中考英語(yǔ)客觀型閱讀理解

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上考點(diǎn)歸納就具體命題而言，閱讀理解題的考查內(nèi)容應(yīng)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面：1. 理解主旨和要義2. 理解文章的具體細(xì)節(jié)3. 進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的判斷和推理4. 根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的意義5. 理解文章中具體信息（包括圖文轉(zhuǎn)換的信息）1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題是中考閱讀理解中主要考查的類型，通常占50%以上的分值。其宗旨是考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章中的細(xì)節(jié)和具體事實(shí)的把握能力，內(nèi)容涉及詢問事實(shí)，原因，結(jié)果和目的等，屬于淺層次的理解題，難度較低。同學(xué)們往往需要在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)運(yùn)用略讀，掃讀，跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息，然后遵循由整體到細(xì)節(jié)的原則，把握作者的思路，按全文-段落-詞語(yǔ)的步驟來

2、解題。主要考法有：1. 列舉信息處?？嘉闹衒irst, second, to begin with, in addition, on one hand, on the other hand等出現(xiàn)的地方，常會(huì)要求學(xué)生從所列舉的內(nèi)容中選擇符合題干要求的選項(xiàng)2. 舉例和打比方處?？家⒁饽切┮隼踊虮扔鞯臉?biāo)志詞，如：as, such as, for example, for instance等，因?yàn)檫@些詞是作者為了使自己的觀點(diǎn)更具有說服力而引用的具體事實(shí)的，這些事例就是?？嫉募?xì)節(jié)之處.3. 指示代詞出現(xiàn)處?？汲Ｓ脕砜疾閷W(xué)生是否真正的了解上下文句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系4. 引用人物論斷處?？甲髡邽榱苏_表

3、達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)或使論點(diǎn)更有依據(jù)，常會(huì)引用某些權(quán)威人士的論斷或其重要發(fā)現(xiàn)。5. 特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后的內(nèi)容?？紭?biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后的內(nèi)容往往是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說明或解釋，因此注意到這些標(biāo)點(diǎn)也就注意到了細(xì)節(jié)，這些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)有：破折號(hào)，括號(hào)，冒號(hào)，引號(hào)等另外，細(xì)節(jié)理解題的選項(xiàng)也有特點(diǎn)：通常正確答案不是照搬原文，而干擾選項(xiàng)正好相反。有的來自原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。有的符合常識(shí)，但不符合原文內(nèi)容。有的與原句內(nèi)容很相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)，有的與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反，也有的是部分正確或部分錯(cuò)誤的。2. 推理判斷題推理判斷題是根據(jù)材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知信息。推理不是憑空推測(cè)，是在已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)未知的

4、內(nèi)容作出的推測(cè)。選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：1. 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)正確答案一般含義比較豐富，具有一定的綜合性和概括性正確答案的表述一般不會(huì)太絕對(duì)，而會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留下一些余地的詞匯，如：often, usually, sometimes, some, any, can, possibly, probably等。正確答案有時(shí)與通過常識(shí)判斷得出的結(jié)論相反，要特別注意。2. 干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論，把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)成間接推理看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論，實(shí)際上與原文不符根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的，然而不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上推論而得出的觀點(diǎn)雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為推理依據(jù)，但推理過

5、頭，概括過度3. 主旨大意題主旨大意題是閱讀理解中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，是中考的必考題型之一。它主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文章深層理解的程度及在速讀中把握文章主旨大意的能力。主旨大意題往往針對(duì)段落或短文的subject主題, main idea中心思想, title題目, 或purpose目的來命題。這類題目要求學(xué)生能把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題句，要求能較好的運(yùn)用概括，判斷，歸納等邏輯思維方法。常見的提問方式有：大意類：1. What s the passage main about?2. The main idea of the passage is _3. The passage is m

