高考英語閱讀理解科普文難度較高

1、2014年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解拉分題（較難題目）特訓(xùn)：節(jié)能環(huán)保類The Goldman Environmental Foundation recently recognized a group of individuals （個體）for their efforts to protect the environment. Each year, the American-based group honors environmental activists from six different areas.The first three winners of the 2012 Goldman

2、Prize are from Kenya, the Philippines and China.The Goldman Environmental Foundation says Ikai Angelei is a hero to those who live around Lake Turkana. The Kenyan woman received the award because of her efforts to stop a dam project on a river in Ethiopia. Critics say the dam will harm the lake and

3、restrict （限制）the flow of water for people who live nearby.The Philippine island of Mindoro is home to those who depend on the area* s natural resources for food and jobs. Edwin Gariguez became concerned when a European company announced plans to mine for nickel （鑲）on the island. The Roman Catholic m

4、inister said waste materials from the mining project would pollute the water and destroy the forests. So he started a campaign to stop the project.In China, Ma June is working with businesses to clean up their pollution.He formed a group that collects information about pollution, and publishes it on

5、 the Internet.The Goldman Prize was also awarded to activists from Argentina, Russia and the United States.Sofia Gatica of Argentina is from a town where farmers commonly use pesticide （殺蟲劑）products to protect soybean crops from insects. The town also has a high rate of cancer. Sofia Gatica believed

6、 that pesticide use was responsible for the death of her baby. She worked with other mothers to get government officials to ban the use of chemicals near populated areas.Evgenia Chirikova objects to the plans to build a road through a protected forest just outside Moscow. She has demanded that Russi

7、an officials redirect the road away from the forest. She and her followers have been arrested for their activities. However, their campaign has gained widespread public support.The sixth winner is American Caroline Cannon-a community leader in Point Hope, Alaska. Miz Cannon is fighting to keep Arcti

8、c waters safe from oil and gas exp loration.60. We can know from the passage that .A. the dam project has been preventedB. the first three activists are all from AsiaC. a European company is going to dig for nickelD. Ma June is trying to stop oil and gas exploration61. From the 7th paragraph, we can

9、 know that A. pesticide use accounts for a high-rate of cancerB. Sofia managed to ban the use of chemicalsC. the farmers mainly live on unpolluted productsD. the death of the baby was due to delayed treatment62. What do we know about Evgenia Chirikova?A. She plans to build a road to protect the fore

10、st.B. She is in charge of a project far away from the road.C. She persuaded the government to set her followers free.D. Her environmental action has been widely acknowledged.63. What would be the best title for the passage?A. Six Advanced Individuals for Hard WorkB. Efforts to Create a Clean and Bea

11、utiful WorldC. Six Environmental Activists Win Goldman PrizeD. The Goldman Environmental Foundation Prize2SCS Global Services （SCS） has evaluated a new methodology for measuring the carbon sequestration （主j存） ability of soil under the Verified （驗 證）Carbon Standard （VCS ） , a leading greenhouse gas （

12、GHG） accounting system. The methodology, developed by The Earth Partners, will allow land managers who sequester GHGs in grasslands and farmlands to produce carbon credits for sale in the voluntary market.Managers of grasslands and farmlands can increase carbon sequestration in soil by practices suc

13、h as changing grazing （放牧）practices and operating treatments designed to improve the variety and productivity of plant groups. The Earth Partners is presently piloting this methodology with farmers across seven million acres of the Palouse River and Columbia Plateau regions in the Pacific Northwest.

14、“The VCS program has achieved an important milestone in now combining grassland and rangeland carbon offset （抵消， 補償） projects, z，said Dr.Robert J. Hrubes, Executive Vice President of SCSSCS looks forward toapproving and verifying agricultural carbon offset projects that use this very powerful new me

15、thodology. The VM0021 Soil Carbon Quantification Methodology is based on decades of soil carbon research and testing conducted by top soil scientists. The methodology was developed by The Earth Partners and verified by Environmental Services, Inc. as well as SCS Global Services. It is the first soil

16、 carbon methodology to be approved for use under the VCS.“This widely tested methodology is the first to specially deal with soils in a market, said Steven I. Apfelbaum, Chairman of Applied Ecological Services, Inc. and Director of Science with The Earth Partners. According to Apfelbaum, soils repre

17、sent the second largest living sink of carbon on the planet.68. The new methodology is assessed according to.A. The Earth PartnersB. the Verified Carbon StandardC. Environmental Services, Inc.D. Applied Ecological Services,Inc.69. Carbon sequestration in soil can be strengthened by.A. selling carbon

18、 credits in the voluntary marketB. changing grazing practices and operating treatmentsC. reducing the variety and productivity of plant groupsD. decreasing farmlands in the Pacific Northwest70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The VCS program proves to be successful in carb

