英語(yǔ)廣告中的語(yǔ)言特征分析畢業(yè)論文

1、 .英語(yǔ)廣告中的語(yǔ)言特征分析AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FEATURESIN ENGLISH ADVERTISEMENTS容摘要本文旨在通過(guò)對(duì)書(shū)面英語(yǔ)廣告的語(yǔ)言分析總結(jié)出廣告英語(yǔ)在詞匯句法篇章上的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)。為了使研究從數(shù)據(jù)出發(fā)得出科學(xué)結(jié)論，本文作者建立了一個(gè)擁有60篇各類(lèi)廣告的小型語(yǔ)料庫(kù)。通過(guò)對(duì)此語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中日用品廣告科技設(shè)備廣告服務(wù)業(yè)廣告的深入細(xì)致的定量和定性分析，總結(jié)出廣告英語(yǔ)在此三類(lèi)廣告中的一樣點(diǎn)與不同點(diǎn)，并且根據(jù)語(yǔ)言的意義，風(fēng)格與功能解釋廣告英語(yǔ)的共性以與廣告英語(yǔ)在不同類(lèi)型廣告中的特殊性。本文共分五個(gè)部分，第一部分和第五部分分別為介紹與總結(jié)，中間三個(gè)部分為本文核心，分別

2、展開(kāi)廣告英語(yǔ)在詞匯句法篇章三個(gè)層面的分析。本文的結(jié)論均來(lái)自于對(duì)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的分析。整個(gè)研究從數(shù)據(jù)出發(fā)，由數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)，由此進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言學(xué)上的分析與概括。關(guān)健詞廣告英語(yǔ)；詞匯；句法；篇章；一樣點(diǎn)；不同點(diǎn)AbstractThis paper presents an analytical study of the language features of English advertisements at lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. In order to conduct a data-driven study, the author builds a cor

3、pus of 60 English advertisements. It is hoped that through the detailed survey of three types of advertisements: namely, daily consumer goods ads, technical equipment ads, service ads, similarities and differences in advertising language features can be summarized and possible reasons will be given

4、in the light of the meaning, and function of language.This paper will be presented in five parts. The first part is the introduction and the last conclusion. The focus of the paper is laid on the three middle parts which respectively analyze language features at lexical, syntactic and discourse leve

5、ls. The conclusion of this paper is drawn from the data analysis. In the analysis, examples from the corpus will be given; figures, tables and graphs will also be offered to make the paper understandable and persuasive.Key wordsEnglish Advertisements； Lexical； Syntactic；Discourse；Similarities；Differ

6、ences 1. Introduction1.1 Rationale of the study We live in a world of advertising. As potential consumers, we are endlessly bombarded with all kinds of product or service information from various media including newspapers, magazines, television, radio, posters and Internet, etc. Advertising provide

7、s a valuable service to society and its members, because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products, services, and institutions. It indicates the difference that exists between brands of products and alternative services, as well as the distinguishing characteristics of companies

8、and institutions. Advertising also tells the consumer what a specific product, brand or service should do when it is used and thus helps him or her to understand and evaluate experience with the products and services that he or she uses. On the other hand, by making people aware of products, service

9、 and ideas, advertising promotes sales and profits. Finally, advertising is one of the major forces that are helping improve the standard of living around the world. Combined with all these communicational, marketing and social functions. Advertising becomes indispensable in the modern world.Natural

10、ly, advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating ideas, demonstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own. The present study attempts to examine these features at the lexical, syntactic and discourse levels, in the hope of bringing them to light and, thereby, off

11、ering help to advertisement writers and language learners.1.2 Definition of advertising According to the Definition Committee of American Marketing Association , advertising is defined as follows: Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in

12、nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.1.3 Focus of the present study Usually, advertising communicates information in three types: audio, visual, and language. It is a more common case that an advertisement is a mixture of the three. In radio adver

13、tisements, music is always accompanied by language; on TV and motion pictures, music and language illustration are mixed with each other. In magazines and newspapers, advertisements are a combination of pictures and language of written information. Although music and pictures can provide some hints,

14、 or create a kind of atmosphere, the information about the product is limited. Even worse, it may lead to misunderstanding. Thus, we may say that language in a way provides more exact, detailed and dependable information whereas music and pictures only act as a supplementary means in advertising. Ad

15、vertising language, playing a role of communication and persuasion, has developed its own features. This paper will focus on the language features of English advertisements at lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. It is hoped, by a contrastive study of advertisements on three types of products (d

16、aily consumer goods, technical equipment and service), similarities and differences of the three types of advertisements will be summarized and possible reasons will be given in the light of the meaning, and function of language.1.4 Sources of data All the advertisements studied in this paper are ta

17、ken from English magazines. They are chosen from Time, People and Newsweek (issues from 1999-2000), because these three magazines have a huge circulation, covering all kinds of audience. Almost all kinds of advertisements can be found in these magazines. In order to get valuable information for the

