測(cè)繪工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯-武漢大學(xué)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earths surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured

2、map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （測(cè)量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征【features形態(tài)、特征】；并使之按比例【in analog form】測(cè)繪成地形圖【contoured map】、平面圖【paper plan】或圖表，或形成報(bào)告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式形成三維立體數(shù)學(xué)模型存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)。）As such, the surve

3、yor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同樣的，測(cè)量員/大地測(cè)量學(xué)家處理的就是測(cè)量出的物理的和數(shù)學(xué)的特征）The accurate determination and monumentation【標(biāo)石、標(biāo)志】 of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精確確定并標(biāo)定地表點(diǎn)位便成為測(cè)量的主要任務(wù)）Though these surveys are for various

4、 purposes, still the basic operations are the same-they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. （雖然測(cè)量工作有不同目的，基本的操作卻都一樣他們包括測(cè)量和計(jì)算，或更基本地稱之為，外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys

5、, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （測(cè)量分為許多不同的類(lèi)型，如土地測(cè)量，路線測(cè)量，城市測(cè)量，建筑測(cè)量，水道測(cè)量等等，但是總的來(lái)說(shuō)，測(cè)量分為兩個(gè)主要的種類(lèi)：大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the ea

6、rth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的大地測(cè)量還是將地球當(dāng)成一個(gè)平面的平面測(cè)量【緊跟著上句】）Additionally, surveys are conducted【表現(xiàn)】 for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，測(cè)量還分為確定平面位置的

7、水平測(cè)量和確定海拔的高程測(cè)量或兩者的綜合。）Geodetic Surveying（大地測(cè)量）The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying. （考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的測(cè)量工作稱為大地測(cè)量）This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for

8、establishing control for other surveys. （這種測(cè)量適用于大范圍和長(zhǎng)距離的測(cè)量工作，用來(lái)確立基本點(diǎn)的精確位置，用以建立其他測(cè)量工作所需的控制網(wǎng)。）In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.（在大地測(cè)量中，站點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠(yuǎn)，那么這

9、種測(cè)量就比平面測(cè)量需要更精確的儀器和測(cè)量方法。）Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions. （廣泛間隔開(kāi)的永久標(biāo)石就作為計(jì)算點(diǎn)位之間距離的基礎(chǔ)）【serve當(dāng)作】These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of cons

10、istent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects.（這種永久標(biāo)石點(diǎn)被稱為大地控制點(diǎn)，為測(cè)量和繪圖工作提供可靠和一致的數(shù)據(jù)）In the past, ground-based theodolites, tapes【卷尺】, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. （過(guò)去，大地經(jīng)緯儀【DJ大地經(jīng)緯儀的中文縮寫(xiě)】、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測(cè)量的野外工作初時(shí)【primary】的工具。）Today, the technologi

11、cal expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost. （現(xiàn)在，GPS技術(shù)的發(fā)展【expansion擴(kuò)充、膨脹】使大地測(cè)量工作花費(fèi)非常小的代價(jià)【a fraction of一小部分】就能獲得極為精確的結(jié)果成為可能。）A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and

12、 execution of geodetic surveys.（大地測(cè)量工作計(jì)劃的編制【planning】和實(shí)施【execution】，【proper恰當(dāng)?shù)模g時(shí)略掉】，絕對(duì)需要【absolute prerequisite】對(duì)大地測(cè)量學(xué)知識(shí)有全面的掌握?！続 thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一個(gè)徹底的知識(shí)大地測(cè)量學(xué)的原理的，是絕對(duì)需要的?！浚㊣n Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a sphe

13、roid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. （在大地測(cè)量中，地球的形狀被看成一個(gè)橢球體，雖然在技術(shù)角度來(lái)看，它不是真正的橢球。）Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近測(cè)量距離并不是沿著直線或平面進(jìn)行，而是在一個(gè)曲面上。)Hence, in the computat

14、ion of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earths minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed. （因此，在大地測(cè)量距離的計(jì)算中，參考橢球的長(zhǎng)軸與短軸所帶來(lái)的誤差就顯示【develop顯示出來(lái)】出來(lái)。）The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. （每個(gè)大地站點(diǎn)的位置都與這個(gè)橢球有關(guān)）The positions

15、are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.（這個(gè)位置是用緯度（與赤道面所成的角）和經(jīng)度（與初子午線所成的角）或用在直角坐標(biāo)系中的北距和東距來(lái)表示。）A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the

