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1、-三、國際學術交流英語1電子交流慣用語1.1 Initiate a meetingl I would like to hold a meeting in the afternoon about our development planning for the project A.l I suggest we have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with you and Brown. Please let me know if the time is okay for you and Ben.l We'd like to have the

2、 meeting on Thu Oct 30 the same time.l Let's make a meeting ne*t Monday at 5:30 PMBeijing time.l I want to talk to you over the phone regarding issues about report development and the * project.1.2 Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestionsl Shall you have any problem accessing the folde

3、rs, please let me knows. l Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule.l Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon.l What is your opinion on the schedule and ne*t steps we proposed? l What do you think about this?l Feel free to give your ments.l Any que

4、stion, please don't hesitate to let me know.l Any question, please let me know.l Please contact me if you have any questions. l Your ments and suggestions are wele! l Please let me know what you think?l Do you have any idea about this?l It would be nice if you could provide a bit more informatio

5、n on the user's behavior. l At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue.1.3 Give feedbackl Please see ments below.l My answers are in blue below.l I add some ments to the document for your reference.1.4 Attachmentl I enclose the evaluation report for your re

6、ference.l Attached please find today's meeting notes.l Attach is the design document, please review it.l For other issues related to individual features, please see attached release notes.1.5 Point listingl Today we would like to finish following tasks by the end of today: 1.2.l Some issues in t

7、his release: 1.2.l Our team here reviewed the newest SCM policy and has following concerns: 1. .2.l Here are some more questions/issues for your team: 1.2.l The current status is as following: 12l Some items need your attention: 1.2.1.6 Raise questionl I have some questions about the report ABCl For

8、 the aggrement ABC, I have the following questions: 1.7 Proposall For the ne*t step of platform implementation, I am proposingl I suggest we can have a weekly project meeting over the phone calll Achievo team suggest to adopt option A to solve outstanding issue1.8 Thanks notel Thank you so much for

9、the cooperation!l I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project.l Thanks for your attention!l Your kind assistance on this are very appreciated.l Really appreciate your help!1.9 Apologyl I sincerely apologize for this misunderstanding!l I apologize for the late asking

10、 but we want to make sure the correctness of our implementation ASAP. 2求職信及簡歷2.1 求職信Cover LetterA cover letter isn't ever going to win you a job by itself, but a badly worded letter is going to cause doubts in the employers mind right from the start.A good cover letter e*plains why you, ove

11、r all the other candidates, are worth taking the time to find out more about.2.1.1格式Dear INSERT HIRING MANAGERS NAME,Regarding the INSERT JOB TITLE position currently advertised on your panys website, please find attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.Having worked within the industry f

12、or over INSERT YEARS E*PERIENCE, I have developed a wide range of skills that would meet, and e*ceed the e*pectations for the role. During my career I have had many achievements, including INSERT KEY ACHIEVEMENT. I am currently unemployed and would relish the opportunityto immediately bring this lev

13、el of success to your pany.If you would like to get in touch to discuss my application and to arrange an interview, you can contact me via INSERT PHONE NUMBER OR EMAIL ADDRESS. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,INSERT NAME2.1.2常見錯誤1Using the Wrong Cover Letter FormatThe student

14、's cover letter looked more like a cut-and-paste email than a business letter. It had no recipient information, no return address and no date. The letter screamed unprofessional.Be sure your cover letter uses a standard business-letter format. It should include the date, the recipient's mail

15、ing address and your address.2Making It All About YouYour cover letter, like your resume, should be about the employer as much as it's about you. Yes, you need to tell the employer about yourself, but do so in the conte*t of the employer's needs and the specified job requirements.3Not Proofi

16、ng for Typos and Grammatical ErrorsEmployers tend to view typos and grammatical errors as evidence of your carelessness and inability to write. Proofread every letter you send. Get additional cover letter help by asking a friend who knows good writing double-check your letter for you.4Making Unsuppo

