專題1冠詞和名詞學(xué)案課案

1、專題一 冠詞和名詞高考命題聚焦1 （ 全國卷 ）It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fightlikeman.A.a;aB.a;theC.the; theD.a;不填2（全國卷 ）As he reached front door, Jack saw strange sight.A. the;不填B. a; the C.不填；aD. the; a3. （山東卷 ）Take your timeit's justshort distance from here torestaurant.A.不填；theB.

2、 a; theC. the; aD.不填；a4（. 浙江） People developpreference for a particular style of learning at early age andthese preferences affect learning.A. a; anB. a; 不填 C. 不填 ; theD. the; an5. （課標(biāo) ） India stained independence in 1947, after long struggle.A. 不填 ; aB. the; aC. an; 不填D. an; the6. （重慶 ） The parents

3、 were shocked by news that their son needed operation on hisknee. A. a;/B. the; /C. the; anD. a; an7. （山東 ） It wascold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across night sky.A.不填；a B. a; theC. the; aD. the;不填8. （福建）The Chinese Dream”sdream to improve people 'well-being anddream ofharmon

4、y, peace and development.A. the; aB. a; aC. a; theD. the; the不定冠詞的基本用法不定冠詞分為 a 與 an 兩種形式，主要用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示類別、數(shù)量及一些習(xí)慣搭配 之中。 a 用在以 開頭的名詞之前。 an 用在以 開頭的名詞之前。（題組訓(xùn)練）用冠詞填空： . I earn 10 dollars hour as supermarket cashier on Saturdays. . The teacher asked us to write 800-word-long composition.一、不定冠詞的用法1. 表類別?！?

5、a/an +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示類別時，側(cè)重于某一類人或事物中的 。There is a book on the table.2. 表示數(shù)量為“ ”。 There is a pen and two books on the desk.3. 表示“ ”等意思，可以與 every， the same， some， any 等互換。 We have meals three times a day.（題組訓(xùn)練）用冠詞填空： There'sdictionary on desk by your side. I met Jay, but not one you know. They are twins

6、, so they are of age.4. 用在某些由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名詞前，如：have a walk， take a rest， make a plan 等。（題組訓(xùn)練）根據(jù)需要填上適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~： He hasfine collectio n of short stories. Their affair ispublic kno wledge. You n eedspecial kno wledge to do this job.5. 但當(dāng)序數(shù)詞不表示順序，而表示“ ”時，使用不定冠詞。6. 使 。如： The little girl is a help to her mother.7用于

7、之中。如： at a loss， all of a sudden ， in a word 等(題組訓(xùn)練)用冠詞填空： I don 'twant to have words with you. I prefer to haveword with you. The power supply was cut off. All ofsudde n the lights went out.(11) China hasrather larger populati on tha n Can ada.(12) I 'll be back inmatter of hours. After all

8、, what you have just mentioned is notmatterof life and death.二、不定冠詞的特殊位置1quite，rather 與單數(shù)名詞連用時，不定冠詞只能放在 ；但當(dāng) quite ，rather 后有形容詞修飾名詞時，不定冠詞放其 均可。如： quite an in teresti ng story = a quite in terest ingstory 。2what/half/many/such ()可數(shù)名詞。如： such a clever child，half an apple3as/how/however/so/too 可數(shù)名詞。如：

9、so interesting a story ， toodifficult a problem典例 1 Is there anyone asking for me this morning?Yes.Mr.Green did， but I've never met him.A ABAnCTheD /典例 2 He told us that he had never seen snake in his life.A a such bigB such big aC a so bigDso big a(題組訓(xùn)練 ) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換(13) What an in teresti ng book I h

10、ave read! book I have read.(14) This dress is twice as expe nsive as that one.This is twice dress as that one.(15) That was a quite extraord inary experie nee.That was experience.定冠詞的基本用法英語中，定冠詞只有一個the ,但是用法相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。從近幾年的高考試題來看，定冠詞主要考查其基本用法，因此，我們應(yīng)該從基礎(chǔ)知識入手。定冠詞的用法1表類別。(1) the 可數(shù)名詞，表示一類人或事物。(2) the 表示具有某種特

11、征的一類人或事物。 如： the dead 死者， the deaf 聾子， the young年輕人， the wounded 傷員。(3) the +表示國籍、地域或民族的形容詞，表示 概念。如：the Japanese日本人。2表示說話雙方都知道的人或事物或特指某(些)人或某 (些)事物。 Close the window, please.3與姓氏復(fù)數(shù)連用，表示夫婦倆或一家人。the Smiths4用于逢十的年代前表示某個年代。He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.5用在表單位的名詞前。the English Department6. the

