自然地理學專業(yè)英語重點詞匯

1、他理學geography"一地理學unifiedgeographyX通地理學generalgeography,統(tǒng)地理學systematicgeography«域地理學egionalgeography“論地理學theoreticalgeography2用地理學appliedgeography"地理學metageography,也文學physiography也質學chorography“地理學paleogeogpraphy,理學體系geographicalsystem也理環(huán)境geographicalenvironment地理因子geographicalfactors也

2、理過程geographicalprocess也理分布geographicaldistribution也理界線geographicalboundary,理綜合geographicalsynthesis也理考察geographicalsurvey宗合考察integratedsurvey«域分析regionalanalysis卜域分異regionaldifferentiation存空間livingspace存承載水平life-carryingcapacity“境決定論environmentaldeterminism上變論catastrophetheory板球earth,球表向earthsu

3、rface地球表層epigeosphere,理系統(tǒng)geosystem,理圈geographicalsphere卜觀圈landscapesphere仁回lithosphere卜圈hydrosphere卜氣圈atmosphere,壤圈pedosphere卜物圈biosphere也圈geosphere卜能圈noonsphere卜術圈technosphere上半球northernhemisphere卜半球southernhemisphereW球體geoid地理緯度atitude也理經(jīng)度ongitude匕極NorthPole"極SouthPoleM圈ArcticCircle匕回歸線Tropic

4、ofCancer“回歸線TropicofCapricorn,道equator時區(qū)timezone日界線dateline卜晝polarday,夜polarnight州continent卜陸oceansea陸inland地理單元geographicalunit區(qū)劃regionalizationpbelt也帶zone卜域region也區(qū)area卜區(qū)district自然地理學physicalgeography4合自然地理學ntegratedphysicalgeography"通自然地理學generalphysicalgeography自然綜合體naturalcomplexM域自然綜合體ter

5、ritorialnaturalcomplex自然地理過程physicalgeographicprocess自然生產潛力naturalpotentialproductivityU展因素progressivefactor"留因素elicfactor,維地帶性threedimensionzonalityK平地帶horizontalzone,直地帶verticalzone也帶性zonality非地帶性azonality?平地帶性horizontalzonality,直地帶性verticalzonality,性locality,向exposure日坡adret,sunnyslope“坡ubac

6、,shadyslope“體效應Massenerhebungseffekt德,合自然區(qū)劃integratedphysicogeographicalregionalizationnivalbelt亞雪帶subnivalbelt,山alpineM局山subalpine“地mountains荒漠desert卜漠化desertification少漠sandydesert卜漠rockydesert卜漠graveldesert尼漠argillaceousdesert,莫saltdesert卜壁gobi卜洲oasis卜觀學landscapescience卜觀landscapefacies自然景觀natural

7、landscape卜地land土地系統(tǒng)landsystem,地分類landclassification卜地色landtype卜地單元landunit,地口landelement口地刻面landfacet卜面聯(lián)合體facetcombination卜地屬性terraincharacteristics卜態(tài)地理學ecogeography卜生態(tài)學geoecology卜觀生態(tài)學landscapeecology卜態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecosystem卜態(tài)平衡ecologicalbalance卜態(tài)區(qū)域ecoregion卜態(tài)小區(qū)ecodistict生態(tài)地段ecosection卜態(tài)區(qū)ecotope,態(tài)點ecosite自然資源n

8、aturalresourcesPJ再生資源renewableresources卜可再生資源nonrenewableresources卜害地理學hazardgeography自然災害naturalhazard地貌學geomorphology也貌landform,貌年代學geomorphochronology也貌成因geomorphogenesis,landformgenesisk貌形成作用landformformingprocess卜候地貌學climaticgeomorphology"力地貌學dynamicgeomorphology上貌geomorphometry卜工地貌anthrop

9、ogeniclandforms上原plain氐地lowland卜地highland,陵hill山mountainkiBmountainrange,mountainchain嶺ange,ridge峰peak,mount“麓piedmont島peninsula,嶼slandM島archipelago每峽strait,峽sthmus每拔高度altitude,heightabovesealevel“對高度relativeheight“嘴mountainspur工地basin“間盆地ntermountainbasin山間盆地intermountainbasin小峰mountainpeakcliff,sc

