專業(yè)夾具設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、譯文標(biāo)題精密機(jī)械加工工原文標(biāo)題PrecisionMachiningTechnology作者PeterJ.Hoffman譯名彼行,J,作夫曼國(guó)籍美國(guó)原文出處CengageLearning譯文：在機(jī)械加工過(guò)程中，工件受到切削力、離心力、慣性力等的作用，為了保證在這些外力作用下，工件仍能在夾具中保持已由定位元件確定的加工位置，而不致發(fā)生振動(dòng)或位移、夾具結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)設(shè)置夾緊裝置將工件可靠夾牢。一、夾緊裝置的組成夾緊裝置的種類很多，但其結(jié)構(gòu)均由兩部分組成。1 .動(dòng)力裝置火緊力的來(lái)源，一是人力；二是某種裝置所產(chǎn)生的力。能產(chǎn)生力的裝置稱為火具的動(dòng)力裝置。常用的動(dòng)力裝置有：氣動(dòng)裝置、液壓裝置、電動(dòng)裝置、電磁裝置、

2、氣一液聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置和真空裝置等。由于手動(dòng)夾具的夾緊力來(lái)自人力，所以它沒有動(dòng)力裝置。2 .夾緊部分接受和傳遞原始作用力使之變?yōu)閵A緊力并執(zhí)行夾緊任務(wù)的部分，一般由下列機(jī)構(gòu)組成：1）接受原始作用力的機(jī)構(gòu)。如手柄、螺母及用來(lái)連接氣缸活塞桿的機(jī)構(gòu)等。2）中間遞力機(jī)構(gòu)。如銀鏈、杠桿等。3）夾緊元件。如各種螺釘壓板等。其中中間遞力機(jī)構(gòu)在傳遞原始作用力至夾緊元件的過(guò)程中可以起到諸如改變作用力的方向、改變作用力的大小以及自鎖等作用。二、夾緊裝置的基本要求在不破壞工件定位精度，并保證加工質(zhì)量的前提下，應(yīng)盡量使夾緊裝置做到：1 .火緊力的大小適當(dāng)。既要保證工件在整個(gè)加工過(guò)程中其位置穩(wěn)定不變、振動(dòng)小,又要使工件不產(chǎn)生過(guò)大

3、的夾緊變形。2 .工藝性好。夾緊裝置的復(fù)雜程度應(yīng)與生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)相適應(yīng)，在保證生產(chǎn)效率的前提下，其結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)單，便于制造和維修。3 .使用性好。夾緊裝置的操作應(yīng)當(dāng)方便、安全、省力。三、基本夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)原始作用力轉(zhuǎn)化為夾緊力是通過(guò)夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。在眾多的夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)中以斜楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它們組合而成的夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)用最為普遍。（一）斜楔夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)采用斜楔作為傳力元件或夾緊元件的夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)稱為斜楔夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。直接采用斜楔夾緊時(shí)，斜楔的自鎖條件是：斜楔的開角小于斜楔與工件、斜楔與夾具體之間的摩擦角之和。即：:-12為保證自鎖可靠，手動(dòng)夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)一般取口=6©8代用氣壓或液壓裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)的斜楔不需要自鎖，可取2=

4、15535*。斜楔夾緊具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，增力比大，自鎖性能好等特點(diǎn)，因此獲得廣泛應(yīng)用。（二）螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)采用螺桿作中間傳力元件的夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)稱為螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。由于它結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、夾緊可靠、通用性好，而且由于螺旋升角小，螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的自鎖性能好，夾緊力和夾緊行程都較大，是手動(dòng)夾具上用得最多的一種夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。1 .簡(jiǎn)單螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)最簡(jiǎn)單的螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)由于直接用螺釘頭部壓緊工件，易使工件受壓表面損傷，或帶動(dòng)工件旋轉(zhuǎn)。因此常在頭部裝有擺動(dòng)的壓塊。由于壓塊與工件間的摩擦力矩大于壓塊與螺釘間的摩擦力矩，壓塊不會(huì)隨螺釘一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。夾緊動(dòng)作慢、工件裝卸費(fèi)時(shí)是單個(gè)螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的另一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。為克服這一缺點(diǎn)，可采用快速夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。