18、study, a corpus of 60 advertisements was built, which consists of 20 daily consumer goods ads, 20 technical equipment ads, and 20 service ads. Conclusions will be drawn through quantitative and qualitative studies of the data.2 Lexical Features 2.1 Classification of advertising and its audience Gene

19、rally speaking, advertisements can be divided into two types: public relation ads and commercial ads. The former tries to advocate reputation for a social group, whose purpose is to leave a favorable impression upon the potential audience. The latter leads to the act of purchasing the products or us

20、ing the recommended service. Commercial ads are much more presented through mass media for the reason that manufacturers and companies are willing to spend a large sum of money to make a certain product known or to boost the image of a certain brand. In some cases, competitors, like Coca-cola and Pe

21、rpsi, even spare no expense to launch advertising campaigns to win over the market share. Commercial advertising can also be divided according to the target audience into two groups: consumer advertising and business advertising. Most of the ads in the mass media are consumer advertisements. They ar

22、e typically directed at consumers. By contrast, business advertising tends to be concentrated in specialized business publications, professional journals, trade shows targeting at a certain group of people involved in some business. Since consumer advertising is most accessible to common people, the

23、 present study on will focus on consumer advertising. The classification of advertising is clearly shown in the following graph:Graph 1 Classification of advertisements The bold parts show the scope of advertisements we study. Daily consumer goods are necessities of daily life, such as food, deterge

24、nt, hygiene, etc. Technical equipment is technical toys and electric equipment such as camera, vehicle, hi-fi, etc. Service covers bank, insurance, fund, etc.Actually, advertising works effectively some of the time and doesnt work other times. The single crucial reason that advertising does not work

25、 is that in specific instances the information it conveys never reaches the consumer at all, or is judged by the consumer to be either redundant, meaningless, or irrelevant. For example, a motorbike advertisement will probably be invisible to housewives on the lookout for new cutlery. Social status

26、and individual interest decide that consumer goods ads are mainly targeting at women while technical equipment ads are largely aiming at men. The amount of shared knowledge between the advertiser and the audience together with the thinking habit of the audience directly influences the advertising la

27、nguage. Since products and audience change in every advertisement in order to achieve high advertising effectiveness, language used differs in different types of advertisements. Thus, in this paper we discuss not only the similarities of language shared by all types of advertisements but also differ

28、ences of language used in different kinds of advertisements.2.2 Similarities at the lexical level In order to make the information accessible to audience effectively, the choice of words in advertising is very cautious and skillful. The aim of the advertiser is quite specific. He wishes to capture t

29、he attention of the members of a mass audience and by means of impressive words to persuade them to buy a product or behave in a particular way, such as going to Hawaii for all their holiday needs. Both linguistic and psychological aspects are taken into consideration in the choice of words. Sharing

30、 the same purpose of advertisingto familiarize or remind consumers of the benefits of particular products in the hope of increasing sales, the techniques used at the lexical level by advertisers do not vary markedly. The following points are some prominent similarities.2.2.1 Few verbs are used G. N.

31、 Leech, English linguist, lists 20 most used verbs in his English In Advertising: Linguistic study of Advertising In Great Britain (方薇, 1997:20). They are: make, get, give, have, see, buy, come, go, know, keep, look, need, love, use, feel, like, choose, take, start, taste.All these verbs listed abov

32、e are also popular in the corpus we built. You will often read such sentences in an advertisement: Buy x. Use it. We make X will give you what you need. Youll love x. Get x. Fox example: Well make this quick. (Hertz Car Return) Get great coverage thats so weightless and water-fresh. (ALMAY) All you

33、need is a taste for adventure. (Millstone Coffee) Youll love it even more with the 2.1 megapixel C-2000 ZOOM. (Olympus Camera) Dont have much of a personality? Buy one. (Honda Motor) All these frequently used verbs are monosyllabic and most of them have Anglo-Saxon origin that is the common core of

34、English vocabulary. Linguistic study shows English native speakers tend to use words of Anglo-Saxon origin, because native words have comparably stable meaning. In advertising, these simple words can win the consumers by their exact, effective expression and a kind of closeness. Etymological studies

35、 show that the 20 verbs listed before, except use and taste which are from ancient French, all are Anglo-Saxon origin. Even the two words, use and taste have long become indispensable lexical items in the stock of common core vocabulary of the English people, developing their stable meaning and usag

36、e. 2.2.2 Use of emotive words A close scrutiny of recent advertisements suggests that the soft-sell technique is now popular. By soft-sell technique we mean the one that favors a more emotive and less directive approach to promote a product, mainly focusing on the building of brand image. As a resul

37、t, emotive words, most of which are pleasant adjectives, are greatly encouraged to use.Data from the corpus shows that the most frequently used adjectives are as follows: new, good/better/best, fresh, free, delicious, sure, full, clean, wonderful, special, crisp, real, fine, great, safe, and rich. T

38、hese adjectives help to build a pleasant picture in readers minds and manage to create a belief in the potential consumer: If I buy this product or if I choose this service, I will lead a better life. In addition, comparatives and superlatives occur to highlight the advantage of a certain product or

