英語16種時(shí)態(tài)講解

1、英語一共有多少種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)是英語中一個(gè)重要的語法范疇，它表示不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)以及動(dòng)作發(fā)生或存在的方式。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間可分為現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來四種形式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式可分為一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行四種形式。將時(shí)間形式和動(dòng)作方式結(jié)合起來，就構(gòu)成了以下16種時(shí)態(tài)形式(以do為例)：一 般完 成進(jìn) 行完 成 進(jìn) 行現(xiàn) 在現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)do現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is doing現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have been doing過 去過去一般時(shí)did過去完成時(shí)had done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was doing過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing將 來將來一般時(shí)will do將來

2、完成時(shí)will have done將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will be doing將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will have been doing過去將來過去將來一般時(shí)would do過去將來完成時(shí)would have done過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)would be doing過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would have been doing時(shí)態(tài)詳解：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的應(yīng)用(1) 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用頻度副詞sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及時(shí)間副詞every day / night / week / month / year, in the morni

3、ng, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做狀語。如：He often stays up late. 他常熬夜。We go home every month. 我們每月都要回家。I watch TV at night. 我晚上看電視。(2) 表示客觀真理或永恒的狀態(tài)。如：The earth travels round the sun. 地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。Trees turn green in spring. 春天樹木變綠。Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough. 足夠熱時(shí)，液體變?yōu)闅怏w。Practi

4、ce makes perfect. 熟能生巧。(3) 現(xiàn)階段的狀態(tài)。常跟時(shí)間副詞now連用。如：He lives in Beijing now. 他現(xiàn)在住在北京。She is at home. 她在家。They work in that factory. 他們?cè)谀羌夜S工作。(4) 習(xí)慣性的愛好或行為。如：I like dancing while she likes singing. 我喜歡跳舞，而她喜歡唱歌。We get up at six. 我們六點(diǎn)起床。He studies very hard. 他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。(5) 表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃、安排好了或時(shí)間表上所安排，并且一定要做的事情。用于這種句

5、型的動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open等。如：The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight. 火車八點(diǎn)過五分到，八點(diǎn)過十分離開。Our class begins at 7:45. 我們的課七點(diǎn)四十五開始。The shop opens at eight oclock. 商店八點(diǎn)開門。(6) 時(shí)間、條件、方式及讓步狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。如：If you come, we will

6、 wait for you. 如果你來，我們就等你。When he gets here, the work will be finished. 當(dāng)他到這兒時(shí)，工作將做完了。Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. 盡管他不贊成我們當(dāng)觀點(diǎn)，他還是會(huì)按我們的決定去做。(7) 在某些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：They say Wu Dong is ill. 據(jù)說吳東病了。The paper says the disease is under control. 報(bào)紙上說這種病已經(jīng)得到了控制。Th

7、e diagram tells us that peoples living is improving. 這份圖表告訴我們，人們的生活正在改善。2. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的要求當(dāng)主語為第一人稱、第二人稱或第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞(除be第一人稱單數(shù)用 am外) 用原形。當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。即：(1) 動(dòng)詞be為is；have為has。 (2) 動(dòng)詞后面一般加s。如：playplays, workworks, saysays, loveloves. (3) 在以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，改y為i再加es。如：studystudies, satisfy satisfies

8、, flyflies. (4) 在以s, x, sh, ch, o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后面加es。如：fixfixes, finishfinishes, watch watches, do does, go goes. 一般過去時(shí)1. 一般過去時(shí)的應(yīng)用(1) 表示過去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：Liu Ying was in America last year. 劉英去年在美國。Jim rang you just now. 吉姆剛才給你打了電話。(2) 表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常接時(shí)間副詞often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week,

9、 etc. 如：We often went out for a walk after supper. 我們過去常在晚飯后散步。We usually played together. 我們通常一起玩。3. 一般過去時(shí)對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的要求一般過去時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的過去式。動(dòng)詞過去式的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式，不規(guī)則變化通常需要逐個(gè)記憶，規(guī)則變化則遵循以下原則：(1) 一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ed。如：playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned. (2) 在以字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，只加-d。如：likel

10、iked, provideprovided, hate hated, datedated。(3) 在以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，則改y為i，再加ed。如：supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied. (4) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后，雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned. 4. 特別說明有些動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)，如：expect, hope, intend, plan, want 等一般過去時(shí)，后接不定式的完成時(shí)；或它