10、arp小冊原piedmontplain,原plateau夾谷gorge,canyonpvalley勾谷ravine中溝gully“形mountainforms“志orography價地terrace上也tableland,platform圭地depression卜地slope坡度slope,gradient田中.金后bedrock也貌過程geomorphologicalprocess侵蝕作用erosion,滴侵蝕raindroperosion剝蝕作用denudation卜蝕corrasion卜蝕corrosion中刷wash,erosion卜蟲sheeterosion朔源侵蝕headwarde

11、rosion,切侵蝕downcutting,incision,verticalerosion側向侵lateralerosion掏蝕侵蝕基準面undercuttingbaseleveloferosion總侵蝕基準面generalbaselevel局部侵蝕基準面localbaselevel卜點knickpoint冗積作用sedimentation,deposition卜積作用deposition,accumulation卜積物deposit卜口積作用aggradation冗積相sedimentaryfacies也貌Xgenerationoflandforms|也貌序列l(wèi)andformsseries

12、1也形基向baselevel也貌組合landformassemblage卜地貌positivelandform負地貌negativelandform卜常地貌normallandform卜置地貌nvertedlandform也貌倒置nversionoflandform卜蝕地貌erosionallandform卜平作用planationsurface,平囿peneplain隹平囿denudationsuface卜蝕面erosionsurface山麓侵蝕面pediment打麓侵蝕平囿pediplain,頂囿summitplane旻蝕循環(huán)erosioncycle春作用ejuvenation相關沉積co

13、rrelatedsediments,殼均衡isostasy“構造運動neotectonicmovement勾造地貌學structuralgeomorphology,tectonicgeomorphology“霞地貌Danxia"landform“造高原structuralplateau勾造階地structuralterrace,面山cuesta西mesa上背脊hogbackridge,形現(xiàn)象lineament斷層崖faultscarp斷層線崖fault-linescarp斷層三角面triangularfacet斷層谷triangularfacet斷塊山faultvalley火山blo

14、ckmountain«山作用volcano風化作用weathering物理風化作用physicalweathering化學風化作用chemicalweathering生物風化作用biologicalweathering機械風化作用mechanicalweathering差異風化作用differentialweathering“化層egolith,積土esidualsoil“積物eluvium,積層eluvium“化殼weatheredcrust正殘積風化殼orthoeluvialweatheredcrustH屑型風化殼clasticweatheredcrust“鋁粘土型風化殼sial

15、lite-clayweatheredcrust“鋁碳酸鹽型風化殼siallite-carbonateweatheredcrustM鋁-氧化物-硫酸鹽風化殼siallite-chloride-sulphatewea-theredcrust“鋁-鐵質和富鋁型風化殼siallite-ferriteandallitewea-theredcrustexfoliation,desquamation“落exfoliation“狀剝落crumbling,狀崩落incrustation自作用crumbling“狀崩落incrustation自作用talus“屑堆taluscone,屑錐山麓堆積talus卜積物s

16、lopedeposit卜水堆積物deluvium卜體蠕動soilcreep骨塌collapse骨坡landslide,landslip尼流debrisflow尼流mudflow,崩rockfall卜水地貌學fluvialgeomorphology卜水地貌fluviallandform中積物alluvium,alluvialdeposit中積層alluvium中積錐alluvialcone卜積扇alluvialfan洪積物proluvium,proluvialdeposit共積層proluvium共積扇proluvialfan可床riverbed可漫灘floodplain匚水區(qū)catchment

17、area卜域drainagearea,basinb水嶺waterdivide,divide,watershed"狀河braidedstreamW流meander,然堤naturallevee賓河床沙壩channelbar,sandbark岸壩pointbark軻湖ox-bowlake卜堆山meandercore,meanderspur河流階地iverterrace河流襲奪,ivercapture可流錯位riveroffset可流偏移riverdeflection風口windgap“谷ongitudinalvalley黃谷transversevalley“蝕winderosion吹蝕d