12、+, the +，表示 越越。7 .用于“主語+動詞+賓語+介詞+the +表示身體某一部位的名詞”的固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。敲打某人的頭部抓住某人的手臂 &世界上獨一無二的事物前及江河、海洋、山脈、海灣等專有名詞前面用定冠詞。 如：the sun， the Red Sea紅海，the Pacific 太平洋。9. 用于表示的名詞之前。如：the east, the right10. 用于或之前。如：the first, the tallest11. 用于名詞前。如：play the pia no, play the violin12. 用于發(fā)明物前。如：compass was in ve nte

13、d in Chi na.13 某些習(xí)語或固定短語中。 一直the air在傳播中in the east of在的東部the dark在黑暗中the place of 取代the other hand 在另一方面the sun在陽光下all the same 完全一樣the hour按小時計算the distanee 在遠處 in the end 最后on the way 在路上the contrary恰恰相反the whole大體上典例 3(2011 年高考陜西卷)As is known to all, People's Republic of Chinaisbiggest devel

14、op ing country in the world.A. the;不填B.不填；theC. the; theD.不填；不填(題組訓(xùn)練)用冠詞填空：(16) The diet is measured incalories, while the food is sold bypound.(17) The cost of this product is calculated byweight.(18) Many people are still inhabit of writi ng silly things inpublic places.(19) He was hit by a falli

15、ng tree and killed onspot.不用冠詞的情況(零冠詞)零冠詞其實也就是名詞前不用冠詞。在英語中的使用非常廣泛，我們首先應(yīng)該了解、掌握它的一些基本用法：1. 表示的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前。如：Children love cartoons.2. 不含普通名詞的 名詞前。如： We are studying English.(題組訓(xùn)練)用冠詞填空：(1) He likes to talk on the phone while I prefer writingletters. Water is cha nged intoby heat and intoice by cold.W(w) ca

16、me that the preside nt would in spect them.(4)(W) water in the well is sweet.3. 名詞前有時。如：I like this picture.I do not have any mon ey.As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct.4. 等名詞前，一般不用冠詞。如： She likes spri ng most.5. 前不用冠詞。如：What shall I do next, Mother?6. 前不用冠詞。如：What did you ha

17、ve for lun ch?7. 前不用冠詞。如： People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.8. 運動的名稱前不用冠詞。如：She is fond of playi ng basketball.9. 在一些的短語中不用冠詞。如：arm in arm); hand in hand(); side by side();day and day(日 日夜夜);young and old();(挨門挨戶);(從頭到尾);from morning till night( 從早到晚)等。10系動詞turn后作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前用零冠詞，但名詞前若有

18、形容詞修飾時，則 turn doctor11 零冠詞+ + .構(gòu)成讓步狀語從句，意為盡管/雖然但是”典例 4as he is, he can't solve such a difficult problem.A. Clever boyB. A clever boyC. The clever boyD. Boy clever(題組訓(xùn)練)用冠詞填空： His daughter is always shy in public and she never dares to make a speech topublic.(6) The little girl is very happy,flow

19、er onhead. He turnedpoliticia n many years ago.易錯易混點：1. 抽象名詞時，被具體化的名詞可能會與 連用。如：a heavy rain 場大雨a surprise 一件怪事 a pleasure 一件樂事a success / failure 一個成功的或失敗的人，一件成功的或失敗的事2. 形容詞比較級前用 表示“兩者中較的”，而形容詞比較級前用 則表示“再/更”。形容詞最高級前用 表示“三者或三者以上中最的”，而形容詞最高級前用時無比較含義。如：Which islarger coun try, Can ada or Australia?If t

20、here were no exams, we should havemuch_happier_time at school.It ismost_useful book. ( =useful book)He ismost_dilige nt_stude nt in this class.3. “ the +序數(shù)詞”表示 ,“a/an +序數(shù)詞"則表示“ 、”之意。序數(shù)詞修飾事實上已成為 ，這時要用 。如：Can you give mesec on d_cha nce,_please? (=cha nee)He was only 5 years old whe n I first saw

21、 him.4. 表示世界上獨一無二的事物時一般用the修飾，但如果此類名詞已有 成分，也可能力口。如：all over world,peaceful world 。6.牢記高考中常見的純不可數(shù)名詞，它們是：weather, fun, space, advice, word(置于句首相當(dāng)于), progress, information, news。以上這些詞不能與 連用。如：Beyond the stars, the astr on aut saw nothing but space.(題組訓(xùn)練)用冠詞填空： I didn ' tink my chances ofsuccess wer