19、on offset projects.B. Many soil Carbon Methodologies have already been approved for use.C. The new methodology has been tested in many fields including soil.D. Soils seem to be the largest living sink of carbon on the planet.71. What is the attitude of SCS towards the new methodology?A. Opposed.B. C

20、autious.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.3Rainforest is home to around two-thirds of all plant and animal species found on land-in addition to millions of people who depend on them for survival-our remaining ancient forests are some of the most diverse ecosystems known to science. They are also vitally impo

21、rtant to the health of our planet, especially when it comes to regulating the climate. But ancient forests around the world are under attack.Protecting rainforests is on the global agenda （議事 H 程）in a big way. Governments now recognize the importance of protecting tropical forests in order to avoid

22、dangerous climate change, and there is now much debate. As governments try to thrash out the details of a new international agreement, expected to be signed at the end of 2009, they are discussing how best to include measures to save rainforests, and therefore address one of the major causes of clim

23、ate change. Worldwide, forest destruction causes more greenhouse gas emissions （排放）each year than do all the trains, planes and cars on the planet. So if we are to deal with global warming, there is an urgent need to find ways to reduce the 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions caused by forest des

24、truction each year, and to keep the remaining forests standing.We need to protect the planet s remaining forests not only to stop climate change from getting worse, but to ensure that we can stand the impacts of global warming. Healthy forests absorb and store quantities of carbon, helping to regula

25、te temperature and generate rain. When they are destroyed, this carbon is released into the atmosphere. Thus keeping forests standing is both a critical part of regulating climate change and of adapting to a warmer world.To date, most of the talk has focused on how to pay for reducing deforestation

26、（濫伐森林），rather than on how to actually go about doing it. We believe governments need to support local people to protect their environment, as we have been showing for 20 years can be a very effective way of saving rainforests.1. The best title for the passage isA. Rainforest and Climate ChangeB. Str

27、ategies on Protecting RainforestC. Serious Deforestation to RainforestD. Present Situation of Rainforest2. From the first paragraph we can infer thatA. we have little rainforest left until nowB the ancient forests are being destroyedC. rainforest control the planet in many waysD. Rainforest is home

28、to all plants and animals on earth3. The underlined part uthrash out“ in the second paragraph means.A. try to understandB. come up withC. hide awayD.have a thorough discussion4. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by forest destructionA. are the same amount by transport on earthB. take 20% of global gre

29、enhouse gas emissionsC. can be avoided by setting measures onlyD. have nothing to do with climate change5. From the text we can learn that healthy forest.A. can keep us healthy and happyB. can increase the effect from global warmingC. can be helpful in adjusting the temperatureD. can give out large

30、amounts of carbon4Rivers may be a significant source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (一 氧化二氮)，scientists now find.Their calculation suggests that across the globe the waterways contribute three times the amount of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere as had been estimated by the International Panel o

31、n Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations scientific body charged with reviewing climate change research.They found that the amount of nitrous oxide produced in streams is related to human activities that release nitrogen （氮）into the environment, such as fertilizer use and sewage discharges.uHuman

32、 activities, including fossil fuel combustion and intensive agriculture, have increased the availability of nitrogen in the environment, “ said Jake Beaulieu of the University of Notre Dame and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio, and lead author of the paper published this

33、 week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.“Much of this nitrogen is transported into river and stream networks, “ Beaulieu said. There, microbes （微生物）convert the nitrogen into nitrous oxide （also called laughing gas） and an inert gas called dinitrogen （二 氮）.The finding is

34、important, the researchers say, because nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and destruction of the stratospheref s ozone layer, which protects us from the sun s harmful ultraviolet （紫夕卜線） radiation. Compared with carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide is 300-fold mor

35、e powerful in terms of its warming potential, though carbon dioxide is a far more common greenhouse gas. Scientists estimate nitrous oxide accounts for about 6 percent of human-induced climate change.Beaulieu and colleagues measured nitrous oxide production rates in 72 streams. When summed across th

36、e globe, the results showed rivers and streams are the source of at least 10 percent of human-caused nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere.uChanges in agricultural and land-use practices that result in less nitrogen being delivered to streams would reduce nitrous oxide emissions from river netwo

37、rks, Beaulieu said.1. From the second paragraph we can learn.A. actually rivers give off much more nitrous oxide than expectedB. scientists calculation is totally wrongC. human activities release nitrous oxide in to the riversD. there is no nitrogen in fertilizer2. Which of the following is NOT the

38、source of nitrogen?A. Fertilizer use.B Sewage discharges.C. Fossil fuel combustion.D. Climate change.3. Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas because.A. it can protect us from the sun s harmful ultraviolet radiationB. it is to blame for most of human-induced climate changeC. it is a far more co

39、mmon greenhouse gasD. it has much more warming potential than carbon dioxide4. What does the passage mainly tells us?A. Rivers may be a source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide.B It s human activities that release nitrogen into the environment.C. How to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from river ne