18、eflation少丘sanddune,月形沙丘crescentdune"動沙丘mobiledune,wanderingdune,定沙丘fixeddune固定沙丘semifixieddune,向沙丘ongitudinaldune卜黃向沙丘transversedune,物線沙丘parabolicdune“窩狀沙丘honeycombdunes少城sandridge,棱wind-facetedstones,ventifact“蝕脊yardang少暴sandstorm“蝕坑blowoutpitu蝕洼地deflationhollow,鹽湖playa甘jR星eJ羽rockfan,山inselber

19、g莫漆desertvarnish"漆rockvarnish莫蓋層desertpavement黃土“土地貌“土墟,土梁M土嵬洛斯特洛斯特地貌學洛斯特地貌洛斯特化,斗上蝕谷,蝕盆"k洞卜溝loessloesslandformyuan,loesstablelandliang,loessridgemao,loesshillbadlandkarstkarstgeomorphologykarstlandformkarstificationdolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren干谷dryvalley,井shaftM蝕作用undergrounderosion同穴堆積c

20、avedeposit洛斯特平原karstplain"林peakforeststonepinacles同穴學speleologyM咯斯特pseudokarst“咯斯特parakarst“華沉積sinterdeposition“華tufa每岸seacoast賓shore,岸地貌學coastalgeomorphology海蝕作用marineerosion每蝕龕wave-cutnotch每蝕洞seacave每蝕臺abrasionplatform每蝕崖seacliff每蝕柱seastack岬角cape上難bench朝灘tidalflat朝汐通道tidalchannel,tidalinlet朝溝

21、tidalcreek"湖agoonL角洲delta可口灣estuary每灘coastalbeach灘脊beachridge灘脊型潮灘chenier灘脊型潮灘平原chenierplain少嘴sandspit獐壁壩barrier賓外壩off-shorebar尖形灘cuspateforeland尖形壩tuspatebar金島壩tombolo陸連島tomboloisland谷濱泥沙流ongshoredrift每岸階地coastalterrace,marineterrace、球性海向升降eustaticmovement上胡礁coralreef,礁fringingreef堡礁barrierree

22、f卜礁atoll卜陸架continentalshelf卜陸坡continentalslope,盆oceanicbasin每隆rise每嶺oceanicridge卜頂海山guyot每溝trench每淵abyssaldeep04氣候學氣候學climatologyclimate候資源climateresources人陽輻射solarradiation,照射albedo“溫accumulatedtemperature霜期frost-freeperiod降水precipitation蒸發(fā)evaporation燥度aridity“水平衡heat-waterbalanceu向winddirection“速w

23、indspeed1候災害climatedamage,climatichazard旱災droughtdamagek災flooddamagek災winddamage,災haildamage顯害wetdamage卜害heatdamage卜害freezingdamage令害colddamage卜候分類climaticclassification卜候區(qū)劃climaticregionalizationclimaticzone卜候區(qū)climaticregion卜候型climatictypeequatorialzonetropicalzone,熱帶subtropicalzoneM帶temperatezonec

24、oldzone顯潤氣候humidclimate,燥氣候aridclimatepw網(wǎng)林r候tropicalrainforestclimate赧瓦納氣候savannaclimate卜林F候forestclimate卜原氣候steppeclimate卜漠氣候desertclimate卜京氣候tundraclimate卜地氣候polarclimate高原氣候plateauclimate卜地氣候mountainclimate卜陸度continentality大陸性氣候卜洋性氣候,中海氣候卜形氣候學k域氣候|也氣候、氣候M候系統(tǒng)亍星風系言風,風M雨,潮每陸風continentalclimatemariti

25、meclimateMediterraneanclimatetopoclimatologyregionalclimatelocalclimatemicroclimateclimaticsystemplanetarywindsystemtradewind,tradesmonsoonMeiyu,plumraintyphooncoldwavesea-landbreeze山谷風mountain-valleybreeze,熱風dry-hotwindX風foehn“影rainshadow1候變遷climaticchange"氣候palaeoclimate“史氣候historicalclimate輪

26、氣候學dendroclimatology“候學phenology自然歷naturalcalendarM巾氣候urbanclimateM市熱島urbanheatisland1候志climatography人文地理學hydrogeography,文學hydrology,體waterbody卜團watermass可流學potamologyK利學hydraulics4利經(jīng)濟學hydroeconomics卜化學hydrochemistryk林水文學foresthydrology卜市水文學urbanhydrology卜文物理學hydrophysicsk水hpalaeohydrology,壤水文學pedoh