22、e very good. The gift came ascomplete surprise to me. He expressedsurprise that no one had offered to help.(11) Of her play, three were successes and one wasfailure.(12) This pair of shoes is not fit for me. Would you show mebigger one?(13) He ismost dilige nt stude nt in his class.（14）If there were

23、 no exams, we should havemuch happier time at school.高考題組：1（2011 年高考浙江卷 ）Anyway, I can't cheat him it's against all my .AemotionsBprinciplesCregulationsD opinions2（2011 年高考江蘇卷 ）Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional.AconsequenceBindependenc

24、eC competenceDintelligence3. （2013 浙江） As the world 'population continues to grow, theof food becomes moreand more of a concern.A. worthB. supplyC. package D. list4. （2013天津） While she was in Paris, she developed a for fine art.A. wayB. relationC. tasteD. habit5. （2013江蘇） With inspiration from o

25、ther food cultures, American food culture can take a for the better. A. shareB. chanceC. turn D. lead6. （2013 江西 ） Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with .7. （2013遼寧） The accident caused someto my car, but it'snothing serious.A. harmB. injuryC. ruinD. damage名詞的數(shù)名詞分為 （有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式

26、 ）和 （只有單數(shù)形式 ）?！臼煊洝?. 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則；2. 不規(guī)則變化形式。（1）形式相同： Chin ese, Japa nese, deer, sheep 等。（2）不規(guī)則變化：man men, womanwomen, goose , foot , tooth child t, mouse , ox 等。注意：German t。（3）復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：editor-in-chieft,daughter-in-lawt,grown-upt, woman teacher t , man driver t （題組訓(xùn)練）單項填空：（1） He gained hisby printi

27、ngof famous writers.A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth ; works turn green in spring.A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. LeavesA. many damages The storm has causedto the regi on.B. much damages C. few damages D. much damage Whatit is!A. a fine weatherB. fine weatherC. fine weathers

28、D. the fine weather名詞的所有格英語中，名詞所有格有下列三種情形。一、 一般情況下在名詞末尾加s,形式為"N's+ n.”，意為"N的n.”1在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中， N 主要為有 的名詞，但是在現(xiàn)代英語中， 也可以是 、 、 、 、 等無生命的名詞。如： Mike's shirt ， today's paper ， China's policy 等。2. 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)n.為home, shop, office表示家、店鋪、辦公室的名詞時常被 。如： at the barber's()， at the doctor'

29、;s()， in Mr.Smith's()等。3. 當(dāng)N為以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則直接在其后加''。女口： students'books， teachers' desks 等。4. 當(dāng) N 為 and 連接的兩個名詞時，所有格有兩種形式，但意義不同。(1)若為“ N1 + and + N2's+ n.”，表示“ N1 和 N2n.”。如： 杰克和貝蒂的家。若為“ N1's+ and + N2's+ n.”，表示“ 屬于N1的n和N2的n.”。如： 瑪麗的書和愛麗絲的書。二、由of構(gòu)成的所有格形式為"n. + of +

30、 N”，意為"N的n.”N 主要為 的名詞， 但有時可以是 的名詞。 如： the cover of the book ， the branch ofthe tree ， the children of the old man who died last year 等。三、雙重所有格形式為“ n.ofN's 或代詞”，意為“ N 的 n.”n 可以是人，也可以是物，而 N 一般是人。 n 前常用 a， two， many， such， some， few 等來 修飾，表示“部分”概念；或用指示代詞 this， that， these， those 修飾，表示“感情色彩” 。

31、如： a friend of my brother's ， this book of his 等。典例 1 They told us that it was about twenty walk to house.A. minutes' ；Mike's and Mary'sB. minutes' ； Mike and Mary'sC. minute's ；Mike's and Mary'sD. minute's ； Mike and Mary's典例 2 Last night we went to the ，

32、 where I met a friend of .A. barber's；my brotherB. barber's；my brother'sC. barbers'；my brotherD. barbers'；my brother's(題組訓(xùn)練 ) 完成句子：( 三英里的距離 ) is not a long way to walk.( 我爸爸的一位老朋友 ) is a well-informed man . He can tell youanything you want to know.( 人類的 ) knowledge of space d