16、 surface and gravity field of a country. （大地測(cè)量為建立國(guó)家范圍內(nèi)的重力場(chǎng)和確定地表架構(gòu)提供【establishes建立】基礎(chǔ)）This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks.（這將由測(cè)定布設(shè)在大地網(wǎng)和重力網(wǎng)中數(shù)量十分巨大的控制點(diǎn)，所得到的坐標(biāo)和重力值來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)）In this fundamental work,

17、curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.（在這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作中，地球的曲率和重力場(chǎng)都應(yīng)被考慮。）Plane Surveying（平面測(cè)量）The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called

18、plane surveying.（這種類(lèi)型的測(cè)量把地球平均的表面視作平面，或認(rèn)為地球曲率帶來(lái)的誤差可以忽略不計(jì)，這樣的測(cè)量工作稱為平面測(cè)量significant重大的，不翻譯也行）The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent.（這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)曾指涉及的距離及范圍非常有限的測(cè)量工作【extent范圍】）With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is co

19、nsidered mathematically straight, the direction of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey, and all angles are considered to be plane angles.（由于被當(dāng)成了水平距離和方向，水平線被當(dāng)成直線【省略掉mathematically】，在這個(gè)有限范圍內(nèi)所有點(diǎn)上的鉛垂線方向被認(rèn)為是相同的，所有的角被認(rèn)為都是平面角。）To make computations in pl

20、ane surveying, you will use formulas of plane trigonometry, algebra, and analytical geometry. （在平面測(cè)量的計(jì)算中，你可以使用平面三角、代數(shù)、和平面解析幾何的公式）For small areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases

21、in size. （小范圍內(nèi)，平面測(cè)量方法可以獲得精確的結(jié)果，但是隨著范圍的擴(kuò)大，精度和準(zhǔn)確度將隨之下降）For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earths surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is

22、only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earths surface having an area of 100km2 . （例如，地球表面一條18.5km長(zhǎng)的弧只比其所對(duì)的【subtend與相對(duì)】弦長(zhǎng)7mm，【further進(jìn)一步，可以省略】，在一個(gè)面積為100平方公里的平面三角形中的內(nèi)角和與對(duì)應(yīng)球面三角形中的內(nèi)角和之差只有0.51秒）It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys

23、 of large areas.（只有在大面積的精密測(cè)量工作中地球曲率才必需被考慮【appreciated重視】。）A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.（多數(shù)的測(cè)量工作都是屬于平面測(cè)量類(lèi)型）Surveys for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, and in general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys, as a

24、re the surveys made to establish boundaries, except state and national. （【特定】區(qū)域測(cè)量、公路【highway是干道的意思，speedway、freeway才是高速公路】建設(shè)、鐵路、溝渠等，總的來(lái)說(shuō)與人們工作密切相關(guān)的測(cè)量工作都是平面測(cè)量，不包括州界和國(guó)界測(cè)量在內(nèi)的邊界測(cè)量也同屬平面測(cè)量）However, with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and other scientific projects, surveyors who restr

25、ict their practice to plane surveying are severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged.（然而，隨著工程和其他科學(xué)項(xiàng)目越來(lái)越大越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，在限定【restrict約束】于從事平面測(cè)量工作的測(cè)量員在他們可以從事的測(cè)量類(lèi)型上受到嚴(yán)格【severely嚴(yán)格的】限制?！厩懊嬷v多數(shù)測(cè)量工作為平面測(cè)量，這里就轉(zhuǎn)折的說(shuō)從事平面測(cè)量的人員能進(jìn)行的工作越來(lái)越少】）The operation of determining elevation usually is consider

26、ed a division of plane surveying. （我們通常把高程的測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量分開(kāi)來(lái)。）Elevations are referred to the geoid.（高程參考的是大地水準(zhǔn)面?！净蛘哒f(shuō)高程是相對(duì)于大地水準(zhǔn)面而言的】）The geoid is theoretical only.（大地水準(zhǔn)面只是在理論上存在）It is the natural extension of the mean sea level surface under the landmass. （它是平均海平面在大陸下的自然延伸?！舅瞧骄Ｆ矫媛哟┻^(guò)大陸而成的】）We could illust

