自考-國際商務(wù)英語(復(fù)習(xí)資料)

1、BusinessKnowledge:InternationalBusinessEnglishLesson1InternationalBusin/商務(wù)6. Portfolioinvestment券投資：Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthcontrolling.7. Stocks股票：Capitalstocksorbonds8. Bonds債券：ThepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemonThemajordifferencesbetweeninterna

2、tionalbusinessanddomesticbusinessA.B.C.D.Differencesinlegalsystems體系Differencesincurren貨幣DifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditions9.10.11.ThemajortypesofinternationalbusinessA.Trade12.B.C.Commoditytrade商品貿(mào)易b.Servicetradea.Investment13.a.Foreigndirectinvestmentb.Portfolio

3、investment券投資OthertypesLicensingandfranchising經(jīng)營和特許經(jīng)營14.15.16.a.17.b.Managementcontractandcontractmanufact管理合同和承包生產(chǎn)TurnkeyprojectandBOTTradeTerms：Customsarea關(guān)稅區(qū)：Conversion貨幣兌換Visibletrade有形貿(mào)易:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoods18.c..1.lentorinvestedtogetherwithinte

4、rest.Maturity（票據(jù)等）到期Certificateofdep大sit存單Licensing許可經(jīng)營：Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualproperlinanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheform許可費(fèi)|）altyFranchising特許經(jīng)營:Underfranchisingf,ranchiseeisallowedtoope

5、rateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandopertechniquesforroyalty.TradeMark商標(biāo)Patenl專利Royalty專利（許可）使用費(fèi)，版稅Copyright版權(quán)License許可方Licensee被許可方Franchiser特許方：Afirmwhoprovidesandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Franchisee被特許方：AfirmisallowedManagementcontract管理合同：Un

6、derthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logostooperateinthenameofanother.amanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflaproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.（includionrgacapsehrcentageoftherelevantbusiness

7、volume.transaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade）22.Valuechai價值鏈Invisibletrade無形貿(mào)易：Theformoftransportatiangmmunication,banking,insurance,23.Turnkeyproject交鑰匙”工程：Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontrconsulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.withaforeign

8、purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractinagndfaciliteyquippingFDI外國直接投資:Foreigndirectinvestments.Returnsthroughcontrollingtheenterpribsefsoroerhandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.assetsinvestedinahostcouPn.t2r5y6.O/necountryacquiresassetsinaforeigncountry24f.oBrOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營和移交：Build,Operate,Tra

9、nsferthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem25.Expertis專門矢識265.Bonus紅利、獎金、津貼4.Pleaseelaborate詳細(xì)說明)onthetwocategories種類)ofinternationalinvestment.Royalty許可使用費(fèi)Whatistheirmajordifference?InternationalinvestmeHt際投資：SupplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoaAothFD.I(Foreigndire

10、ctinvestment)ismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesContractmanufacturing生產(chǎn)investedininahostcountry.GATT關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定:GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade/外國直接投資：通過控制其它投資在他國的企業(yè)和資產(chǎn)獲得回報。Internationalbusiness國際商務(wù):Transactiorbetweenpartiesfromdifferentountries.Portfolionvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignf

11、inanciaeLssetsforapurposeotherthanSometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountcroyntirsolalisnog.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit.regardedasimportandexport./證券投資：不以控制為目的而購買外國的金融資產(chǎn)，如：股票、債券和定期存款單。Intellectualprop知識產(chǎn)權(quán)5.WhatislicensingWhydofirmssometi

12、meschooseitasameansofenteringaforeignOildeposit：油儲備=oilreservesmarket?thereservesofnaturalres自然c資源儲備A：Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanotlPersonaladvancemen個人的晉升，個人素質(zhì)的提高以及個人事業(yè)的進(jìn)步等。/國際許可即：一家公司允許國外的公司使用它的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)。(1)(2)(3)(4)2.6.Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromli

13、censing?A:Underfranchisingf,ranchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchisewrhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty/在特許經(jīng)營情況下，特許使用方以特許授予方的名義開展業(yè)務(wù)，后者向前者提供商標(biāo)、品is牌ec公司經(jīng)營技巧等而獲取特許使用費(fèi)。Incomparisonwiththerelatiobnetweenthelicenserandthelicenseet,hefranchise

14、hrasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.A:Visibletradeistheformofcommoditytrade.Theformoftransportatiocno,mmunication,banking,insurancec,onsultingi,nformationetc.iscalledinvisiblteradeorserviceindustriesT.helaterisbecomemoreandmoreimportant.Answerthefollowingquestions：Theychooselic

15、ensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,an1.Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninterimtionalceiveincomeintheformof可直接y攵取知識產(chǎn)權(quán)費(fèi)，不必現(xiàn)金開辦新業(yè)務(wù)businessanddomesticbusiness.Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobA:Internat

16、ionalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountriiss.oWSoeneslimesormanagemen享有當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)營優(yōu)勢，而在所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營上不承擔(dān)義務(wù)businessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardTehdeausseimopforlticensingisparticularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarrandexport.thepartoftheh

17、ostco當(dāng)東道國的關(guān)稅高或非關(guān)稅壁壘多時，國際許可經(jīng)營更受歡迎。Somemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessisfollowing:DifferencesinlegalsystemsDifferencesincurrenciesDifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichm

18、oreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?7. Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?A：Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecialiZidservices3.CanyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiieS其

19、?它專門服務(wù))toanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentage，A:Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavilieveLticbusinessvolume(相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)總價值的百分比).Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstphreodeuxcpedr

20、toirsemafnourfacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.operation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.5.除了國際貿(mào)易和投資，國際許可和特許經(jīng)營有時也是進(jìn)入國外市場的一種方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakena

21、s8. Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentofreonmteringaforeignmarket.it?Lesson2A:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithafO外國買n方)rchaserIncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket收入水平和世界市場andundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacil(l裝配1設(shè)備|p)in直eforehandingitBus

22、inessKnowledge:overtothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityfor(a1)peGrNiPodanodfGtDiPmeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.Makingprofi(t2)frPoemrocpaepriatainigncomeandpercapitaGDPtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeypr

23、(o3j)ecHtigh-income,middleincomeandlow-incomecountriesA.StandardsforclassificationTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:BRepresentativecountries1. 國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜(4)TriadandQuad得多。A.UnitedStatesInternationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesformdifferentcountriesI

24、tBnvcWvelbeinorieurope西歐factorsandthusismorecomplicatedthedomesticbusiness.C.JapanDCanada2隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此(5)OtherimportantmarketsforChina方面具有一定的知識是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個人的進(jìn)步。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizatiofne,wpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayTradeTerms:awayfrominte

25、rnationalbusinessTherefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessa1rythebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement3其他參與國際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。2Otherformsforparticipatinigninternationablusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject34國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國進(jìn)行4消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。

26、5Internationbaulsinessfirstooktheformofcommoditytrade,ieexportingandimportinggoodsbGNPf®民生產(chǎn)總值：GrossnationalProductThemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy/一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體憑借其居民擁有的資產(chǎn)和勞動力所生產(chǎn)的貨物和服務(wù)的市場價值。GDP國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:GrossDomesticProductThemarketvalueofallgoodsand

27、servicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy/一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)的所有實(shí)物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的價值。Nationalincon®民收入Percapitainco人均收入PercapitaGDP人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值：ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulawhichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.3.PPP購買力平價:PurchasingpowerparityConsumerism消費(fèi)主義Incomed

28、istributi（收入分布：Theproportions比例）ofitsrich,middleincomeandpeople.Infrastructir礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Staplegood大路貨Invoice（開）發(fā)票Creditorcount債權(quán)國OECD經(jīng)合組織，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與開發(fā)組織:OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.TheCommonwealthofIndependentStat獨(dú)聯(lián)體，獨(dú)立國家聯(lián)合體ASEAN東盟，東南亞國家聯(lián)盟:AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationals.NIEs（亞洲四小虎）:New