17、rted ClaimsToo many cover letters from college students and recent grads say the applicant has "strong written and verbal munication skills." Without evidence, it's an empty boast. Give some e*amples for each claim you make. Employers need proof.5Writing a NovelA good cover letter shou

18、ld be no longer than one page. Employers are drunk with resumes and cover letters, and their time is scarce. Make sure your cover letter has three or four concise but convincing paragraphs that are easy to read. If your petitor's letter rambles on for two pages, guess which candidate the employe

19、r will prefer.6Using the Same Cover Letter for Every Job and panyEmployers see so many cover letters that it's easy for them to tell when you're using a one-size-fits-all approach. If you haven't addressed their pany's specific concerns, they'll conclude you don't care about

20、this particular job.It's time-consuming but worthwhile to customize each cover letter for the specific job and pany.7Not Sending a Real Cover LetterSome job seekers - college students, recent grads and even those with years of work e*perience - don't bother sending a cover letter with their

21、resume. Others type up a one or two-sentence "here's my resume" cover letter, while others attach handwritten letters or sticky notes.There is no gray area here: You must include a well-written, neatly formatted cover letter with every resume you send. If you don't, you won't b

22、e considered for the job.2.2個人簡歷RÉSUMÉ2.2.1 Contact1Full name2Home Address3Phoneoffice,home,celland fa*4Personal address2.2.2 Career Summary/Objective1SummaryA career summary provides a brief, focused overview of your work history. It tells the employer what your specialty is as an employe

23、e, and serves as an introduction to the rest of your resume. Here is an e*ample based on someone who has been working as a Customer Service Representative for the past couple of years:A dedicated, helpful Customer Service Representative with e*perience in the retail and automotive sectors. Able to w

24、ork independently and use in-house resources effectively, such as online databases and problem resolution procedures. Willing to do shift work and weekends if required.Notice that a career summary is often written in paragraph form, with up to four or five sentences. It can be used in all resumes re

25、gardless of how much, or how little, work e*perience you actually have.2ObjectiveWhat if youre fairly new to the workforce and dont have much to put in your career summary. Or how about if youre sending out a mass (or snail mail) to all sorts of employers without knowing if theyre hiring or not, but

26、 you want them to know what kind of job youd be most interested in.Thats when stating your career objective es in handy. It quickly tells employers which type of role they should keep you in mind for. Just like in the following e*ample:To secure a mid-level Customer Service job with a respected empl

27、oyer in the hospitality or entertainment industries, with room for upward advancement based on performance.You can see that a career objective is short and sweet, with just a sentence or two that describes the kind of job (and industry, if you want to be more specific) youd prefer to be hired for.It

28、s possible to add those one or two sentences from your career objective directly to the end part of your career summary if youre looking to save space. However this makes the career summary longer and your career objective may get overlooked.3Summary or Objective?A concise career summary should appe

29、ar near the top of your resume no matter if you have decades of work e*perience or are a recent grad. Other terms you can use as a header are “Professional Summary, “Summary of E*perience, or even “About Me. The career objective is helpful if youre not applying to a specific job posting, but instead

30、 are sending out unsolicited applications to potential employers. It can be featured under its own header, or if youre including it at the end of your summary, you could use the header “Career Summary and Employment Objective.Whether you use a summary, objective, or some bination of both, you are he

31、lping employers get a quick feel for who you are and what kind of work youd be best at. So take a few moments to write your own and get it into your resume!2.2.3 Major Achievements針對招聘方向的相關業(yè)績2.2.4 Working E*perience注意時間順序,是由近到遠2.2.5 Professional Training針對招聘方向的相關培訓2.2.6 Qualifications畢業(yè)論文、資格考試證書等2.2