27、rate this idea by digging an imaginary trench across the country linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.（我們可以通過(guò)挖掘一個(gè)的想象中的連通大西洋和太平洋溝渠【trench】來(lái)闡明【illustrate】這個(gè)概念。） If we allowed the trench to fill with seawater, the surface of the water in the trench would represent he geoid. （如果我們?cè)试S這條溝渠注滿海水，溝渠里的水面就代表

28、大地水準(zhǔn)面。）So for all intents and purposes, the geoid is the same as mean sea level. （因此，從所有的目的和用途出發(fā)，【直譯：由于（為了？）所有的計(jì)劃和目標(biāo)】大地水準(zhǔn)面與平均海平面是一樣的。）【for引導(dǎo)原因】Mean sea level is the average level of the ocean surface halfway between the highest and lowest levels recorded. （平均海平面是海水表面高度的記錄值的平均值?！局弊g：平均海平面是指海水面的最高和最低記錄

29、之間紀(jì)錄值的平均值?！浚￤e use mean sea level as a datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum plane upon which we can reference or describe the heights of features on, above or below the ground. （我們用平均海平面作為一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)，或不常用地和不準(zhǔn)確地，當(dāng)作一個(gè)基準(zhǔn)面【datum plane】，通過(guò)它我們可以參考和描述地上、地表、地下的情況。）Imagine a true plane tangent to the surfac

30、e of mean sea level at a given point. （想象一個(gè)真正的平面與平均海平面在一個(gè)特定【given特定的、指定的】點(diǎn)上相切【tangent正切的、相切的】。）At horizontal distances of 1km from the point of tangency, the vertical distances(or elevations) of the plane above the surface represented by mean sea level are 7.8cm.（在離切點(diǎn)1km的地方，這個(gè)平面高于平均海平面的垂直距離為7.8cm。【r

31、epresent by通過(guò)描述】）Obviously, curvature of the earths surface is a factor that cannot be neglected in obtaining even rough values of elevations. （很明顯，即使在獲取粗略的高程值的時(shí)候，地球表面曲率也是一個(gè)不可忽略的因素。）The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as【像這樣、例如】 balancing backsight and foresight distance in differ

32、ential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.（常規(guī)的測(cè)高程的程序是，例如，在微差水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量【differential leveling】中平衡前后視距【使前后視距相等】，地

33、球曲率和大氣折光影響將被自動(dòng)考慮和低償【compensate】，不必經(jīng)測(cè)量者額外改正【effort努力】，至參考曲面的高程就是可靠的了。）There is close cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveying.（大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量關(guān)系密切。）The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to those who measure the

34、 earth. （大地測(cè)量采用通過(guò)測(cè)量地球得到的參數(shù)，而其計(jì)算結(jié)果又可以被測(cè)量地球【確定地球參數(shù)】的工作所利用【available可利用的】）The plane surveys, in turn, are generally tied to the control points of the geodetic surveys and serve particularly in the development of national map series and in the formation of real estate cadastres.（接下來(lái)【in turn】，平面測(cè)量，一般依賴于大

35、地測(cè)量建立的控制點(diǎn)，在國(guó)家地圖系列【國(guó)家地圖集】的發(fā)展和在房地產(chǎn)地籍【real estate cadastre】信息領(lǐng)域提供特別服務(wù)。）Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距離測(cè)量）One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance.（測(cè)量工作的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)【fundamental基本原則，同時(shí)有基礎(chǔ)的意思】是距離測(cè)量）Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth.（距

36、離不一定指的是直線的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距離）In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. （這里【In this subject翻譯成這里】，我們所涉及的是歐幾里德空間，我們可以認(rèn)為一條從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)或一個(gè)特征到另一個(gè)特征的線是直線。）Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertic

37、al. （兩點(diǎn)之間的距離可以是平距、斜距、或者是垂距。）Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. （根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果的精度【quality質(zhì)量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多種測(cè)量方法）If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb

38、 lines at the points. （如果這些點(diǎn)在不同高程上，那么平距指的是過(guò)點(diǎn)的垂線【plumb lines】之間的水平長(zhǎng)度。）Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies:（這里給出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的相關(guān)【relevant相關(guān)的】技術(shù)的摘要【summary摘要】和它們各自的【respective各自的】精度）Pacing and Odometer（步測(cè)和自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀）Pacing is a very useful form of measurement though it i