5、2 .螺旋壓板夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)在夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)中，螺旋壓板的使用非常普遍，常見的螺旋壓板典型結(jié)構(gòu)其結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸均已標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，設(shè)計(jì)者可參考有關(guān)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。（三）偏心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)用偏心件直接或間接夾緊工件的機(jī)構(gòu)，稱為偏心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。偏心件有兩種形式,即圓偏心和曲線偏心，其中，圓偏心機(jī)構(gòu)因結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、制造容易而得到廣泛應(yīng)用。偏心夾緊加工操作方便、夾緊迅速，缺點(diǎn)是夾緊力和夾緊行程都小。一般用于切削力不大、振動(dòng)小、沒有離心力影響的加工中。1 .圓偏心輪的工作原理2 .圓偏心輪的夾緊行程及工作段3 .偏心輪的自鎖條件amaxWM+蚓推導(dǎo)得：f1>2e/D當(dāng)f=0.1時(shí)，e/D30當(dāng)f=0.15時(shí)，e/D當(dāng)4

6、四、定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)工件被加工面以中心要素（軸線、中心平面等）為工序基準(zhǔn)時(shí)，為使基準(zhǔn)重合以減少定位誤差，需采用定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)具有定心和夾緊兩種功能，如臥式車床的三爪自定心卡盤即為最常用的典型實(shí)例。定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)按其定心作用原理有兩種類型，一種是依靠傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)使定心夾緊元件等速移動(dòng)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)定心火緊，如螺旋式、杠桿式、楔式機(jī)構(gòu)等；另一種是利用薄壁彈性元件受力后產(chǎn)生均勻的彈性變形（收縮或擴(kuò)張），來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)定心夾緊,如彈簧筒夾、膜片卡盤、波紋套、液性塑料等。1 .螺旋式定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)螺桿兩端的螺紋旋向相反，螺距相同。當(dāng)其旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，使兩個(gè)V形鉗口作對(duì)向等速移動(dòng)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)工件的定心夾緊或松開。V形鉗口可

7、按工件不同形狀進(jìn)行更換。這種定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是：結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、工作行程大、通用性好，但定心精度不高，主要適用于粗加工或半精加工中需要行程大而定心精度要求不高的場(chǎng)合。2 .杠桿式定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)杠桿式三爪自定心卡盤中，滑套作軸向移動(dòng)時(shí)，圓周均布的三個(gè)鉤形杠桿便繞軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，撥動(dòng)三個(gè)滑塊沿徑向移動(dòng)，從而帶動(dòng)其上卡爪將工件定心并夾緊或松開。這種定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)具有剛性大、動(dòng)作快、增力倍數(shù)大、工作行程也比較大等特點(diǎn)，但其定心精度較低。一般為0.1mm左右，它主要用于工件的粗加工。由于杠桿機(jī)構(gòu)不能自鎖，所以這種機(jī)構(gòu)自鎖要靠氣壓或其它機(jī)構(gòu)。3 .楔式定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)動(dòng)的楔式夾爪自動(dòng)定心機(jī)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)工件以內(nèi)孔及左端面在夾具上

8、定位后，汽缸通過(guò)拉桿使六個(gè)夾爪左移，由于本體上斜面的作用，火爪左移的同時(shí)向外脹開，將工件定心夾緊；反之，夾爪右移時(shí)，在彈簧卡圈的作用下使夾爪收攏，將工件松開。這種定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，定心精度一般可達(dá)0.02mm0.07mm比較適用于工件內(nèi)孔作定位基面的半精加工工序。4 .彈簧筒夾式定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)這種定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)常用于安裝軸套類工件。彈性定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、體積小、操作方便迅速，因而應(yīng)用十分廣泛。其定心精度可穩(wěn)定在0.04mm0.010mm之間。除上述介紹的定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)外，常用的還有膜片卡盤機(jī)構(gòu)、波紋套定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)以及液性塑料夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)等。夾具是機(jī)械加工中不可缺少的部件，在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高

9、效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下，夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟(jì)方向發(fā)展。一、高精隨著機(jī)床加工精度的提高，為了降低定位誤差，提高加工精度對(duì)火具的制造精度要求更高高精度夾具的定位孔距精度高達(dá)±0.5夾具支撐面的垂直度達(dá)0.01mm/300mm平行度高達(dá)0.01mm/500mm瑞士EROWA性?shī)A具的重復(fù)定位精度高達(dá)25微米。機(jī)床夾具的精度已提高到微米級(jí)，世界知名的夾具制造公司都是精密機(jī)械制造企業(yè)。為了適應(yīng)不同行業(yè)的需求和經(jīng)濟(jì)性，火具有不同的型二、高效為了提高機(jī)床的生產(chǎn)效率，雙面、四面和多件裝夾的夾具產(chǎn)品越來(lái)越多。為了減少工件的安裝時(shí)間，各種自動(dòng)定心夾緊、精密平