32、.7 Related Skill語言、軟件、編程、業(yè)余愛好等等2.2.8 Publications正規(guī)雜志、刊物上發(fā)表的論文,要列出論文及刊物名稱、刊號、時間等信息3學術論文的撰寫3.1科技論文的根本特征1原始研究結果的首次披露容的原創(chuàng)性;2對前人工作的評價深入透徹,本文成果表述文筆流暢可讀性;3方法獨特,或得到獨特發(fā)現(xiàn),或有新的應用成果的新穎性;4必須使同行們能夠重復實驗,以審查作者的結論方法的科學性3.2如何選題3.2.1課題要與國際接軌想在國際核心期刊發(fā)表文獻,就必須了解國際研究動態(tài),選擇與國際學術研究合拍的課題。由于多方面因素的影響,我國科學研究選題與國際先進水平還有一定距離。在高校,

33、一些教師治學嚴謹、根底扎實,但科研成果不突出,重要原因就是不重視有關領域學術動態(tài),不能選得適宜的課題。3.2.2課題要有可開展性課題可開展性對高水平論文的持續(xù)產(chǎn)出具有極大作用。中國科技大學洪義另辟蹊徑,開展了諾貝爾獎得主狄拉克Dirac奠定的量子論的符號法,系統(tǒng)地建立了“有序算符的積分理論,1998年有24篇論文被SCI收錄。他對自己論文高產(chǎn)的解釋是,研究“具有開創(chuàng)性,突破一點以后就可以向縱深開展,使研究工作自成系列、成面成片。有人由于所接觸的問題已處于該研究分支的末端,即使在該點上有所突破,也難持續(xù)開展。借助工具選題1查閱有關領域的檢索工具2了解SCI收錄期刊所反映的科技動態(tài)1ISI期刊信息

34、可從.isinet.查獲2也可從SCI印刷版每期、分冊的來源出版物目錄Lists of Source Publications查找3還可從ISI引用期刊報告 Journal Citation Reports,簡稱JCR了解期刊信息,該文獻有印刷版、網(wǎng)絡版JCR on the Web和光盤版JCR on CD-ROM3利用ISI提供的選題工具幫助1Essential Science Indicators:對正在開展的工作進展量化分析,以保證用戶科學研究同科學開展趨向一致2ISI Highly Cited.:介紹有關出色人物研究狀況、有關領域研究熱點和開展趨向的()4利用網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫了解國際學術研究

35、動態(tài)及有關資料3.3學術論文的構思如何獲得好的idea首先需要對本研究領域有一個全局性的了解。無論是應用還是根底科研,最關鍵的是idea。idea的形成決定了科研水平和檔次。高水平的科學家一聽你的科研課題方向,就能判斷你的科研水平。因此,獲得好的idea是至關重要的。必須具備敏銳的科研嗅覺,而這種敏銳性是經(jīng)過長期的思考和實踐獲得的。通過幾天或半個月的苦思苦想,得到了一個自以為很好的idea,很可能是別人十幾年前就做過的工作,但新手上路時重復一些經(jīng)典實驗以獲得經(jīng)歷是很正常的。此外,科研要注重質量,千萬不要單純地追求數(shù)量而令同行的人嘲笑。最重要的,還包括不能急于求成。獲得好的 idea有以下途徑:

36、1大量地、仔細地閱讀文獻,弄清研究現(xiàn)狀和要解決的問題2自己先冥思苦想一段時間,有了自己的idea后再去查文獻3多聽學術報告、多與同行探討,從中獲得啟示4總結感興趣領域尚未探討過,但很有意義的課題5總結爭論性很強的問題,反復比較研究方法和結論,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)切入點6科研過程中遇到的難以解釋的問題,往往會成為思維的閃光點7但要注意,別人沒作過的,也許不是因為沒想到,而是因為沒有意義或者沒有可能性。3.3.2研究工作的創(chuàng)新要想在國際核心期刊上發(fā)表論文,原創(chuàng)性是其最根本的要求。原創(chuàng)性課題通常來源于實踐或對各種有關信息的研究,而不是來源于現(xiàn)成文獻。原創(chuàng)性不等同于新穎性,新穎性可以是別人研究的繼續(xù),而原創(chuàng)性意味