6、ainly about _標(biāo)題類1. What is the best title for the passage?2. The best title for this passage might be_3. The best headline for this passage could be _目的類：1. The authors main purpose is to _2. The passage is meant to _3. The purpose of this article is to _4. 猜測(cè)詞義題英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題中，常出現(xiàn)一定數(shù)量的生詞，并且每年中考總會(huì)有猜測(cè)詞義的題目，

7、其特點(diǎn)是對(duì)生詞，短語(yǔ)，指示代詞和句子的意思進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。目的是在考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞，短語(yǔ)含義的能力，突出考查對(duì)語(yǔ)境的分析和把握能力，猜測(cè)詞意的提問方式：1. The underlined word “.”refer to/means _2. According to the passage, the phrase “.” suggests_3. By saying “.”, the author means _4. The expression “.” is closest to _方法指導(dǎo) 解題思路點(diǎn)撥1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題方法1. 跳讀查找法這種方法的要點(diǎn)在于先看題干，然后帶問題讀文章。

8、以what, who, where, when, why, how等提問的問題，可以從文章中直接找到答案。同學(xué)們做這類題目可以邊讀邊做記號(hào)，能加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高做題的準(zhǔn)確性，節(jié)省寶貴時(shí)間。同時(shí)特別注意試題以及選項(xiàng)與原文之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)近幾年的中考情況來看，很少有直接能用原文中的句子進(jìn)行考查和測(cè)試的，通常是要進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換，包括同義變換，概念解析，歸納事實(shí)等例：A city without cars would be very strange, right? But Venice is such a city.Venice is in the northeast of Italy. It wa

9、snt built on land, like Beijing or Shanghai, but on more than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere around the city.Even so, travel isnt difficult. The waterways have always been the best way to get around. There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can guide you where you want to go. Peop

10、le in Venice move from place to place by boat. They like to enjoy the scenery(風(fēng)光）and cool summer nights while taking boat trips. They can talk to other people as they go along.Venice grew out of small islands in saltwater lakes when some Italians escaped from a war over 1500 years ago, and built hom

11、e there.Venice _ small islands in saltwater lakes more than 1500 years ago.A. change into B. Used to be C. Became D. Developed from 2. 排除法 排除法常用于排序題型中，也屬于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的一種題型，它通常出現(xiàn)在說明文中。這類文章有明顯的信息詞，如：first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等詞。在做細(xì)節(jié)排序題的時(shí)候，首先要確定首尾的答

12、案，通常的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的順序類似，正確的答案往往在這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇，找到兩者的不同之處，回到原文，進(jìn)行核對(duì)。Born in Ghana, West Africa, in 1989, Freddy Adu has become one of the most promising young soccer players in the world. Soccer fans have been crazy about him since 2003, when he became the youngest player to join a professional sports team i

13、n the United States.As a child, Adu did what many children in Ghana love to do -play soccer. His mother recognized her sons talent and encouraged it by providing soccer balls, which were expensive for them.Education was very important to Adus mother, and she wasnt sure that her son could receive a g

14、ood education in Ghana. So she tried hard and moved to Maryland, US in 1997 when he was 8 years old. His new school friends soon noticed his talent for soccer, and the parents of one friend encouraged him to join a soccer club.Adu did finish high school at the age of 14. Nowadays, he is playing prof

15、essional soccer and living with his mother in a house he bought for her. His salary with D.C. United team is $ a year, and Adu is also paid to advertise such as sports shoes and drinks.Which is the correct order of the following events?A. Adu became the youngest professional soccer player in the USA

16、.B. Adus family moved to the United States.C. Adus mother noticed his special ability to play soccer.D. Adu is paid to advertise sports and shoes.A. b-c-d-a B. a-c-b-d C. d-c-a-b D. c-b-a-d 3. 簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算法 解答這類題目時(shí)，首先要弄清楚題干的要求是什么，然后再找到相關(guān)的數(shù)字，在對(duì)他們進(jìn)行分析，整合，最后得到正確答案。If Li Ying and her parents take K471 back to X