29、lyIndustrializedEconomiesFactorsofproduct生產(chǎn)要素7.A:High-incomecountriest:hoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove.Inthisgroupcomprisethreetypesofcountries;mostmembersofOECD,richoilproducingcountriespooMriddleEast,small-industrializedcountriesorregions./包括經(jīng)合組織的大多數(shù)成員國、中東石油生產(chǎn)國、工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的小國和地

30、區(qū)。Middle-incomecountriest:hosewithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765.IncludedinthiscategoryismostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonweaofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers,quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountriesinAsia,SouthAfricaandoil-producingco

31、untriesinAfric/東歐的大多數(shù)國家、大多數(shù)獨(dú)聯(lián)體國家、經(jīng)合組織的留個成員國、相當(dāng)數(shù)量的拉美國家。Low-incomecountriest:hosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless.MostAfricancountriess,omeAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmericancountriesareincludedinthisgroup.4.Whyarehigh-incomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestment?Shouldweneglectlow-incomeco

32、untriesininternationalbusiness?Answerthefollowingquestions:1. ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelayndpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchangeably?A:High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrast基UCt設(shè)施）,highpurchasingpower,andadvancedtechnology,efficientmanagem有n效管理）andfavorableenvironment

33、fortradeandinvestment.A:GNP（GrossnationalProduct）referstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedTbhyeythofeferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivseourcesandpropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDP（GrossDomesticProduct）deatjiuretiionsofinvestm是¥高檔消費(fèi)品的主要市場，在吸引外資/對外

34、投資都處于有利地位。themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconIonmyi.ntTehrenationaltradethelow-incomecountriesshouldnotbeneglected,becausetheycondifferencebetweenthemisthatGNPfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionmOiiketGDPorlower-pricedstaple價o格銀的大宗商品），providecheaplaboran

35、dareoftenrichconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandinGDrPescoaunrces.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentiaolfthesecountrieswillonedaybecomerealbeignoredsinceitverysmallinmostcases.Therefore,wecanusetheminterchangeabbysinessopportunitie一經(jīng)開發(fā)，商業(yè)潛力有一天會成為實(shí)際的商業(yè)機(jī)會2. Inwhatdiffe

36、rentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?5.WasChinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?A:TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassAe:ssCmheintawfiotrhapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasadurable

37、equipmentorbulkgoods（grain,steelorcement）.PercapitaGDPrevealsthealvoewr-aignecoimnecocmoeuntryjustafewyearsago.levelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.A:ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld;theUnitedStates,theE3. Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlow-inc

38、omecountriesaccordingto6t!hatdoestheter“riad”refersto三方組合）？WhatismeantbyQuad（四方組合）WorldBank?Citesomeexamplesforeachgroup.UnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.ThescopeofTri4d申國現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個低收入國家。CanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$

39、1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago.7. HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.A:OECDmeansOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Theorganizatioins5.就中國來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國家、俄羅斯等國，included29members,23ofthemarehigh-incomecountriesand6are

40、middle-incomecoun這些國家都具有前景看好的市場潛力，能為中國提供很好的商機(jī)。headquartersisinParis.AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosetheFourTigers,theASEANcountriesR,ussia,etc.Thesecountrieswithverypromisingmarket8.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunities?potentialandcano

41、ffergoodbusinessopportunitiestoChina.Lesson3RegionalEconomicIntegration地/區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化A:SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus(應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的其它市場還有周邊地區(qū)，如)：theFourTigers(亞洲四小虎)，theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandabitfartherawayAustralia.Thesecountriesorregionseitherhaveri

42、chconsumersandoffergoodbusinessopportunitiesoraredevelopingfastwithverypromiBsuisnignemsasrkKentowledge：potentialAndtheirgeographicalproX地理上接近)toChinaisagreatadvantageforus(ihMajorobjectivesofregionalintegration*(2)ForlevelsofregionaleconomicintegrationAFreetradeareaBCustomsunionCCommonmarketDEconom

43、icuniondevelopingbusinessrelationswiththem.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:1民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國收入的兩個重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicatea'sctooutnatlryincomeThedifference(3)EuropeanUnion(EU)betweenthemisthattheforfmoecrusesonownershipofthefa