37、著一個新事物、新領域、新問題的開創(chuàng)。國際核心刊物發(fā)表的論文,原則上都應當是“在國際上首次描述的新的觀測和實驗事實,首次提出的新概念和新模型,首次建立的新方程,也包括對已有重大觀測實驗事實的新的概括和新規(guī)律的提煉?!靶率且黄谜撐牡撵`魂,通過兩條根本途徑去進展創(chuàng)新:1從研究手段上創(chuàng)新1采用新儀器、新流程,對自然過程進展觀測,取得新資料;2對新資料進展分析,提出新概念,在新概念的根底上建立新理論;3用新思路、新理論對前人觀測資料重新進展分析,得到新的結論2從研究對象上創(chuàng)新1立足于特殊的儲集-滲流條件,發(fā)現(xiàn)新的自然現(xiàn)象和自然規(guī)律;2對前人建立的模式或理論提出質疑,建立修正的模式3.4如何閱讀文獻在科

38、研前必須彌補根底知識,這是看懂文獻的根底。3.4.1文獻閱讀的數(shù)量要廣泛閱讀文獻,通常,每年查閱200篇,粗看100篇,細看30篇,研讀10篇,先看中文文獻,再閱讀英文文獻,并始終關注國際動態(tài)。3.4.2文獻閱讀的步驟拿到一篇研究性論文,按以下步驟研究:1先看標題,立即停住,問自己幾個問題:1作者為什么要做這個題目.2如果是自己,將會做哪些容來說明主題.2接下來看摘要,并問自己:1和自己看題目后的想法有什么差異.2該文章準備解決什么問題.3該文章引出了什么問題.存在什么未解決問題.原因.3看實驗結果,再思考:1有什么地方不完善.2有沒有進一步深入或拓展的空間.3.5學術論文的類型3.5.1實驗

39、性論文1構造- 前言- 實驗方法- 實驗結果數(shù)據(jù)- 分析- 結論2寫作要點詳盡介紹實驗的每個細節(jié)和所用儀器、設備的型號、測試容。實驗結果與討論局部要始終圍繞研究主題,多與期刊文獻數(shù)據(jù)進展比較,顯示本研究的創(chuàng)新之處3.5.2報道性論文1構造- 前言- 研究區(qū)概況- 對所發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象的表達、解釋- 科學意義- 結論2寫作要點報道*一項科學發(fā)現(xiàn),這一發(fā)現(xiàn)不是通過實驗,而是通過野外3.5.3理論性論文1構造- 前言- 理論的提出推導、證明- 理論的驗證如理論模型的率定- 理論的應用算例,或應用意義- 結論2寫作要點提出一項理論或計算方法3.5.4綜述性論文1綜述*一領域中的最新進展,有述有評,而不只是前人

40、工作的羅列2有自己觀點和對他人工作的評價,指出缺乏之處和解決問題的設想3既要大量占有文獻,又要有所取舍,突出精華4要有對未來開展的展望,對他人的研究起到指導作用5盡量引用最新的工作,表達出時效性6盡可能閱讀原始文獻,“吃別人嚼過的饃沒味道3.6論文的通用構造1題目:表達要研究的主題與本文的主要奉獻,精練并切題2摘要:科學問題、研究目的、方法、主要發(fā)現(xiàn)、結果、結論3關鍵詞:準確、規(guī)、切題否則影響文章被引用4前言:說明主題,指出當前的缺乏,引導出本研究的重要性5方法:理論或觀測技術6資料:資料是如何取得的,對資料代表性及精度的分析7分析與結果:邏輯推理、理論推導、建立模型、模型的驗證8結論:簡述本