17、iangtan, how much will they have to pay for the tickets?A. 570 yuan, B. 594 yuan, C. 540 yuan細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀時(shí)要特別注意：閱讀時(shí)利用這類關(guān)鍵詞和詞組that is to say, above all, especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脈絡(luò)。另外，在問題的選項(xiàng)中表示絕對(duì)意義的詞least, always, never, all, none, any和表示唯一性的詞匯only, just，往往是命題的陷阱。必須以原文提供的事實(shí)，細(xì)節(jié)和邏輯關(guān)系為依據(jù)，切記把自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法與原文或作者的觀

18、點(diǎn)，看法混為一談。文章中的文字，日期，時(shí)間都是設(shè)題的重點(diǎn)，此類提問很少是文章中表層出現(xiàn)的文字和日期，通常是要做簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算2. 推理判斷題的提問方式和解題方法1. 推測(cè)隱含含義（1） 常見的設(shè)問方式 the writer suggests that_ the story implies that _ we can infer from the passage that _ according to the story, what will probably happen next?（2） 技巧點(diǎn)撥全面分析忠實(shí)原文不要選擇表層信息We seem to believe that people wit

19、h similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even, we think we may be safer with people who look like us. Sometimes thats true but its a pity if we always stick to the same people ,the same group. The danger in always stayi

20、ng in our comfort zone(舒適區(qū)） is that we just recycle the same opinions, the same tastes and the same ideas. We lose the chance to learn something new, find out about interesting things, hear funny stories and discover difference. People like staying in their comfort zone because they may _A. Remain c

21、omfortable and specialB. Be accepted easily and feel safeC. Find out more interesting thingsD. Discover differences among themselves2. 推測(cè)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度（1）常見的設(shè)問方式 what is the authors attitude towards ? the authors aim is in the authors eyes, the author believes/suggests that（2）技巧點(diǎn)撥注意作者表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞及所舉的例

22、子，推斷出作者的弦外之意。1. Ive been working as a professional clown(小丑）for nearly two years. I changed jobs because I wanted to do more in life than make people laugh. What if I could help people, too?As a clown,I try to encourage sick people in hospital to laugh and smile. I dont earn much money as a clown, b

23、ut I feel very lucky to work with such brave, wonderful patients.2. I became a laughter yoga teacher more than two years ago.Now I still improve peoples health, but everything else is completely different. Everyone has fun in a laughter yoga class, including the teacher!.But did you know that its an

24、 excellent kind of exercise? You move your whole body when you laugh! Sometimes I worked with famous people. Its true that being rich can be stressful! Some famous people can be unpleasant at times, but I try to change their bad feelings.It can be learned from the passage that both writers think of

25、their jobs as _.A. Happy moments to learn from other peopleB. Great chances to make themselves well-knownC. Rich experiences of acting on the stageD. Good ways of making people happy and healthy3. 推斷寫作目的（1）常見的設(shè)問方式 考查整篇文章的寫作目的The writers purpose of writing the passage is to _. 考查某處細(xì)節(jié)或某段的寫作意圖The write

26、r uses the example of to show that _.（2）技巧點(diǎn)撥不同的文章有不同的寫作目的，但寫作目的通常有以下三種： to entertain readers, to make people laugh, to tell an interesting experience（娛樂讀者，讓人發(fā)笑），常見于故事類文章to persuade readers, to sell a product or a service, to attract more visitors/readers/audience（說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)），常見于廣告類文章 to inform reade

27、rs （告知讀者某些信息），常見于科普類，新聞報(bào)道類，文化類或社會(huì)類文章Here is a case that shows the benefits of animals. John was a six-year-old mute. He had no physical problems. He just refused to talk. His old cousin, Ned, had a parrot called Sally, and John used to visit it. When he arrived, Ned used to say, “Hi, John!” We all k

28、now parrots copy what they hear. After a few visits, Sally began saying “Hi, John!” when John came into the room. Then, one day, John turned to the parrot and replied “hi sally”. Staying with the parrot encouraged John to begin talking.The purpose of Paragraph 3 is to _.A. Show how animals can help