11、們的過去完成時(shí)接不定式的一般式，都可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望。如：I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他來邀請(qǐng)我參加他的婚禮。I intended to have joined their games. I had intended to join their games. 我本打算參加他們的比賽。一般將來時(shí)1. 一般將來時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)及應(yīng)用(1) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀

12、態(tài)。特別是表示客觀性的事情或在某條件下要發(fā)生的事情，只能用此結(jié)構(gòu)。如：What shall we do if he doesnt come? 如果他不來，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空嗎？I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他會(huì)告訴我們真實(shí)情況的。(2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃或安排好了的事情，也可表示有跡象表明肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如：We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚

13、上開會(huì)討論這件事情。Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那邊的烏云，我想天要下雨了。There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要舉行一個(gè)英語晚會(huì)。(3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示一種常規(guī)性的活動(dòng)或注定要做的事情。如：Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天該誰打掃教室了？When are you to return your library book? 你什么時(shí)候要還圖書？Th

14、e bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 這渡橋該在今年年底前完工。(4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一種時(shí)間上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用時(shí)間狀語。如：Dont leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了，李蕾就要來了。Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安靜下來，音樂演唱會(huì)就要開始了。(5) be +現(xiàn)在分詞。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。這個(gè)句型中動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞：come, go, leave, a

15、rrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如：Go ahead, and Im coming. 走前面一點(diǎn)吧，我就來。The dog is dying. 那條狗要死了。Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快點(diǎn)，商店就要關(guān)門了。(6) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種嚴(yán)格按照計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。比方說，上課、飛機(jī)起飛、火車離站等。如：Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙，會(huì)議八點(diǎn)過一刻開始。The bus goes b

16、ack at four thirty. 汽車四點(diǎn)返回?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“am / is / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Im studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中學(xué)讀書。He is writing on the desk. 他再課桌上寫字。They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他們?cè)谡務(wù)撚伍L城的事情?！菊f明】動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成方法：(1) 一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ing。如：saysaying, playplaying, thinkthinkin

17、g, studystudying, teach teaching, blowblowing, buildbuilding. (2) 動(dòng)詞若以-e結(jié)尾, 則去e再加-ing。如：loveloving, makemaking, guideguiding, datedating. (3) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后，雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ing。如：beginbeginning, regretregretting, planplanning, ban banning. (4) 在以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，改ie為y，再加-ing。如：lielying, diedyi

18、ng, tietying. (5) 在以-ck 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-king。如：picnicpicnicking, panicpanicking. 2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用(1) 表示目前正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：They are planting trees on the mountain. 他們?cè)谏缴现矘?。Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母親在廚房做晚飯。(2) 有些非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作即將進(jìn)行或發(fā)生，或表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如：He is joining the army. 他要參軍了。They are buying the hou

19、se. 他們要買那座房子。(3) 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, constantly, continually修飾時(shí)，表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:Why is the baby always crying? 為什么那個(gè)老是在哭。They are always helping us. 他們總是幫助我們。注意：表示狀態(tài)、感覺、心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，一般不使用語進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：Im reading a story now. 我在看一個(gè)故事。(目前正在干的事情) I

20、read stories in my spare time. 我有空時(shí)看故事。(經(jīng)常性的行為) (from )(2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)只表動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而不表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)。如：What are you doing these days? 這幾天你在干什么？They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他們暑假在學(xué)英語。They read English every day. 他們每天讀英語。They play volleyball every Sunday. 他們每周星期天都打排球。(3) 表示短促動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞(

21、如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如：The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子們?cè)谀沁吿?。His heart is beating fast. 他的心臟跳得很快。(5) 某些表示希望或想法的動(dòng)詞(如hope, wonder, want等)的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示委婉客氣。如：Im wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你現(xiàn)在能否給我們幫一忙。Im hoping that you will succeed. 我正在希望你成功呢。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)過去進(jìn)

22、行時(shí)由“was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如： I was doing my lessons then. 那時(shí)，我在做功課。We were cleaning the house. 我們?cè)诖驋叻孔印?. 使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)(1) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他說他今天下午要去北京。(2) 動(dòng)詞hope, wonder等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來表示提出要求，雖然表示現(xiàn)在的內(nèi)容，但語氣比一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)要委婉。如：I was wondering w

23、hether you could come to join us. 我想你能否過來跟我們一起活動(dòng)？(3) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, continually, constantly修飾時(shí)，表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如：He was always thinking of others. 他總是想到人家。3. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)，而一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成。如：He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在寫作文。(不一定寫完) He wrote his compo

24、sition last night. 他昨晚寫了一篇作文。(已經(jīng)寫完) (2) 表示過去的狀態(tài)、感覺及心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般過去時(shí)，但通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說話時(shí)口里含著食物。(3) 一般過去時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用，表示“過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”；而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與alwa