41、文奉獻,說明其科學、合理、正確,并有代表性3.7論文初稿的編寫過程首先撰寫論文的初稿writing the first draft,注意,由于此階段的文稿不是正式稿,因此其撰寫的過程也不是按照論文標準構造逐一完成的,而是按照組織論文的思維邏輯進展素材的整理,提問-答問,然后再逐步修改,按照論文標準構造,形成正式文稿。3.7.1材料和方法做了什么.怎樣做的.作者對本項研究所用的材料和方法是最熟悉的,因此這局部是文章最開場進展寫作的局部,用過去時,盡可能按實驗的先后順序描述。3.7.2結果發(fā)生了什么.可用圖、表或文字表達,三者間盡量減少重復。在正文局部表達主要結果和意義,用圖或表給出較詳細的數(shù)據(jù),

42、用過去時。3.7.3討論所得結果是否為“前言局部提出關鍵問題的答案.結果是如何支持答案的.如何證實假說的.集中討論與本結果有關的問題,突出本研究的創(chuàng)新及重要性;與相關研究結果進展比較分析;給出結果所支持的結論;指出前景、缺乏和改進。用現(xiàn)在時表達或被證明的事實,用過去時描述本研究結果。3.7.4文獻與本研究方法、結果、討論有關的其它研究有哪些.準確、完整、規(guī)的著錄。3.7.5前言本項研究的背景和目的是什么.試圖答復的關鍵問題是什么.研究現(xiàn)狀是什么.本研究的重要性和創(chuàng)新性表達在哪里. 3.7.6致誰提供了基金和物質幫助.除了作者,還有誰協(xié)助完成了本項研究.誰參與了結果分析并協(xié)助撰寫了論文.3.7.

43、7摘要論文告訴了我們什么.摘要是論文要點的濃縮,應在文章各主要局部完成后再寫,這樣有利于文章要點的提煉。優(yōu)秀的摘要能有效地抓住讀者的興趣。用含有技術關鍵詞匯的短句描述,以使摘要清楚而簡潔,防止使用縮寫詞和晦澀難懂的詞句,強調研究的創(chuàng)新性和重要性方面。3.7.8標題本文關于什么.最正確標題的標準是用最少的必要術語準確描述論文的容。要求準確、簡潔、有效和吸引人。3.7.9作者誰參與了本研究的設計、工作及論文的撰寫.3.7.10準備正式文稿論文初稿完成以后,必須對容及格式進展反復推敲和修改,到達“投稿須知的一切要求。絕大多數(shù)編輯都認為,不認真準備的稿件絕不是高水平科學研究成果的良好載體。如果希望論文

44、發(fā)表,在準備投稿時必須做到單詞、語法無錯、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。該過程一般分三步:1再次閱讀擬投期刊的“投稿須知;2用“投稿須知中提供的“稿件對照檢查表與自己論文一一核對;3根據(jù)期刊要求打印輸出,完成最后一稿。3.8摘要的寫作要點Abstracts是論文的一個縮寫,一定要簡明扼要。3.8.1格式不多于300個單詞,只能是一個自然段3.8.2容按照論文的順序介紹主要研究對象subject、實驗設計design、實驗步驟procedures以及最后的結果results,這種介紹必須讓非專業(yè)的人員 non-specialist能夠看懂。3.9前言的寫作技巧Introduction 是

45、外刊文章最難寫的局部之一,必須表達論文的研究根底和創(chuàng)新要素。外刊論文對于Introduction的要求也是非常高的,一個好的Introduction相當于文章成功了一半。Introduction同樣要保證簡短,順序是:一般背景介紹、別人工作成果的總結、自己的研究目的及工作簡介,其中介紹別人工作時,只需介紹和自己最相關的方面,而對自己的工作介紹在此處不用說明細節(jié),因為這個要放到主體中去。不要忘記在介紹自己工作之前要有一個declarative statement。要寫好Introduction,最重要的是要保持鮮明的層次感和極強的邏輯性,這兩點是嚴密結合的,即在符合邏輯性的根底上建立層層遞進的關

