some bread _ over there.(be)2、These two pieces of bread _ ove

19、r there.(be) 3、Could I have three _ , please？ A. piece of bread B. piece of breads C. pieces of bread D. pieces of breads 4、The white shirt is _and blue one is _. A. Kate, my B. Kate's, mine C. Kate, mine D. Kate's, my例題解析：1. They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D.

20、 stories2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here.A. orange, orange B. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges3. Every evening Mr. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person

21、C. the people D. the person 5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her

22、second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 10. He

23、is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters12. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenc

24、hmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be14. “Would you like _?” “_, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also

25、the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions練習(xí)與鞏固：1. Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D.

26、child, life2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and father'sC. my mother's and father's D.my father's and my mother3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Thr

27、ee class4. Today is September 10th. It's _ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's5. The market isn't far from here. It's only _ bicycle ride.A.half an hours' B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. a

28、n hour and a half6. - What would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, we'll have_ holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks' D. two week's10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitor's D. visitors'11.- How many workers are there in