10、口鉗、杠桿夾緊、凸輪夾緊、氣動(dòng)和液壓夾緊等，快速夾緊功能部件不斷的推陳出新。新型的電控永磁夾具，夾緊和松開工件只用1、2秒，夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)化，為機(jī)床進(jìn)行多工位、多面和多件加工創(chuàng)造了條件。采用美國(guó)杰金斯公司的球鎖裝夾系統(tǒng)，1分鐘內(nèi)就能將夾具定位和鎖緊在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上，球鎖裝夾系統(tǒng)用于柔性生產(chǎn)線上更換夾具，起到縮短停機(jī)時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率的作用。三、模塊組合夾具元件模塊化是實(shí)現(xiàn)組合化的基礎(chǔ)。利用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)的系列化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化夾具元件，快速組裝成各種夾具，已成為夾具技術(shù)開發(fā)的基點(diǎn)。省工、省時(shí)、節(jié)材、節(jié)能，體現(xiàn)在各種先進(jìn)夾具系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新之中。模塊化設(shè)計(jì)為夾具的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與組裝打下了基礎(chǔ)。應(yīng)用CA成術(shù)，可建立元件

11、庫(kù)、典型夾具庫(kù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和用戶使用檔案庫(kù)，進(jìn)行夾具優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，為用戶三維實(shí)體組裝夾具。模擬仿真刀具的切削過(guò)程，既能為用戶提供正確、合理的夾具與元件配套方案，又能積累使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)，了解市場(chǎng)需求，不斷的改進(jìn)和完善夾具系統(tǒng)。四、通用經(jīng)濟(jì)夾具的通用性直接影響其經(jīng)濟(jì)性。采用模塊、組合式的夾具系統(tǒng)，一次性投資比較大，只有夾具系統(tǒng)的可重組性、可重構(gòu)性及可擴(kuò)展性功能強(qiáng)，應(yīng)用范圍廣，通用性好，夾具利用率高，收回投資快，才能體現(xiàn)出經(jīng)濟(jì)性好。原文:Inthemachiningprocesstheworkpiecebythecuttingforce,centrifugalforce,inertiaforce,suchasthe

12、roleof,inordertoensurethattheseexternalforce,theworkpiececanremaininthefixturebythepositioningoftheprocessingtodeterminethelocationofcomponents,andshouldbenovibrationordisplacement,fixturestructureshouldbesetureliableworkpiececlampingdevicefolderwillbeinprison.First,thecompositionofclampingdevicesMa

13、nydifferenttypesofclampingdevices,buttheirstructuresarecomposedoftwoparts.1. PowerplantThesourceofclampingforce,onehuman;secondisgeneratedbyapowerdevice.Thedevicecangeneratepowerasthepowerunitfixture.Commonlyusedipowerplantare:pneumaticdeviceshydraulicdeviceselectricaldeviceselectromagneticdevicesga

14、s-liquidinteractiondevicesandvacuumdevices.Fixtureasaresultofmanualclampingforcefromthehumansoitdoesnotpowerplants.2. ClampingpartReceiveandimpartintotheoriginalclampingforcetoclampthetaskforceandpartoftheimplementationofthegeneralcompositionofthefollowingagencies:1) toaccepttheoriginalforceofbodies

15、.Suchashandlesnutsandusedtoconnectthinstitutionssuchascylinderpistonrod.2) Forcethemiddleofdelivery.Suchashingesleversandsoon.3) Clampingcomponents.Suchasplatesuchasscrews.Forcedeliveryoftheminthemiddleoftheoriginaltransmissionofforcetotheprocessofclampingdevicescanplaysuchaschangesinthedirectionoff

16、orcetochangethesizeofforcesaswellastheroleofself-lockingandsoon.SecondthebasicrequirementsforclampingdeviceWithoutdamagingtheworkpiecepositioningaccuracyandqualityassuranceprocessunderthepremiseofclampingdevicesshouldbeenabledto:1. Thesizeoftheappropriateclampingforce.Itisnecessarytoensurethatthewor