46、系。按照層次構造和遞進關系,前言的寫作主要包括以下幾個局部:3.9.1簡述研究對象簡明闡述自己研究領域的根本容。須知看文章的都是該領域的專家,所以一些顯而易見的知識要用概括性的而不是表達性的語言來描述。3.9.2文獻總結回憶文獻的總結回憶是Introduction的重要組成局部之一,要特別著重描寫。1要把該領域過去和現(xiàn)在的研究狀況全面概括總結出來,不能有絲毫的遺漏,特別是最新的進展和過去經(jīng)典文獻的引用。這往往是兩個最容易出問題的地方,一旦審稿人指出這兩個毛病,就意味著認為你做的調研不夠深入或全面,對整個文章的負面作用非常明顯。2文獻引用和數(shù)據(jù)提供一定要準確,切忌防止片面摘錄局部結果而不反映文獻

47、的總體結果。引用的數(shù)據(jù)要正確,特別是間接引用的數(shù)據(jù)即不是從原文獻中查到,而是從別人文獻中發(fā)現(xiàn)的另一篇文獻的數(shù)據(jù);數(shù)據(jù)出錯會導致評審專家對文章的印象特差。3引用文獻時注意防止造成抄襲的印象。不要原文抄錄,要用自己的話進展總結描述。如果審稿人正好是文獻的引用者的話,原文照抄的結果一定會很糟糕。3.9.3提出創(chuàng)新點分析過去研究的局限性,指出當前研究的缺乏,并有目的地引出自己研究的重要性,并說明自己研究的創(chuàng)新點,這是整個Introduction的高潮,因而要慎之又慎。在闡述局限性時,需要客觀公正評價別人的工作,不要把抬高自己研究的價值建立在貶低別人的工作之上,外刊論文寫作萬萬不可如此,一定要遵循實事的

48、原則來分析;在闡述自己的創(chuàng)新點時,要緊緊圍繞過去研究的缺陷性來描述,完整而清晰地描述自己的解決思路。需要注意文章的攤子不要鋪的太大,要抓住一點進展深入的闡述。只要能夠很好的解決一個問題,就是一篇好文章;創(chuàng)新性描述的越多越大,越容易被審稿人抓住把柄。注意以下寫作技巧:1在表達前人成果后,用However引導缺乏,提出新方法或新方向:However, little information / little attention/little work/little data/little research / few studies/few investigations/few researcher

49、s/few attempts / or none of these studieshas / havebeen done on / focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studiedPrevious research / studies / records has/have failed to consider/ignored/misinterpreted/neglected to/overestimated / underestimated/misleaded, thus, these previous results are inc

50、onclusive / misleading / unsatisfactory / questionable / controversial. Uncertainties / discrepancies still e*ist2研究方法和手段與前人一樣時,可通過以下方式強調自己工作:However, data is still scarce / rare / less accurate,We need / aim / have to provide more documents / data / records / studies / increase the dataset. Further

51、 studies are still necessary / essential3強調自己研究的重要性,一般還要在However之前介紹與之相反或相關的問題。比方:- 時間問題:如果所研究的問題在時間上比較新,可首先提及問題研究的重要性,然后However說明“對時間尺度比較新的問題研究缺乏;- 研究手段問題:如果是一種新的研究方法或研究手段,可首先提及當前流行的研究方法,然后However說目前對新方法的研究甚少;- 研究區(qū)域問題:如果研究涉及區(qū)域問題,就先總結相鄰區(qū)域或其它區(qū)域的研究,然后However強調對這一區(qū)域的研究缺乏;- 不確定性:雖然前人對*一問題研究很多,但目前有兩種或更多種

