翻譯學基本概念

1、源語/譯出語sourcelanguage(SL),originallanguage譯語/譯入語targetlanguage(TL),receptorlanguage,receivinglanguage原作者SLauthor,originalauthor譯者(筆譯者)translator譯者(口譯者)interpreter讀者/接受者reader,receptor,audience文本text原文/原著sourcetext(ST),SLtext,originaltext,originalversion/originalwork譯文targettext,translation,targetvers

2、ion,rendering,rendition譯本/譯著translatedtext/translationalwork源語讀者source-languagereader/SLreader源語文化source-languageculture/sourceculture譯語讀者target-languagereader/TLreader/receivingaudience譯語文化target-languageculture/targetculture/receivingculture語境context筆譯writtentranslation口譯oralinterpretation/oraltra

3、nslation/interpreting同聲傳譯simultaneousinterpreting交替口譯consecutiveinterpreting翻譯原則translationprinciple標準translationcriterion(復數(shù)形式為criteria)翻譯過程translationprocess翻譯程序/步驟translationprocedures反應/讀者翻譯response/reader'response對應(部分對應/完全對應"partial/full)correspondence等值/對等equivalence對等物(詞語)equivalent

4、形式對等formalequivalence功能對等functionalequivalence動態(tài)對等dynamicequivalence等效equivalenteffect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable,unacceptable,unacceptability)可讀性readability(readable)可譯性translatability(translatable)不可譯性untranslatability(untranslatable)表層結構surfacestructure深層結構deepstructure理解understanding

5、/comprehension表達expression再現(xiàn)reproduction/representation轉換transformation傳譯/轉移transferral/transfer誤解misunderstanding誤譯mis-translation異化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/exogenization/source-orientedtranslation歸化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodatingtranslatio

6、n詞匯空缺lexicalgap文化溝(空缺/非對應)culturalgap直譯literaltranslation/directtranslation意譯freetranslation/liberaltranslation/semantictranslation直譯派aliteralist/asourcerer意譯派afree-hander/atargeteer重復法repetition增譯法/增詞法/增譯amplification/addition減譯法/減詞法/省略法/省譯omission詞類轉移法/詞性轉換conversion反譯法/正反譯法/反正譯法negation移植法transpl

7、ant(ing)/transplantation音譯法transliteration具體化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation譯借(語義轉借)calque(loantranslation)加注法annotation夾注intratextualnote腳注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注釋性翻譯annotated/commentedtranslation釋義法/解釋法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borro

8、wing推演法deduction綴合法combination分譯法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合譯法combination綜合法mixtureofmethods包孕embedding切斷/分切cutting拆離splitting-off插入inserting重組recasting回譯backtranslation還原法findingtheoriginal原汁原味essenceoftheoriginal,originalflavor詞序調(diào)整inversion選詞diction補償compensation視點轉換shiftofperspective套譯/仿譯/仿擬imitati

9、on信/忠實faithfulness/fidelity達/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通順smoothness流暢fluency自然naturalness/idiomaticity雅/優(yōu)美elegance/gracefulness簡潔brevity明析clarity簡明conciseness內(nèi)涵connotation含義implication言外之意allocution本文意義(文本固有之意)inherentmeaning(ofthetext)譯者隱形translator'sinvisibility透明(度)transparency寧信而不順(魯迅語

10、)rahtertobefaithfulthansmooth(“I'dratherbefaithfulthansmooth”)神似(傅雷語)spiritualresemblance化境(錢鐘書語)sublimation信、達、切(劉重德語)faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness(totheoriginalstyle)三美：音美,形美,意美(許淵沖語)thethreebeauties:beautyinsound,beautyinformandbeautyinmeaning東方語言Orientallanguages西方語言Occidentallangu

11、ages佛經(jīng)BuddhistScriptures/sutra梵語Sanskrit鳩摩羅什Kumarajiva泰特勒(AlexanderFraser)Tytler奈達(EugeneA.)Nida機器翻譯machinetranslation(MT)人工智能artificialintelligence(AI)翻譯translate,render,rephrase,reword,transmit,re-express,transmute,transmogrify,interpret,convert,transform,transpose,express,transfer,turn翻譯學translatology/TranslationStudies翻譯體/翻譯腔translationese死譯/硬譯mechanicaltranslation逐字譯