39、s not precise, especially when surveyors are looking for survey marks in the field.（雖然不精確，但步測(cè)是一個(gè)非常有用的測(cè)量方法【form of measurement】，尤其是測(cè)量者在野外尋找測(cè)量標(biāo)志時(shí)。）Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/1001/500 when performed on horizontal land, while the accuracy of pacing cant be relied upon when pacing

40、up or down steep hills.（當(dāng)在水平場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行時(shí)，步測(cè)可以達(dá)到1/100到1/500的相對(duì)精度，而當(dāng)?shù)孛嫫鸱^大時(shí)，這樣的精度就不能保證了。）The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number of revolutions of a wheel.（自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的裝置，可以附屬于【be attached to附屬于】車(chē)輛之上并直接記錄【register記錄v.】輪子的旋轉(zhuǎn)周數(shù)。）With the circumferenc

41、e of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed. （由于知道了輪子的周長(zhǎng)【circumference of the wheel輪周】，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)【revolution這里有轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)的意思】和距離之間的關(guān)系就確定下來(lái)【fix確定】。）Ordinary Taping and Precise Taping（普通尺距測(cè)量和精密尺距測(cè)量）Taping is a very common technique for measuring horizontal distance between two points.

42、（尺距測(cè)量是測(cè)量?jī)牲c(diǎn)之間平距的非常普遍的方法。）Ordinary taping refers to the very common tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapes or poly tapes.（普通尺距測(cè)量使用【refers to引用】的是我們可以在商店里買(mǎi)到的非常普遍的的尺子，例如塑膠尺或滌綸尺。）Such tapes have low precision in distance measurements with about 1/30001/5000.（這種尺的精度低，測(cè)距精度只有1/3000到

43、1/5000）The precise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expensive than the plastic tape and have higher precision of 1/100001/30000.（精密尺距測(cè)量使用的是比塑膠尺貴的多的鋼尺，并具有更高的精度1/10000到1/30000）Invar tapes are composed 35% nickel and 65% steel.（因瓦尺是由35的鎳和65的鋼組成）This alloy has a very low coeffici

44、ent of thermal expansion, making the tapes useful in precise distance measurement. （這種合金具有非常低的熱膨脹【thermal expansion】系數(shù)【coefficient】，使得這種尺利于精密距離測(cè)量）Many tapes are now graduated with foot units on one side and metric units on the reverse side.（現(xiàn)在許多尺上都在正面標(biāo)刻【graduate標(biāo)刻、刻】了英尺計(jì)量單位，而在反面標(biāo)刻了米制計(jì)量單位）Metric unit

45、s are in meters, centimeter and minimeter with the total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.（米制計(jì)量單位是米，厘米和毫米，尺的總長(zhǎng)為20m、30m、50m或100m）If we want to measure the horizontal distance between the two points A and B, we can do like this: （如果我們想測(cè)量A點(diǎn)和B點(diǎn)之間的平距，我們可以這樣來(lái)做：）With zero of the tape to the higher poin

46、t B and tape going along the point A, we can measure the horizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A.（將尺的0刻度對(duì)準(zhǔn)較高點(diǎn)B點(diǎn)，尺沿向A點(diǎn)，我們可以利用在A點(diǎn)的鉛垂【plumb bob】垂線【pump line 應(yīng)為plumb line垂線】測(cè)出平距）To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pu

47、mp line and we will find the changes of reading in the tape.（為了確定準(zhǔn)確的水平線，我們應(yīng)沿垂線方向上下移動(dòng)尺子，我們?cè)诔呱蠈⒌玫讲煌牡淖x數(shù)【changes of reading讀數(shù)的變化】）The shortest reading of the tape is the horizontal distance.（尺子最小的讀數(shù)就是平距）If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several

48、 segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together.（如果距離比尺長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)，那么【then】我們可以將其分成幾段【segment】，把每段長(zhǎng)加起來(lái)獲得總長(zhǎng)。）Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zero of the tape begins.（由于不同的尺有不同的0刻度，判斷尺的0刻度在哪兒十分重要。）Tacheometry and Stad

49、ia （視距測(cè)量和視距儀）Tacheometry is an optical solution to the measurement of distance.（視距測(cè)量是一個(gè)光學(xué)【optical】測(cè)距方法）The word is derived from the Greek Tacns, meaning “swift”, and metrot, meaning “a measure”.（這個(gè)詞源自于【is derived from源自于】希臘語(yǔ)的Tacns，意思是“迅速的”，和metrot【同樣是希臘語(yǔ)】，意思是“方法”。）Tacheometry involves the measuremen