40、tworksD What to do with the climate change caused by nitrous oxide.5The Maldives faces the threat of extinction from rising sea levels, but the government said on Thursday it was looking to the future with plans to build homes and a golf course that float.An increase in sea levels of just 18 to 59 c

41、entimeters would make the Maldivesa nation of tiny coral islands in the Indian Ocean-virtually uninhabitable by 2100, the UN s climate change panel has warned.President Mohamed Nasheed has vowed a fight for survival, and last month he signed a deal with a Dutch company to study proposals for a float

42、ing structure that could support a conference centre, homes and an 18-hole golf course.“It is still early stages and we are awaiting a report on the practicality, “ a government official who declined to be named said.The company, Dutch Docklands, is currently building floating developments in the Ne

43、therlands and Dubai. There was no immediate comment from the firm but its website said it undertook projects that make u land from water by providing large-scale floating constructions to create similar conditions as on land 0 .The Maldives began to work on an artificial island known as the Huihumal

44、e near the crowded capital island of Male in 1997 and more than 30, 000 people have been settled there to ease congestion. The city, which has a population of 100,000, is already protected from rising sea levels by a30-mi 1 lion-dollar sea wall, and the government is considering increasingly imagina

45、tive ways to combat climate change.Nasheed, who staged the world? s first underwater cabinet meeting in October to highlight his people? s serious and difficult situation, has even spoken of buying land elsewhere in the world to enable Maldivians to relocate if their homes are completed covered.He h

46、as also promised to turn his nation into a model for the rest of the world by becoming ucarbon neutraln by 2020. His plan involves ending fossil fuel use and powering all vehicles and buildings from ,green” sources such as burning coconut husks.1. Why do you think Mohamed Nasheed chose Dutch Docklan

47、ds?A.Because it has experience in building floating structure.B. Because it has a good fame throughout the world.C.Because it charged much less than other companies.D. Because it supports building floating structures in the world.2. The Hulhumale was built with the purpose of.A. attracting more visi

48、torsB. making it a new capitalC. making the capital less crowdedD. fighting against climate change3. According to the last two paragraphs, Nasheed is a person who.A. has succeeded in buying land abroadB. is more than well-knownC. has thought more for his nationD. has stopped using fossil fuel4. The

49、underlined word “vowed“ in paragraph 3 can be replaced by.A. endedB. promisedC. failedD. weighed6PLAYA GRANDE, COSTA RICA? This resort town was long known for Leatherback Sea Turtle （棱皮龜）national Park, nightly turtle beach tours and even a sea turtle museum. However, on a beach where dozens of turtl

50、es used to nest on a given night, scientists spied only 32 leatherbacks all of last year.With leatherbacks threatened with extinction （滅絕），Playa Grande1 s turtle museum was abandoned three years ago and now sits among a sea of weeds. And the beachside ticket office for turtle tours was washed away b

51、y a high tide in September. We do not promote that as a turtle tourism destination any more because we realize there are far too few turtles to please, said Alvaro Fonseca, a park ranger （管理員）.Even before scientists found temperatures going up over the past decade, sea turtles were threatened by bea

52、ch development, drift net fishing andCosta Ricans interest in eating turtle eggs. But climate change may cause the most serious harm to an animal that has lived in the Pacific for 150 million years.Sea turtles are sensitive to numerous effects of warming. They feed on reefs, which are dying in hotte

53、r seas. They lay eggs on beaches that are being covered by rising seas and more violent waves.More uniquely their gender （性別）is determined, not by genes but by the egg s temperature during development. Small rises in beach temperatures can result in ail-female populations, obviously problematic for

54、survival. If the sand around the eggs hits 30 degrees Celsius, the gender balance shits to females： at about 32 degrees they are all female. Above 34, you get boiled eggs.On some nesting beaches, scientists are artificially cooling nests with shade or irrigation and trying to protect broader areas o

55、f coastal property from development to ensure that turtles have a place to nest as the seas rise.5. Why does the resort town stop promoting it s turtle tourism?A. It decides not to disturb the turtles normal life.B. Tourists have lost interest in watching turtles.C. There are only very few turtles n

56、ow.D. The turtle museum was destroyed by a high tide.6. Which of the following is the major factor in the turtles endangerment?A. The locals eating habit.B. Drift net fishing.C. Beach development.D. Global warming.A. We learn from the last paragraph that scientistsA. are doing research on the sea ri

57、seB. are moving turtles to new homesC. are protecting turtles? nestsD. are getting rid of sea weeds8. The passage intends toA. introduce a special kind of sea turtleB. explain the mystery of turtles eggsC. show the dangers a certain kind of turtle is facingD. attract more visitors to a sea turtle mu

58、seumSometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. For example, to absorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flat, black surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs of buildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already, in the form of asphalt （柏油） roads?Ten years ago, this thought came into the mind of Arian de Bondt, a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. The result is that their building is now heated