27、ydrology水文情勢hydrologicalregimeK文過程hydrologicalprocess?文測驗hydrometry"域形態(tài)watershedmorphology,域分水線basindivide可道坡降channelgradient可道等級channelorder田合盆地closedbasin可網(wǎng)密度drainagedensity總蒸發(fā)evapotranspiration*平衡waterbudget,waterbalance$擊向蒸發(fā)landevaporation?向蒸發(fā)watersurfaceevaporation“岔系數(shù)forkfactorheadwaters人

28、道網(wǎng)hydrographicnet,流tributary卜呈線hydrograph卜量過程線分割separationofhydrograph暴布waterfall卜平降水horizontalprecipitation卜循環(huán)watercyclek量交換waterexchange降runoff空流系數(shù)runoffcoefficient卜正常徑流量annualnormalrunoff卜流baseflow可床變形riverbeddeformation可流補給riverfeeding卜發(fā)洪水flashflood洪水flood卜水過程fluvialprocessesk間流interaquiferflow卜

29、中流interflow可流數(shù)目定律lawofstreamnumbers卜加定律lawofsuperpositiondischargek面流overlandflow共峰流1peakdischarge卜元runoffgeneration匚流flowconcentration1沙率rateofsedimentproduction,水曲線recessioncurve,元模數(shù)runoffmodulus卜K量wateryield懸移質suspendedload尼沙運動sedimentmovement,沙量sedimentyield?位waterstage2K位floodlevel“戒水位warningst

30、ageK土流失waterandsoillossK土保持waterandsoilconservation勞waterlogging,雨徑流stormflow俞沙水平transportabilityofsediments“流變率variabilityofrunoffM下水文學groundwaterhydrology?壓地下水confinedgroundwaterK力傳導度hydraulicconductivity入滲卜壤水上K層自流水盆地卜層地下水卜隙水,下水位卜泉也下河心和帶胡沼學胡泊水文學胡流卜質胡泊富營養(yǎng)化infiltrationsoilwateraquiferartesianbasinde

31、epphreaticwaterfissuredwaterwatertablemineralspringundergroundriversaturationzonelimnologylakehydrologylakecurrentwaterqualitylakeeutrophication人工湖man-madelake卜胡saltlakek水湖salt-waterlake炎水湖freshwaterlake勾造湖tectoniclake,structurallakek結湖stratifiedlake卜節(jié)性湖泊seasonallake卜山湖volcaniclake卜山湖alpinelake卜移湖wa

32、nderinglakewarmlake卜咸湖brackish-waterlake卜固湖extinctlake,全混和湖holomixedlake胡盆lakecirculation湖水環(huán)流lakecirculation胡泊蓄水量lakestorage水川補給alimentationofglacier“雪水文學alimentationofglacier融雪水文學snowhydrology融雪徑流snowrunoff“潮河口tidalestuary潮海tidelessseaM浪侵蝕waveerosion也下水庫groundwaterreservoir,資源waterresources共水Waters

33、upplyK能hydropowerF物地理學biogeographyk物分布學chorology卜物分布biochores卜布區(qū)areal卜布區(qū)中央areakcenter卜布區(qū)間斷arealdisjunction分布區(qū)型arealtype散中央dispersalcenter卜遺種區(qū)refugium、群population卜物群biota卜物地理群落biogeocoenosis境habitat小生境niche,microhabitat/落生境biotope,物地理學phytogeography直物區(qū)系flora活型lifeform卜活型譜lifeformspectrum卜生植物hydrophyt

34、e顯生植物hygrophyte,生植物mesophyte卜生植物xerophyte,旨示植物indicatorplant,示群落indicatorcommunity直被vegetation直物群落plantcommunity,叢association胖系formation直被型vegetationtype“級群落climaxsuccession“葉林coniferousforest,加林taiga,葉林deciduousforest“綠闊葉林evergreenbroad-leavedforest“葉林sclerophyllousforestM葉林laurelforest季風雨林monsoonf