25、ys, constantly, forever, continually等連用，表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，常帶有感情的色彩。如：He always got up at six. 他過去總是六點(diǎn)起床。He was always thinking of his work. 他總是一心想到工作。(4) 有時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以用來替換一般過去時(shí)，但一般過去時(shí)表示主語的行為是經(jīng)過認(rèn)真考慮的；而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種較隨便或沒有進(jìn)行仔細(xì)考慮的行為。如：I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以為它會(huì)同意我們的。I was thinking of persuading him to

26、follow my advice. 我想到了要說服他接受我們的建議。將來進(jìn)行時(shí)用法說明1. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：Dont phone me between 5 and 6. Well be having dinner then. 五點(diǎn)至六點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話，那時(shí)我們?cè)诔燥?。When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television. 當(dāng)我到家時(shí)，我太太可能正在看電視。2. 表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作I will be seeing you next week. 我下個(gè)星期來看你。Ill

27、 be taking my holidays soon. 不久我將度假了。We shall be going to London next week. 下周我們要去倫敦。3. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示委婉語氣有時(shí)用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)可使語氣更委婉：Will you be having some tea? 喝點(diǎn)茶吧。Will you be needing anything else? 你還需要什么嗎？4. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) 兩者基本用法不一樣：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，一般將來時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： What will you be doing this time tomor

28、row? 明天這個(gè)時(shí)候你會(huì)在做什么呢？What will you do tomorrow? 你明天干什么？(2) 兩者均可表示將來，但用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)語氣更委婉，比較：When will you finish these letters? 你什么什候處理完這些信件？(直接詢問，如上司對(duì)下屬)When will you be seeing Mr White? 你什么時(shí)候見懷特先生？(委婉地詢問，如下屬對(duì)上司)When will you pay back the money? 你什么時(shí)候還錢？(似乎在直接討債)When will you be paying back the money? 這錢你什么時(shí)

29、候還呢？(委婉地商量)(3) 有時(shí)一般將來中的will含有“愿意”的意思，而用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)則只是單純地談未來情況：Mary wont pay this bill. 瑪麗不肯付這筆錢。(表意愿)Mary wont be paying this bill. 不會(huì)由瑪麗來付錢。(單純談未來情況)瞬間動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法與意義表示反復(fù)或重復(fù)英語的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用于少數(shù)瞬間動(dòng)詞可以表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，這類動(dòng)詞主要有jump, knock, kick, hit, nod, tap, wink, cough, shoot, drop等。如：Someone is knocking. 有人敲門。John is noddi

30、ng his head. 約翰頻頻點(diǎn)頭。He is jumping up and down. 他上下地跳著。Why is she blinking her eyes? 她為什么老眨眼睛? 如果主語為復(fù)數(shù)，某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往有“不斷”或“一個(gè)接一個(gè)”的含義，如：People are dying in that part of the world. 在那個(gè)地方人們不斷地死去。Men are dropping with malaria, dysentery and simple starvation. 士兵們由于瘧疾、痢疾或僅僅因?yàn)轲囸I一個(gè)接一個(gè)地倒了下去。表示即將發(fā)生注意有些瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)

31、行時(shí)并不表動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而是表動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生。如：Mike is coming home on Thursday. 邁克星期四回來。Theyre having a party next week. 下星期他們將開一個(gè)晚會(huì)。My sister is getting married next December. 我妹妹十二月結(jié)婚。Youre young people. You ate only beginning to live. 你們是年輕人，剛剛開始生活。表示即將結(jié)束有些瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則表動(dòng)作即將結(jié)束，如：I am finishing. 我快做完了。It is ceasing to rain

32、. 雨快停了。The fruit is ripening. 這果子快熟了。It was my painful duty to tell him he was dying. 要我把他即將去世的事告訴他，這使我十分為難。靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的例子在通常情況下，靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但是有少數(shù)靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞在特殊情況下可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，有時(shí)比用一般時(shí)態(tài)顯得更客氣。如以下例子均摘自詞典和名家的語法著作：I am hoping you will come. 我希望你能來。(比I hope顯得更客氣)。Now Im remembering it. 現(xiàn)在我想起來了。How are you liking Beiji

33、ng? 你覺得北京如何?(問初步印象) Im always hearing strange stories about him. 我老聽人講關(guān)于他的奇奇怪怪的事。Im forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差點(diǎn)忘了我答應(yīng)今晚去看他的。Tina is resembling her sister more and more. 丁娜越來越像她姐姐了。Im hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你來聊聊天。Im wondering if you have any que