44、ctorsofproductionwhilethe(4l)atAtseira-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)concentratesonthecountrywhereproductiontakesplace(5)OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)2要評估某一市場的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因為它為那里居民的購買力高低提供了線索。TradeTerms：Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoftenlookatpercapitaincom

45、EcoiMiecitntegrati經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化providescluesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents3世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國家，中等收入國家和低收入國家。CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies2. Freetradeare自由貿(mào)易區(qū)：Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestillado

46、ptseachownexternal自由貿(mào)易區(qū)掃除了成員間商品、服務(wù)自由流動的障礙。3. Customsunion關(guān)稅同盟：Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpo除c消除成員間的貿(mào)易壁壘外，所有成員對外實(shí)行相同的貿(mào)易政策。4. Tariffra關(guān)稅稅率5. SettlementNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement34.Territoryeconomi區(qū)s域經(jīng)濟(jì)體共同市場：Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsoto3

47、facPacificRi環(huán)太平洋圈36.InformalMeetingofEconomicLeader導(dǎo)人非正式會議Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintworld.A：Freetradeareaistheloosestformintheregionaleconob經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化a程度最低)Membersinthisformremovesbarrierstotheflowofgoodsandservicesamongthemselvesw

48、hDual-MinisterialMeet雙部長會議QuotaRestrictio配額限制expenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.EU歐盟，歐洲聯(lián)盟：EuropeanUnionEC歐共體，歐洲共同體：EuropeanCommunityBenelux荷比盧(比利時、荷蘭和盧森堡三國)：Belgium,Netherlands,LuxemburgMercosur南方共同市場:SouthernConeCustomsUnionECSC歐洲煤鋼共同體：EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunityEEC歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體：European

49、EconomicCommunityEURATOM歐洲原子能共同體，歐洲原子能聯(lián)營：EuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunitySOM高官會議：SeniorOfficialsMeetingTILF貿(mào)易投資便利化自由化：TradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitationECOTECH經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作：EconomicandtechnicalcooperationPoliticalentity實(shí)體Sovereignsta主權(quán)國家Multi-polarizations化Sub-committee分委員會NTA新跨大西洋議程：NewTransatlantic

50、AgendaTABD跨大西洋商業(yè)對話：TransatlanticBusinessDialogueTACD跨大西洋消費(fèi)者對話：TransatlanticConsumerDialogue.1.32.33.NAFTA北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定:Commonmarketofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.Banknotescirculat貨幣流通Carte卡塔爾APEC亞太經(jīng)合組織，亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織:AsiaPacif

51、icEconomicCooperationOPEC石油輸出國組織:OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesEuropeanCommission歐盟委員會Councilofminist部r理事會eachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotabletheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUniteEconomicUnion(EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟:Themem

52、bersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsSotattoes,CanadaandMexicoin1991withover360millionconsumersandtotalGDPofmorethanfactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxationt,riglolvieornmUeSntdollars.2. Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradearea?A：TheCustomsUniongoesastepfur

53、therbyadoptingthesametradepolicyforallthemembtowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingtradebarriersamongtImportsfromothercountriesaresubjecttothesametariff.3. Whatarethecharacteristicosfacommonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?A：Thecommonmarketisf

54、urtherupthescaleofregionaleconomicintegrationB.esidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandadoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy,factorsofproductionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheybeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremacommonmarketfor

55、someyears.4. Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?A：Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomicintegrationw,hichischaracterizebdyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersi©在es方面)odfconomy,financeetcinadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers

56、p,racticeofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobility.ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlyto唱保持一Ze)theirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.Thememberarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereigntyw,hichiserodingthetraditioonftheworldp

57、oliticaslystembasedontheautonomyandsupremepowerofsovereignstates.5. Makeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentof(tEhueroEpUeanUnion).A:Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)wasestablishedwhichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.b. Dual-MinisterialMeetingc. MinistersResponsibleforTraded. TheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)e. SubordinatecommitteesunderSOM:CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSub-committeeofSOMandBudgetManagementCo