35、orest雨林rainforest"樹林mangrove,原tundra草原foreststeppe草原steppe曷草草原prairie赧瓦納savanna普那高原puna,甸meadow苛山矮曲林alpinekrummholz森林上限upperforestlimit卜線timberline,物地理學zoogeography,物區(qū)系fauna也理阻障geographicalbarriers卜物傳布synzoochory,萊士線wallace'sline,物群落animalcommunity口匕極Holarctic古北界Palaearctic卜北界Neoarctic日熱帶界P

36、alaeotropic熱帶界Neotropic,洋界Oriental奧洲界Australasian土壤地理學pedogeography上被soilmantle,鏈soilcatena卜壤組合soilassociation,壤復區(qū)soilcomplex,壤氣候soilclimate,壤資源soilresources卜壤退化soildegradation,壤侵蝕soilerosionk土壤paleosoil卜林土壤forestsoil,原土壤desertsoil卜漠土壤desertsoil高山土壤highmountainsoil“年土壤youngsoil“熟土壤m(xù)aturesoilX級土壤clim

37、axsoil"化土podzolicsoil“壤brownearth曷土cinnamonsoil“壤yellowearth“壤edearthM紅壤aterite“鈣土chernozem“鈣土chestnutsoil宗鈣土brownsoil漠土graydesertsoil上莫土browndesertsoil鹽土solonchak減土solonertz化學地理學chemicalgeography卜觀地球化學landscapegeochemistry卜球化學景觀geochemicallandscape自成景觀autonomiclandscape卜展t觀auxiliarylandscape卜積

38、景觀eluviallandscape卜上景觀superaquallandscape卜下景觀subaquallandscape水成景觀aqueouslandscape,aquallandscapeelementarylandscape觀biogeniclandscape源景觀abiogeniclandscapek生源景觀aerialmigration卜氣遷移aqueousmigration卜遷移biologicalmigration物遷移mechanicalmigration卜械遷移chemicalmigration,physico-chemical名學遷移migrationtypomorphi

39、celement卜型自typomorphiccompound卜型化合物typomorphicion卜型離子chemicaldenudation名學剝蝕環(huán)境地理學environmentalgeography卜境地球化學environmentalgeochemistry自然環(huán)境naturalenvironment卜會環(huán)境socialenvironment卜域環(huán)境regionalenvironment每洋環(huán)境marineenvironment卜境系統(tǒng)environmentalsystem卜境結構environmentalstructureenvironmentalelement卜境演化environ

40、mentalevolutionk境背景值environmentalbackgroundvalue卜境異常environmentalabnormality卜境自凈environmentalself-purification環(huán)境容量environmentalcapacity,觀損害landscapedamage卜境退化environmentaldegradation卜境效應environmentaleffect卜境污染environmentalpollution卜氣污染atmosphericpollution"染waterpollution,壤污染soilpollution每洋污染mar

41、inepollution卜境經(jīng)濟environmentaleconomy卜境治理environmentalmanagement卜境標準environmentalstandard環(huán)境質量environmentalquality卜境質量參數(shù)environmentalqualityparameter卜境質量指數(shù)environmentalqualityindex卜境質量評價environmentalqualityevaluation卜境影響評價environmentalimpactassessment卜境質量綜合評價environmentalqualitycomprehensiveevaluation

42、卜境保護environmentalprotection卜境規(guī)劃environmentalplanning卜境區(qū)劃environmentalregionalization卜境設計environmentaldesign自然保護conservationofnature自然保護區(qū)naturereserve自然資源保護conservationofnaturalresourcesM物資源保護ivingresourcesconservation水資源保護protectionofwaterresources6園nationalpark也面沉降andsubsidence人害publicnuisance上害病pu

43、blicnuisancedisease吳病minamatadisease,痛病tai-itaidisease冰川學glaciology“雪snowcover口雪firn“雪化作用firnification“雪盆firnbasin1線snowline吹雪snowdrift崩avalanche蝕nivation陸冰andice冰山cebergglacier,水蓋cesheet冰原icefield水川化glacierization水川作用glaciation向川物質平衡glaciermass-balance肖融區(qū)ablationarea“累區(qū)accumulationarea他隙crevasse?川地質學glacialgeol