29、with illnessB. Discuss the problems of keeping petsC. Describes how to train animal helpersD. Introduce some new medical research4. 推斷文章出處（1）常見的設(shè)問方式 the passage is most likely to be taken from _. where would this passage most probably appear? the passage is most likely a part of _.（2）技巧點(diǎn)撥 有survey等字眼

30、的文章，一般體裁都是新聞報(bào)道（news report）, 多數(shù)出現(xiàn)在newspaper中 廣告也多出現(xiàn)在newspaper或magazine中 科普類文章多出現(xiàn)在science book或science magazine中 一些說明書或有關(guān)tips的文章大量出現(xiàn)在guide book中 文章中帶有“www com， click here, update”等詞，暗示這是個(gè)網(wǎng)站 其他經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的文章出處還包括TV/Radio program, a story book, a menu等等。例1， 2014年天津卷（主題句在開頭）How green are you? Do you know how t

31、o be green?.Here are some ideas for you.ReduceReduce means use less.ReuseReuse means use again.RecycleRecycle means change things into something else.So please remember these three words: reduce, reuse and recycle.The passage may come from _.A. Menu B. A dictionary C. A storybook D. A magazine3. 主旨大

32、意題解題方法每篇文章都有它的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)，如果我們能夠找到主題句，就能輕而易舉的把握文章的中心大意了。1. 尋找主題句，一般來說，文章的主題句有以下幾種位置， at the beginning, at the end, at the beginning and at the end, in the middle of the passage, no clear topic sentence2. 排除干擾項(xiàng)，一般來說，干擾項(xiàng)有以下特點(diǎn)， 主觀臆測(cè)， 并非作者的觀點(diǎn)， 范圍過大，過于籠統(tǒng)， 范圍過小，以偏概全， 文中未提及，仍找不到出處例1， 2014年天津卷（主題句在開頭）How green are

33、 you? Do you know how to be green? We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste very day and it does harm to our environment. Though we are young, we can still do something to help. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment.Here are some

34、ideas for you.ReduceReduce means use less.ReuseReuse means use again.RecycleRecycle means change things into something else.So please remember these three words: reduce, reuse and recycle.The passage may come from _.A. Menu B. A dictionary C. A storybook D. A magazine例2：2014年北京卷（主題句在結(jié)尾）Have you ever

35、 wondered what goes through your mind when you choose where to sit in a new classroom? Or in a waiting room full of strangers? Or on a bus? Researchers have found out some interesting facts.Perhaps unsurprisingly, we prefer to sit closer to people like ourselves.We seem to believe that people with s

36、imilar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even, we think we may be safer with people who look like us.When we always stick to the same people, how can we ever break down the barriers which prevent us from getting to know pe

37、ople with different ideas?.Move out of your comfort zone. Go and sit next to someone different. And dont just sit there in silence. Say hello. Ask a question. Start a conversation. Thats how we make friends. Thats how we learn about people. Thats how we open our minds to new ideas. Thats how we live

38、 an exciting life.What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us just to be ourselves in social lifeB. To introduce ways to learn about the worldC. To explain how people communicate with othersD. To encourage us to meet people of different kinds例3：2014年北京卷（主題句在開頭和結(jié)尾） Teens want structure in their

39、lives, which means they want their lives well-planned. To begin building structure, teens need love and trust. They need to know their parents are there to give them needed love and support. Teens want to be sure that nothing can prevent parents from shouldering their responsibility for them- not th

40、eir growing maturity, misbehavior, not anger at something they have done. Teens want parents to keep control while allowing them to make some decisions. They are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure and remain close. . The most important things to remember are: talk with you

41、r teens, listen to their worries and offer suggestions when needed. This will help your teens to live a well-organized life.What is the best title of the passage?A. Training teens to become responsible adultsB. Helping teens to build reasonable structureC. Improving the relationship with your teensD