17、kpieceinthewholeprocessofitsstablepositionvibrationsmallbutalsosothattheworkpiecedoesnotproduceexcessiveclampingdeformation.2. Technologyisgood.ThecomplexityoftheclampingdeviceshouldbesuitedtotheproductionoftheProgramtoensureproductionefficiencyitsstructureshouldbekeptsimpleeasytomanufactureandmaint

18、enance.3. Gooduse.Theoperationofclampingdeviceshouldbeconvenientsafeandlabor-saving.ThirdthebasicClampTheoriginalforceintoaclampingforcethroughtheclampingbodytoachieve.Amongthemanyinstitutionsintheclampingwedgeobliquespiralandbytheireccentriccombinationofthemostcommonapplicationofclamping.(A) WedgeC

19、lampWedgeusedascomponentsortransmissionoftheclampingdeviceclampingbodyknownastheWedgeClamp.heWedgeclampingdirectlytheobliquewedgeoftheself-lockingconditionsare:WedgeanglesmallerthantheworkpieceWedgeWedgeandfoldersbetweentheconcreteandtfrictionangle.Namely:af1+f2Inordertoensureareliableself-lockingma

20、nualclampinggenerallytakea=68:Usingpneumaticorhydraulicdevicedriversdonotneedtheself-lockingobliquewedgeitisdesirabletoa=1535.00Wedgeclampissimpleinstructurethanbylargeself-lockingfeaturessuchasperformanceitiswidelyavailable.(B) HelicalClampUsedasintermediatescrewtransmissioncomponentsarecollectivel

21、yreferredtoastheclampingscrewclampingbodyorgans.Becauseofitssimplestructurereliableclampingcommongoodandasaresultofthesmallhelixanglespiralofself-lockingclampingbodygoodclampingforceandtheclampingitineraryarelargerfixtureonmanualwiththemostaclampingbody.1. SimplescrewclampbodyThesimplestspiralasares

22、ultofthedirectuseofclampingbodiespressedworkpiecescrewheadsoeasytodamagethesurfaceoftheworkpieceunderpressureordrivenrotatingworkpiece.SooftenintheheadwithswingingPress.PresswiththeworkpieceasaresultoffrictionbetweenthePressandthetorqueisgreaterthanthefrictionbetweethescrewtorquescrewtogetherwiththe

23、Presswillnotrotate.Clampingactionslowtime-consumingloadingandunloadingtheworkpieceisasinglespiralAnotherdrawbackoftheClamp.Toovercomethisshortcomingtherapidclampingbodiescanbe.2. ClampscrewplatetoInstitutionsintheclampingtheuseofspiralplateisverycommoncommonstructureofthespiralstructureofatypicalpla

24、tesizehasbeenstandardizedthedesignercanrefertherelevantnationalstandardsandfixturedesignmanualdesign.(C)EccentricClampWitheccentricpieces,directlyorindirectly,theworkpiececlampingbody,knownastheeccentricclampingbody.Therearetwotypesofeccentricpieces,thatis,andthecurVeofeccentricityeccentriccircle,wh

25、ich,duetoaroundeccentricstructureissimpleandeasytomanufactureandiswidelyused.Eccentricclampingprocessingiseasytooperate,rapidclamp,thedisadvantageofclampingforceandclampingtriparesmall.Notgenerallyusedincuttingforce,vibrationsmallthereisnocentrifugalforceoftheimpactoftheprocessing.1. Roundtheworking

26、principleofeccentric2. Eccentricclampingroundtripandparagraph3. Eccentricself-lockingconditionofa<j1+j2Wasderived:f1We/DWhenf=0.1hours,e/D>20,whenf=0.15pm,e/D冒4FourthinstitutionscenteringclampingWhentheworkpieceisprocessedbythecentralelementofsurface(axis,thecenterplane,etc.)forthebaseprocessi

27、nordertoenablethebasetoreducethepositioningerrorofcoincidencetobeusedcenteringclampingbody.Centeringcenteringclampingbodyandclampingthetwofunctionssuchashorizontalself-centeringthree-jawlathechuckisaclassicexampleofthemostcommonlyused.Centeringcenteringclampingtheroleofinstitutionsaccordingtotheirpr

28、inciple,therearetwotypes,oneisrelyingonthetransmissionmechanismsothatmobilespeedcenteringclampingdeviceinordertoachievecenteringclamping,suchasspiralleveragedinstitutionssuchaswedge;theotheristheuseofthin-walledelasticelementforceevenaftertheelasticdeformation(contractionorexpansion),toachievecenter