34、stions. 我倒想知道你們有什么問題。Thank you so much for the binoculars. Ive been wanting a pair for ages. 我非常感謝你送給我望遠(yuǎn)鏡。我一直想要一副?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既可表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在所造成的結(jié)果或影響(此時(shí)通常連用的時(shí)間狀語有already, yet, just, ever, before)，也可表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能持續(xù)下去(此時(shí)通常連用的時(shí)間狀語有this month / week / year, these days, recently /

35、lately, in the past few + 時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段)。如：I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾經(jīng)去過北京嗎？I have lived for ten years. 我在這兒住了十年了。We have studied here since 2003. 我們自2003年來就在這兒讀書了。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的應(yīng)用(1) 非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, b

36、orrow, buy, die, join的完成時(shí)的肯定式不能與時(shí)間段連用，若要接用時(shí)間段狀語，則應(yīng)換成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：He has been away for an hour. 他走了一個(gè)小時(shí)了。Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本書嗎?How long can I keep the book? 這本書我可借多久？注意：非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定完成時(shí)可與時(shí)間段狀語連用。如：He has not borrowed the book since then. 從此以后，他再也沒有借這本書了。(2) have / has been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地，但現(xiàn)在不在那

37、兒；have / has gone to表示現(xiàn)在已去某地，現(xiàn)在不在這兒。如：He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. 他去過加拿大，現(xiàn)在在我們公司工作。Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家，他去上海了。(3) 完成時(shí)的肯定式常用already，而否定式和疑問句常用yet，但若already用于疑問句時(shí)，表示一種出乎意外的驚訝。如：Have you read it already? 你就看完了？4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與

38、一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響，屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作所發(fā)生的時(shí)間，屬于過去時(shí)的范疇。因此，過去時(shí)需跟過去時(shí)間連用或有表過去時(shí)間的上下文連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與過去時(shí)間連用。如：I read the book two weeks ago. 我兩周前讀了這本書。I have read the book for two weeks. 這本書我讀過兩周了。(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或剛結(jié)束；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài)。如：They have talked for about two hours. 他們談了大約兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)

39、動(dòng)作的持續(xù)) They are talking. 他們?cè)谡勗挕?(強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài)) ago習(xí)慣上不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用在通常情況下 ago 只與過去時(shí)連用，而不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。因?yàn)閍go指的是多久以前的過去時(shí)間，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過去，但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響，因此兩者不能用在一起。如：我兩個(gè)月前見過他。誤：I have seen him two months ago. 正：I saw him two months ago.但是，有時(shí)為了行文的需要或使句子生動(dòng)，ago可用于類似以下這樣的句子：I had thought that he had died at leas

40、t 20 years ago. 我原以為他至少在20年前就已經(jīng)去世了。以下句子 ago 雖然連用了動(dòng)詞的“完成式”，但并不是“完成時(shí)”。如：If shed had the chance, shed rather have lived 100 years ago. 如有可能，她寧愿生活在100年以前。If I had been Jane, Id have walked out on him years ago. 如果我是珍妮，我?guī)啄昵熬碗x開他了。when習(xí)慣上不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用when 表示“何時(shí)”“什么時(shí)候”時(shí)，可用于過去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)，但通常不用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：你什么時(shí)候和他首次見面的?誤

41、：When have you first met him? 正：When did you first meet him? 但是，since when 可以與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如：Since when have you lived here? 你從什么時(shí)候起住在這里的?Since when have you become active? 你什么時(shí)候開始變得積極了?Since when do you read newspapers? 你什么時(shí)候開始讀報(bào)的?That was in 1949, since when things have been better. 那時(shí)是1949年，從那以后情況就好些了

42、。過去完成時(shí)用法詳說1. 過去完成時(shí)的基本用法過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相似，也有“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法，所不同的是，過去完成時(shí)將時(shí)間推移到過去某一時(shí)間之前，即所謂的“過去的過去”。具體地說，它既可表示在過去某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，也可表示從一個(gè)較早的過去持續(xù)一個(gè)較遲的過去的動(dòng)作：He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開。By six oclock he had worked twelve hours. 到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他就已工作了12小時(shí)。2. 如何正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)最重要的是要正確理解“過去的過去”?！斑^去的過去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間，即它相