52、觀點,這種uncertainties或 ambiguities值得進一步澄清;- 提出自己的假設來驗證:如果自己的研究是全是新的,沒有前人的工作可比照,就可以自信地說“根據(jù)假設提出的過程,存在這種可能的結果,本文就是要證實這種結果等等。We aim to test the feasibility/reliability of theIt is hoped that the question will be resolved/fall away with our proposed method/approach.3.9.4概述研究容總結性地描述本論文的研究容,可以分為一、二、三、四等幾個方面來分

53、別描述,為Introduction做最后的收尾工作。注意以下寫作技巧:1明確提出自己的觀點- We aim to- This paper reports on- This paper provides results- This paper e*tends the method- This paper focus on- The purpose of this paper is to- Furthermore/Moreover/In addition, we will also discuss2告訴讀者包括審稿人本文的主要研究容如果處理不好,reviewer會提出嚴厲的建議,比方你沒有考慮*種

54、可能性,*種研究手段等。為減少這種爭論,在前言的結尾就必須明確提出本文研究的時間尺度和研究區(qū)域等。1如涉及較長的時序,你可明確提出本文只關心*一特定時間圍的問題,We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)2如有兩種時間尺度 (long-term and short term),你可說兩者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一種。3研究區(qū)域問題,和時間問題一樣,也需明確提出你只關心*一特定區(qū)域3總結性地提出“這一研究對其它研究有什么幫助Further studies onwill be summarized in our ne*t study.讓讀者把思路集

55、中到要討論的問題,盡量減少不必要的爭論(arguments)。至此,Introduction的寫作算是大功告成。但是寫完之后,還是要慎之又慎的仔細修改,琢磨每一個句子是否表達得恰當準確。3.10方法的寫作要點Methods 局部主要描述研究的實驗過程,這一過程的寫作相對較為簡單,但要注意完整性,即實驗當中的每一個環(huán)節(jié)都要注意到,不能顧此失彼,遺漏一些重要的容。該局部要詳盡地介紹自己的實驗方案,以便于他人能夠重復自己的實驗過程。對于通用的實驗方案可以簡單,重點要放到自己的獨創(chuàng)方案上面own procedures。按照實驗的先后順序介紹,為了文章的閱讀方便,不要使用過多層次的subheadings

56、,比方 subsubsubsection等等Methods局部可按實驗對象、實驗設備、實驗材料、實驗記錄、實驗分析方法等來組織文字。注意以下四個方面的完整性和科學性:3.10.1實驗對象的描述對實驗對象的根本信息要描述明確、正確和準確,要注意國外刊物對相似實驗對象描述的習慣。3.10.2實驗設備要對儀器型號、生產(chǎn)廠家、實驗過程中的用途等作詳細說明;實驗設備之間的連接要科學正確,不要給人混亂或操作錯誤的感覺。設備中一些必要的步驟不可或缺,尤其是可能對實驗結果造成特定影響的操作更要詳細說明。這樣做的好處是為了在Discussion中能夠進展對應的分析。比方,一些設備在使用前要校正calibrati

57、on,有的要求每階段實驗之后都要重新校正,以保證結果的正確性;一定要詳細說明你的操作步驟或校正過程,便于評審人分析你的結果。3.10.3實驗材料不同學科有不同要求,總體上來說,要注意說明材料選擇的必要性,也就是對為什么要選擇這種材料,最好有一定的說明。如果這點描述不清,可能會導致整個實驗過程不成立。3.10.4實驗過程必須附以文字和示意圖相結合的實驗流程圖來清楚描述實驗的整個操作流程,這樣能使評審人對實驗過程一目了然。如果示意圖畫得漂亮,還可以增加一些印象分。描述時要有鮮明的層次感,對每個步驟之間的順序和關聯(lián)要描述清楚,不要造成實驗過程混亂不堪的印象,因為評審人最終判斷你的實驗是否合理,是從這個過程描述得來的。3.11結論的寫作要點使用te*t、table、figure等手段表達出

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