33、evelops rapidly.Li Ming 'handwriting is better than( 其他任何人 )in the class.名詞作定語名詞作定語名詞作定語既是名詞的一種重要用法， 也是高考的一個重要考點。 根據(jù)近幾年的高考試題來 看，我們應(yīng)著重掌握名詞作定語的意義和形式。名詞作定語時，主要有三種形式，即名詞的普通格、名詞的所有格和名詞的 ed 形式。一、名詞的普通格作定語1 .所用的形式(1) 名詞作定語時一般用單數(shù)形式，如：pencil case 等。(2) man 和 woman 修飾單數(shù)名詞時用單數(shù)形式，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a manteacher

34、， three men teachers 等。(3) 有些名詞作定語時總是用復(fù)數(shù)形式，常見的有： sports， clothes， goods 等。如： a sports meet，a goods train 等。2所表示的意義（1）表示材料的名詞作定語，說明被修飾的名詞是 制成的。如： a diamond necklace（ 一條鉆石項鏈）,silk books（絲綢書）等。表示的名詞作定語。如：light waves（光波）,sports shoes（運動鞋）等。（3）如果兩個名詞構(gòu)成部分與整體的關(guān)系，則表整體的名詞可以作定語（常指物 ）。如： animalbones（動物骨頭），ciga

35、rette ends（煙頭）等。（4）表示地點的名詞作定語，說明被修飾的名詞存在或發(fā)生的地方。表性別或身份的名詞作定語。如：a female elephant（母象）等。表示泛指的時間名詞作定語。女口： evening dress（晚禮服），rooster year stamp（雞年郵票）等。二、名詞的所有格作定語一般來說，名詞所有格作定語時表示 關(guān)系。如： students' book ， a friend of Tom's 等。三、名詞的 ed 形式作定語名詞的 ed 形式作定語時常表示名詞的 。如：atable 一張三條腿的桌子，aspaceship 一艘載人的宇宙飛船，

36、 典例 3 She went into a clothing shop and bought a shirt and a pair ofshoes for her son.Acotton ；sportBcottons；sportCcotton ；sportsDcottons；sports易錯易混點：注意以下幾組名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問題：1. 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來表示，如：fishes（）， fruits（） ， steels（）。2. 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時，一般用表示數(shù)量的 來表示。如：a of tea, three of apples, four of bread 。3

37、. 有些抽象名詞的 表示不同的含義。如：work（工作 尸 works（）arm（手臂）宀 arms（）glass（玻 璃）t glasses（） cloth（布尸 clothes（）4. 定冠詞加上姓氏的 形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前 冠詞，則表示若干個姓xx的人。如： the Smith史密斯夫婦或史密斯一家，three Wangs5. 只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。如： physics, mathematics, news, the United States。6. 有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實為 。如： police, people, cattle 。7. 有些名詞如被看作整體

38、時就作 用，如被看作組成該集體的 時就作復(fù)數(shù)用。如： class, family, couple, audience, government, public 。8. 幾組?？济~的辨析：1）cause, reason, excuseCause 是造成一種事實或現(xiàn)象的 “原因， 起因 ”， 后接介詞 ; reason 是說明一種 或的 “理由 ”； excuse 意為“借口，辯解”Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.You must tell him the reason why you won 'taccept his offer.Late

39、again! What'syour excuse this time/2）mistake, error, faultMistake 幾乎等于 error, 只不過 error 更正式， 更常用語書面語。 此外 error 強調(diào)道德方面 的過失，而 fault 則強調(diào)（性格上的） 小缺點。但以上三個詞在一些固定搭配中不能混用。 如：Anof judgment ,判斷錯誤 by,錯誤的 findwith 找茬兒，挑剔It is someone 's . 是某人的過錯(題組訓(xùn)練 )單項填空： I'm sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I

40、 was very tired.There is no for this while you are on duty.A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation “I don'tthink it 'smythat the TV blew up. I just turned it on. That 'sall,”said the boy.A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty3) journey, trip, travel, voyageJourney 可指海陸空的旅行，常指 的旅行。 Trip

41、 指的旅行，常與其搭配的動詞有 make, take , go on. Travel 泛指旅游， 一般不加冠詞， 復(fù)數(shù)形式 travels 多指旅游 或到國外旅游， 前面不能用 many 或其他數(shù)詞修飾。 通常 journey 和 trip 強調(diào)往返性， 而 travel 不側(cè)重往返性， 可以使單程旅行。 Voyage 指 (題組訓(xùn)練 )用 journey, trip, travel, voyage 填空： It 'a longfrom here to Hong Kong.(4) It 'only three hours 'from here.(5) He wrote