29、ingclamping,suchasaspringclipdrum,diaphragmchuck,bellowsunits,suchasliquidplastic.1. CenteringclampingbodyspiralRotaryscrewthreadatbothendstothecontrary,thesamepitch.Whenitspins,thetwoV-shapedgagagainsttheconstantmovementinordertoachievethecenteringoftheworkpiececlampingorrelease.V-shapedworkpieceso

30、fdifferentshapescanshutupthereplacement.s.Centeringclampingbodiessuchfeaturesare:simplestructuretheworktripandgeneralgoodbutthecenteringaccuracyisnothighmainlysuitableforroughorsemi-finishedtouroftheneedsoflargeandlessdemandingprecisioncenteringoccasion2. LeveragedinstitutionscenteringclampingThree-

31、jawself-centeringleveragedtradingcards,sleeveforaxialmovementthecirclearethreefabrichookleverwillrotatearoundtheaxis,thethreestrucktheslideralongtheradialmovementofthecardsinordertopromoteitsclawstheworkpiececenteringandclampingorrelease.Thiscenteringclampingrigidbody,andmovefast,byforcemultiplier,a

32、ndtheworktripisalsocharacterizedbyrelativelylarge,butitsrelativelylowprecisioncentering.Generallyabout0.1mmitismainlyusedforroughwork.Sincethebodycannotself-lockinglever,sothatorganizationsrelyonself-lockingairpressureorotheragencies.3. CenteringclampingwedgebodiesWedgemobilefolderautomaticallycente

33、ringbodyclawwhentheworkpiecesurfacewithintheholeandleftthepositioninthefixtureafterthesix-cylinderthroughtherodsothattheleftclawclipduetotheroleofontologyontheslopewhiletheleftclawfoldertotheopenedoutsidethebulgewillbecenteringtheworkpiececlampingtheotherhandclawshiftedtorightfolderintheroleofspring

34、circlecardfolderunderclawtoreleasetheworkpiece.Centeringclampingbodiessuchcompactstructureusuallyrangingfromprecisioncentering0.02mm0.07mmcomparedwiththeholefortheworkpiecesurfaceforpositioningthebaseofthesemi-finishingprocesses.4. Clip-onspring-centeringclampingcylinderbodyThiscenteringclampingslee

35、vebodytypecommonlyusedintheinstallationoftheworkpiece.Elasticcenteringclampingsimplestructure,smallsize,easytooperatequickly,soawiderangeofapplications.Centeringaccuracyofitsstabilityinbetween0.04mm0.010mm.Inadditiontotheabovedescribedcenteringclampingbodies,arecommonlyuseddiaphragmchuckbody,corruga

36、tedcenteringclampingsetsofinstitutions,aswellasfluidbodiessuchasplasticclampingMachiningfixtureisanindispensablecomponentinthemachinetooltechnologytohigh-speed,highefficiency,precision,complex,intelligent,environmentally-friendlydirection,drivenbytechnologyismovingfixturehigh-precision,high-performa

37、nce,modular,mix,generaleconomicdirection.First,high-precisionMachiningwithimprovedaccuracy,inordertoreducethepositioningerrorandimprovemachiningaccuracyofthefixturemanufacturingprecisiondemandinghigh-precisionpositioningjigDistanceaccuracyupto±5pmthebearingsurfaceoftheverticalfixtureachieve0.01

38、mm/300mmuptoparallelism0.01mm/500mm.SwitzerlandduplicationEROWAFlexiblefixturepositioningaccuracyofupto25m.Precisionmachinetoolfixturetothemicronlevelhasbeenraisedtheworldsleadingmanufactureroffixtureisprecisionmachinerymanufacturingenterprises.Itistruethat,inordertomeettheneedsofdifferentindustries

39、andeconomy,folderswithdifferentmodels,aswellasthedifferentgradesfortheaccuracyofthestandardoptions.Second,efficienttoolToimproveproductionefficiency,double-sided,fourandmorethanclamping巾xtureofmoreandmoreproducts.Workpieceinordertoreducetheinstallationtime,allkindsofauto-centeringclamping,precisionf

40、latclamp,clampinglevers,camclamp,suchaspneumaticandhydraulicclamping,rapidclampingnewfeaturesconstantly.Newtypeofelectronicallycontrolledpermanentmagnetfixture,stepupandreleasetheworkpieceonly12seconds,simplifyingthefixturestructureforthemachinetocarryoutstage,facetedandprocessingtocreatethecondition.Americ