43、對(duì)于一個(gè)過去時(shí)間而言，并在其過去。這種相對(duì)的“過去的過去”有時(shí)通過一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語)體現(xiàn)出來，有時(shí)則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn)：I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安靜，大家都睡覺了。"Was Jack at the office?" "No, hed gone home." “杰克在辦公室嗎?”“不在，回家了?！薄咀ⅰ坑行┩ǔＥc現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語，由于在一定的語境中，謂語動(dòng)作移到了“過去

44、的過去”，也應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。比較：We havent seen each other since we left Paris. 自從離開巴黎后我們一直沒見過面。I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadnt seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了，自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。3. 表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法過去完成時(shí)可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和打算，通常連用的動(dòng)詞是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等：I had meant t

45、o come, but something happened. 我本想來，但有事就沒有來。I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言，但時(shí)間不允許。We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didnt. 我們本想你來看我們的，但你沒有來。將來完成時(shí)用法解說1. 將來完成時(shí)的基本用法表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作，由“will shall+have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成：He will have arrived by now. 他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到了。He

46、will have gone back to England.他想必回英國去了。When we get there，shell have gone to work. 我們到那里時(shí)她會(huì)已上班去了。On Monday hell have been in Britain for three years. 到星期一，他在英國就滿三年了。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)與將來完成的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn)，表示在“現(xiàn)在”以前完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“現(xiàn)在”的狀態(tài)，過去完成時(shí)則以過去時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn)，表示在“過去”某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“過去”某一時(shí)間的狀態(tài)，將來完成時(shí)則以將來時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn)，表示在“將來

47、”某一時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“將來”某一時(shí)間的狀態(tài)：He has finished writing his novel. 他已寫完了他的小說。He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就寫完他的小說。He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就會(huì)寫完他的小說了。與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)一樣，在表示時(shí)間或者條件的狀語從句，通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來表示將來完成時(shí)，而不能直接使用將來完成時(shí)：I will go

48、with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成工作之后我就同你去。若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成(且不致于引起歧義)，有時(shí)也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成工作后就同你去。時(shí)態(tài)詳解：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。如：We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我們等他等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have /has been + 現(xiàn)

49、在分詞”構(gòu)成。3. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所用的時(shí)間狀語：this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段。如：They have been building the bridge for two month. 兩個(gè)月來他們一直在修橋。They have been planting trees this month. 這個(gè)月來他們一直在植樹。4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)

50、調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，因此，表示動(dòng)作的完成，只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：He has changed his idea. 他改變了想法。(2) 在表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)時(shí)，雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行。因此在需要明確表示動(dòng)作還要持續(xù)下去時(shí)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：We have been studying here for two years. 我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩年了。(3) 有些延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等)，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別不大。如：I have lived

51、 here for many years.=I have been living here for many years. 我在這兒住了多年了?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：I have read the book. 我讀過這本書。I have been reading the book. 我一直在讀這本書?！咀ⅰ坑猩贁?shù)動(dòng)詞(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時(shí)間時(shí)用這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性)：How long have yo

52、u worked been working here? 你在這兒工作多久了？Ive lived been living here since 1988. 自1988年以來我就一直住在這兒。(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí)，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感情色彩：I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(等得好辛苦)(3) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來談?wù)撦^短暫的動(dòng)作或情況，若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長的動(dòng)作或情況或永久性情況，則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：He has lived in Pa

53、ris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時(shí)性)(4) 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：Ive only known her for two day. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她剛剛兩天。Theyve been married for twenty years. 他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了很長時(shí)間。(5) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)代替：The house has been painte

54、d for a month. 這房子已漆了一個(gè)月。The problem has been studied for five days. 這個(gè)問題已研究了五天。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法詳解一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“had been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，因此無人稱變化。二、用法歸納過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作(可算是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的過去式)：The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是濕的。此前一直在下雨。At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來了，我已等

55、了半小時(shí)。She was out of breath. She had been running. 她氣喘吁吁，她一直在跑來著。He gave up smoking last year. Hed been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒煙了。他抽煙已經(jīng)二十年。過去時(shí)間可用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語表示：When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次見到她時(shí)，她在那家公司已工作十年了。I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew

56、up. 我沒等多久就來了一輛出租車。She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 這包裹她看了好一會(huì)兒才明白這是寄給她媽的。Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那時(shí)為止她一直和她女兒一起住。但在更多情況下過去時(shí)間由另一句子表示出來，毋需加上時(shí)間狀語：Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛紅紅的，顯然她是哭了。Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 簡很不高興。彼得一直每晚給打電話。He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。She couldnt understand him. She hadnt been learning English long. 她不懂他的話。她學(xué)語的時(shí)間還不長。I woke upI had been having a bad dream. 我醒了