42、. Stepping into your teens secret world例4：2014年山東煙臺(tái)卷（無明顯主題句） Thomas Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light. Without him, the world might still be in the dark. However, the electric light was not his only invention. He also invented the motion picture camera and over 1200 ot

43、her things. About every two weeks he created something new. Thomas Edison was born in 1847. He attended school for only three months. His mother taught him at home, but Thomas was mostly self-educated. He started experimenting at a young age. When he was 12 years old, he got his first job. He became

44、 a newsboy on a train. He did experiments on the train in his spare time. Unluckily, his first work experience did not end well. They fired him when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the train. Then Edison worked for five years as a telegraph operator, but he continued to spend much of his ti

45、me in experimenting his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity. Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other, but he thought of his deafness as a blessing in many ways. It kept conversations short, so that he could have more time for work. He always

46、 worked 16 out of every 24 hours. Sometimes his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat. Thomas Edison died at the age of 84. He left a great many inventions that greatly improved the quality of life all over the world.What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The function of the electric lightB. E

47、dison and his experimentsC. The importance of inventionsD. The whole life of Edison.4. 猜測(cè)詞義解題方法1. 定義法一般指通過理解分析定義，定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句來確定詞義，常見的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有：be, be called, be considered, deal with, define, mean, refer to, represent, signify, that is, to be等例1:2014年四川宜賓卷Sometimes westerners may take you out to dinner i

48、n a restaurant and it does not necessarily mean that he is going to pay the bill at the end of the meal. He might want you to “go Dutch”, which means each person pays his own bill.The underlined part “go Dutch” means “_” in Chinese.A. 去荷蘭 B. 去Dutch這家餐廳 C. 實(shí)行AA制 D. 請(qǐng)客2. 復(fù)述推測(cè)法根據(jù)復(fù)述內(nèi)容來猜測(cè)生詞的大致意義范圍。復(fù)述部分可以

49、是詞，短語(yǔ)或從句。在復(fù)述中兩部分之間常用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)和括號(hào)等，常有：or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say等例：2014年山東泰安卷Harish Chaturvedi, a lawyer, teaches people water yoga for free-even the poor people can learn from him.The underlined phrase “for free” in the passage means “_”A. 快樂地 B

50、. 自由地C. 免費(fèi)地D. 規(guī)律地3. 替代，說明，舉例推測(cè)法在閱讀中，前后文中會(huì)對(duì)生詞，短語(yǔ)和句子進(jìn)行一定的解釋說明，或者會(huì)用其他詞匯代替，揮著舉例進(jìn)行闡述說明，可由此推斷出其所指含義例：2014年黑龍江哈爾濱卷It could be mostly transparent. That means light can pass it directly to reach the earth, with lands and oceans clearly in views.The underlined word “transparent” here probably means “_”A. 透明的B

51、. 透氣的C. 透風(fēng)的4. 相似法根據(jù)同義，近義，并列等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義， 通常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞或短語(yǔ)在句中作相同的成分，并且有前后兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，甚至推知它的大致詞義。例：2014年浙江杭州卷I became a laughter yoga teacher more than two years ago. Before that, I was a dentist! My job was very different, and I used to feel fed up. Now I still improve

52、peoples health, but everything else is completely different. Everyone has fun in a laughter yoga class, including the teacher!The underlined part “fed up” is closest in meaning to _.A. interested B. satisfied C. disappointed D. bored5. 轉(zhuǎn)折，因果關(guān)系法在句子或段落中，如果有兩個(gè)事物，現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折或因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)生詞詞義。在表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折

53、關(guān)系時(shí)，通常會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞：although, but, compared to, even though, however, in spite of 盡管，不管，不顧， instead of, otherwise, rather than, though, unlike, while, yet等，根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義，從原因推測(cè)結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測(cè)原因的信號(hào)詞有：because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等例：2014年重慶卷Rachel Carsons most famous book. Silent Spring, came out in 1962. In this book, she pointed out that the use of some kinds of pesticides like DDT would cause the number of birds to decline because it would kill t