39、 service. For example:Nothing comes closer to home. (Vegetable and Chicken Pasta Bake) Think Lysol is the best disinfecting spray. (Disinfecting Spray) The worlds coolest CDs arent made in New York, London or L.A.They are made in my apartment. (Philips CD Recorder) The Compaq Armada family is lighte

40、r, with new rounded edges for easier packing. (Compaq) 2.2.3 Make pun and alliteration Pun is an amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings which is called Polysemy or of words with the same sound but different meanings which is called Homonymy. Pun, the game of words, will leave a deep i

41、mpression on readers by its readability, wit, and humor. However, to make a successful and impressive pun is not easy. Except for its own meaning, the word used as a pun is usually closely related to the characteristics of a certain product or the brand name of the product. Such coincidence doesnt o

42、ccur often. Here we present several classic pun- used advertisements. For example: Give your hair a touch of spring. Ask for more. (More is a famous brand of cigarette) Give your business the sharp edge. (Sharp Corporation) By using pun, advertisements will be easily remembered by the readers. In ad

43、dition, filled with wit and humor, puns help the advertised product win favor from readers.Alliteration is the use of words that begin with the same sound in order to make a special communicative effect. Usually they are pleasing to ears because of the clever choice of the word by the advertiser. In

44、 addition, the repetition of the beginning sound emphasizes the meaning the advertisement wants to express. The following are examples picked from the corpus., everything you need for that big bargain basement special. , and vitamin E to leave skin soft and smooth. Treat your weary ghosts and goblin

45、s to a warm bowl of chill and 2.2.4 Use of weasel words A weasel word is defined as “a word used in order to evade or retreat from a direct or forthright statement or position” according to Webster Dictionary (Philip Babcock Gove, 1976). The use of weasel words has become a device in advertising. We

46、asel words make people hear things that arent being said, accept as truth that have only been implied, and believe things that have only been implied and suggested. Lets take a look under a strong light at several frequently used words. Help Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail helps maintain urinar

47、y tract health. It helps control the bacteria in this system. A breakthrough way to help stop wear-out Help finance the video equipment. All the examples shown are from our corpus. 23% advertisements of all samples use the word help. These helps can be omitted because they have lost their original m

48、eaning: aid, assist. Yet, help in advertising English is never redundant. It has magic power in advertisers eyes.Help is the great qualifier; once the advertiser says it, he can say anything after it. Help qualifies everything. The audience has never heard anyone say, “This product will keep you you

49、ng,” or “This toothpaste will positively prevent cavities for all time.” Obviously, advertisers cant say anything like that, because there are not any products like that made. But by adding that one little word help, in front, they can use the strongest language possible afterwards. And the most fas

50、cinating part of it is that the readers are immune to the word. The readers literally dont hear the word help. They only knew what comes after it. That is strong language, and likely to be much more important to the readers than the little word at the front. Like Its like getting on bar free. Cleans

51、 like a white tornado. Its like taking a trip to Portugal. Like is also a qualifier, and is used in much the same way as help. But like is also a comparative element, with a very specific purpose; advertisers use like to get the audience to stop thinking about something that is bigger than or better

52、 or different from the product which are being sold. In other words, they can make the audience believe that the product is more than it is by likening it to something else. Like help, like doesnt catch much attention. However by using it, almost anything can be said and promised afterwards. 2.3 Dif

53、ferences at the lexical level 2.3.1 Gender identity in advertisements While we found quite a lot of similarities in the choice of words, we have also found some delicate differences in the choice of words in the three types of advertisements as classified before: daily consumer goods ads, technical

54、equipment ads, and service ads.Language, as a communicative tool, is not only to impart information, to communicate ideas about a product, etc., but also to convey information about the relationship between the addresser (advertisement) and the addressee (the audience). An intimate relationship betw

55、een the advertisement and the audience is always hoped to achieve. So according to different audience, language applied is different.What constitutes a female and a male identity, according to advertising? Table 1, based on the language of advertising (Torben Vestergaard & Kim Schr der, 1981:74), gi

56、ves the commodity profile of two gender-identified magazines: Women and Playboy and also provides the distribution of the different types of advertisements.Table 1 Distribution of three types of advertisements Percentage of ads Women (%) Playboy (%) DailyConsumerGoodsHygiene103Beauty181Clothes1214Fo

57、od, Detergents31-Tobacco815Beer, Spirits-25Leisure-3Technical EquipmentVehicle-27Radio, hi-fi-4Computer-7ServiceInsurance, banking2- Others191It can be seen from table 1 that the hygiene, beauty, food and detergents ads are dominant in the womens magazines while technical equipment ads prevail in me

58、ns magazines. The reason is that women are potential purchasers of daily consumer goods while men are potential purchasers of technical equipment. So advertising language tries to win its audiences by noticing audiences gender identity.In addition, since the subjects involved in advertisements vary from simple to complex, shared