50、t of a related distance parameter【參數(shù)】 either by means of a fixed-angle intercept.（視距測(cè)量包括一個(gè)相關(guān)距離參數(shù)的測(cè)量和依靠定角截距的測(cè)量【by means of依靠】【either表示并列】）Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system. （經(jīng)緯儀視距測(cè)量就是視距儀器的一個(gè)例子）The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the

51、 line of sight of the telescope is horizontal.（將經(jīng)緯儀【is directed at被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，翻譯為將；direct at對(duì)準(zhǔn)】對(duì)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)尺【level staff】，水準(zhǔn)尺豎直，望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線【可以翻譯為視準(zhǔn)軸】水平。）By reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view and then the horizontal distance from center of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplying the s

52、tadia interval factor K by the stadia interval and plus the distance C which is from the center of instrument to principal focus, i.e. D=Ks + C.（通過(guò)望遠(yuǎn)鏡視野【view】里的上下視距絲讀數(shù)，從儀器到尺的平距可以用視距常數(shù)【stadia interval factor】K乘視距間隔【stadia interval】加上從儀器中心到主焦點(diǎn)【principal focus】的距離C 得到。也就是【i.e.拉丁文？】，D=Ks + C）Usually the

53、 nominal stadia interval factor K equals 100 which is a constant for a particular instrument as long as conditions remain unchanged, but it may be determined by observation in practice.（通常，名義上的視距常數(shù)K等于100，只要【as long as】條件保持不變，它就是個(gè)特別裝置的【particular instrument指代視距裝置】常數(shù)【constant常數(shù)】但在實(shí)踐中可以通過(guò)觀測(cè)確定）The value

54、 of C is determined by the manufacturer and stated on the inside of the instrument box.（C值由廠商決定并固定在儀器之內(nèi)）For external-focusing telescopes, under ordinary condition, C may be considered as 1 ft without error of consequence.（對(duì)于外調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通常情況下，C被認(rèn)為是1英尺而不會(huì)給結(jié)果帶來(lái)錯(cuò)誤。）Internal-focusing telescopes are so constru

55、cted that C is 0 or nearly so; this is an advantage of internal-focus telescopes for stadia work.（內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡因此被發(fā)明【construct建立、創(chuàng)立】，C為或近似為0；這是內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡在視距測(cè)量中的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。）Most instruments now used for stadia are equipped with internal-focusing telescopes.（現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)視距儀器都使用內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡）Applications of tacheometry include trave

56、rsing and leveling for the topographic surveys, location of detail surveys, leveling and field completion surveys for the topographic mapping, and hydrographic mapping.（視距測(cè)量的應(yīng)用包括地形測(cè)量【topographic survey】中的導(dǎo)線測(cè)量【traversing】和水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量【leveling】工作，細(xì)部測(cè)量【detail survey】中的定位，繪制地形圖工作中的水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量和野外完全化測(cè)量，以及水道測(cè)圖）The relat

57、ive precision is 1:1000 to 1:5000.（其相對(duì)精度為1:1000到1:5000）Stadia is a form of tacheometry that uses a telescopic cross-hair configuration to assist in determining distances.（視距儀是視距測(cè)量的一種形式，利用望遠(yuǎn)鏡的十字絲結(jié)構(gòu)幫助測(cè)距）A series of rod readings is taken with a theodolite and the resultant intervals are used to determi

58、ne distances. （一系列的標(biāo)尺讀數(shù)由經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)出，并且籍此而得到視距間隔，用來(lái)確定距離【resultant由此產(chǎn)生的】）Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) （電子測(cè)距儀）The Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) was first introduced in 1950s by the founders of Geodimeter Inc.（電子測(cè)距儀的概念是由Geodimeter【“光電測(cè)距儀”商標(biāo)名】公司的創(chuàng)始人在20世紀(jì)50年代引入的。）The advent of EDM instrument has

59、completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques.（EDM測(cè)量手段的出現(xiàn)【advent】是對(duì)所有測(cè)量手段的完全的革命【revolutionized革命化的】，導(dǎo)致【result in】了一場(chǎng)技術(shù)革命【change】和側(cè)重點(diǎn)的改變。【emphasis側(cè)重點(diǎn)】）Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.（現(xiàn)在距離可以被很容易、快速和精確的測(cè)量，而又不受地形【terrain】影響。）EDM