42、a book about hisin South Africa.(6) When I give up work, I shall make a longat sea.4) sight, view, scene, scenery還可以表示風(fēng)景畫，sight: 目光，視力；景物；情景，景象view: 從某個特定點觀看到的東西，景物，尤其是美麗的自然風(fēng)景。風(fēng)景照片的意思We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.Various views of the coast hang on the wall.scene : 局部的風(fēng)景，景中更有可

43、能包括人或反映運動狀態(tài)。 “場景，情景” scenery: 自然風(fēng)景，是總稱，不可數(shù)名詞(題組訓(xùn)練 )用 sight, view, scene 填空：(7) There is nofrom this win dow except for some factory chi mn eys. The white sailboats in the blue water make a pretty.(9) The earthquake caused many deaths. It was a terrible.5) award, reward二者既可以作名詞也可作動詞。 Award 用作名詞時，意思為“

44、獎品，獎金” ；用作動詞時， 常用于 award sth to sb. reward 作名詞時，意思為“報酬，獎勵，報答” ；用作動詞時， 常用于 reward sb for sth.題組訓(xùn)練： 用 award,reward 填空10) He showed us the athletiche had won.11) What will you give me in for help?12) The prizes for physics and chemistry are to the Swedish Academy of Sciences.6) accident, event, inciden

45、t, affairaccident: 通常指不愉快的，意外的事，常導(dǎo)致不良后果。 event: 既可以指重大事件，也可以指日常事件，還可以指運動比賽項目 iIncident: 不太重要的事情，有時指引起戰(zhàn)爭，爭端的突發(fā)事件。affair: 國家大事，曖昧 題組訓(xùn)練：用 accident,event,affair,incident 的適當(dāng)形式填空：13) He was killed by the traffic.14) That was one of the chief that year.15) He could remember every in great detail.16) The m

46、inister is busy with important of the state.實踐操作：1泛指與特指的易錯點What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting.A a； /B the ；/Cthe；anDa； the2獨一無二的事物前冠詞的易錯點We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world.A a； aBa； theCthe；aD the； the3抽象名詞具體化的冠詞應(yīng)用失誤It will make big difference wheth

47、er the opening ceremony becomes successor not.A/；/Ba； aCa； theDa； /4固定習(xí)語中冠詞的誤用Let's go to cinema that'll take your mind off the problem for while.A the ； theB the；aCa； theDa；a15練習(xí)：單項選擇1 My of this weekend' s activity is going out with some good friends.A. ideaB. opinion C. mindD. thought

48、2 The bad policy of the new government has put the economy of the country into a moredifficult. _A. occasi onB. situatio nC. caseD. backgro und3. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up hisA. abilityB. force C. stre ngthD. mind4 He likes music so much that I think it right to buy him M

49、P3 asbirthday prese nt.A. the; an; aB./; an; the C./; an; aD. the; a;a5 Thank you for sending us fresh vegetables of many kin ds. You have done usgreat service.A./;aB. the; a C./;/D. the;/6 The adverbial phrase "every day" has space betweentwowords.A. the; theB. a; the C./; theD./; /7. He

50、lost the chanee to be employed asmarketing manager because he lacked ork experie nee.A./; theB. a; a C. the; aD.a; /8 Scarlett Johnasson developed interest in acting and has made herself into perhapsin est actress of her gen erati on.A. an; aB./; the C. an ;theD./;a9 is withoutdoubt the most magnifi

51、cent of the big cats.A. The tiger; aB. The tiger;/ C. Tiger; /D. A tiger; thel10 Cherries are sold byweight, and books can be mailed bydoze n.A. / ; aB. the; theC. the ; aD. / ; the11 Charlely Oakley, NBA star, has n' t lostgame in the past mon th.A. an;aB.a; the C. the; aD./; the12 I won der wh

52、at it feels like to be one of really rich. The Jenkinsons already have twoRolls Royces and now they are buyingthird!A. the; aB. the; theC./; aD./; the13 Whatbeautiful weather ! Great forholiday.A. a; aB. the ; theC. the; aD./; a14 The driver was at loss when word came that he was forbidden todrive f

53、or speed ing.A.a; /B.a; theC. the ; theD. / ; /15 The explorer got a disease in blood for theof fresh vegetables and fruit.A. sakeB. lackC. ig noranceD. ben efit16 Man' s first walk on the moon was a stra nge tech no logical A. successB. achievementC. successionD.accomplishme nt17 Every one'

54、 s applicati on for the job must be sent in one weekA. before handB. ahead of timeC. in advaneeD. as early as possible18 Have you made out your for a passport?A. appo in tme ntB. applicati onC. appositi onD. appreciati on19 They considered the plan in all its A. appeara nces20 I' m in myA. behavior21 Now we can pick