Section ThreeLegal English

1、Section ThreeLegal English Instructor: Lijuan WangnQuestion 1. What is legal educational system? 2. What parts is the Law concerned with? nFirst degrees in law, which may be studied at either undergraduate or graduate level depending on the country.nVocational courses, which prospective lawyers are

2、required to pass in some countries before they may enter practice.nHigher academic degrees.nIn addition to the qualifications required to become a practicing lawyer, legal education also encompasses higher degrees such as doctorates, for more advanced academic study.nLegal education in the U.S. norm

3、ally proceeds along the following route:nUndergraduate education ( usually 4 years)nLaw school (usually 3 years)nAdmission to the bar ( usually by taking a states bar exam)nLegal practicenThe professional degree granted by U.S. Law schools the Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence (J. D. ). And he

4、 or she is re usually required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an attorney at law.In the United States Law is a graduate degree, which students embark upon only after completing an undergraduate degree in some other field, (usually a bachelors degree), and is c

5、onsidered to be a graduate or professional school program. The bachelor degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelors degrees in the humanities and social sciences. American law schools usually an autonomous entity within a larger university.nPhrases translationn法學教育legal e

6、ducationn職業(yè)課程 vocational coursesn執(zhí)業(yè)律師 practicing lawyer 司法考試 bar examn學士學位 bachelors degree 法學博士 Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.)n法學碩士Master of Laws (LL.M) / Master of Jurisprudence(M.J.) nTo article 律師事務所實習nJurisdiction 司法管轄權nClerkship 法院書記員nDiploma privilege 學位特權nAttorney at law 代理律師The law is subcl

7、assified into:nConstitutionnCivil procedurenDue process of lawnCriminal LawnTort law nContract Law nProperty Law nIntellectual Property Law nCommercial law nSecurities Law nInternational Law Part 2 ConstitutionWhat is a Constitution?nA constitution is a system for governance, often codified as a wri

8、tten document, that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity.nCodified constitutionnUncodified constitutionnEntrenchmentnDistribution of sovereignty - Federal（聯(lián)邦的）： - Unitary(歸一的)： - Confederal（聯(lián)盟的）： nPhrase translationn成文憲法 codified constitution n權利法案 Bill of Rightsn非成

9、文憲法 uncodified constitution n權利分離 separation of powersn議會主權parliamentary sovereignty n聯(lián)邦憲法 federal constitutionnCanon law 教會法規(guī)nconstitutional court憲法法院nSupremacy clause憲法至上條款nNational Archives and Records Administration 國家文件與檔案局nPart 3 Civil Procedure Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out

10、 the process that courts will follow when hearing cases of a civil nature ( a civil nature, as opposed to a criminal action). n Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems including the English, allow the private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen.

11、nCriminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.nPhrase translationnService of process 送達 nStatement of case 案情陳述書nInherent jurisdiction固有管轄權nAlternative dispute resolution (ADR) 非訴訟糾紛解決機制nCivil Procedure Rules 1998 1998年

12、民事訴訟規(guī)則n首席檢察官 attorney generaln美國律師協(xié)會American Bar Associationn刑事訴訟程序 criminal proceduren最高法院 （英）High Court of JusticenPart 4 Due Process of LawnDue process of law is the principle that the government must respect all of a persons legal rights, instead of just some or most of those legal rights, when

13、the government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property.Text in the United States Constitution# The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution reads: No person shall be. Deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of las.“# The fourteenth Amendment to the United States

14、Constitution reads: No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process, of law.nPhrase translationn正當程序條款due process clause n自然公正natural justicen程序正義process justice n社團法人corporate personhoodn實體性正當程序substantive due processnPart 5 Criminal LawnThe term criminal law, s

15、ometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply.nFive objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by punishme

16、nts: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution.nJurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each.n# Retribution （報應）- Criminals ought to suffer in some way.n# Deterrence（威懾） - Individual deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim is to impose a suff

17、icient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior.n# Incapacitation （剝奪）- Designed simply to keep criminals away from society so that the public is protected from their misconduct.n# Rehabilitation （改造）- Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society.n# Restitution

18、（賠償） - This is victim-oriented theory of punishment. The goal is to repair, through state authority, any hurt inflicted on the victim by the offender.nPhrase TranslationnCriminal sanctions 刑事制裁 ncross examination交叉詢問nCapital punishment 死刑 ncivil infraction 民事侵害nHouse arrest監(jiān)視居?。ㄜ浗﹏The Law of the Tw

19、elve Tables十二銅表法nBabylonian law巴比倫法 nCode of Ur-Nammu 烏爾納姆法典nCode of Hammurabi法莫拉比法典 Phrase Translation corporal punishment肉刑，體罰 indictment控告 incarcerate 監(jiān)禁 confinement 禁閉 execution死刑 parole 假釋 probation緩刑 breach 違背，破壞 prosecuting attorney 檢察官 Court of Appeal上訴法院nPart 6 Tort Law Tort law is the name

20、 given to a body of law that creates, and provides remedies for, civil wrongs that do not arise out of contractual duties.nPhrase translationnStrict liability 嚴格責任 n fiduciary duty信托責任nLaw of obligations 債權法 n false imprisonment 非法監(jiān)禁nTort liability 侵權責任 nreal property 不動產nMovable property動產 n puniti

21、ve damages懲罰性損害賠償nCriminal detention 刑事拘留 nanalogy in criminal law刑事類推nPart 7 Contract LawnA contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law.nPhrase translationnCulpa in contrahendo 締約過失責任 nunjust enrichment不當得

22、利nEquitable doctrine 衡平法則 n unilateral contract 單方合同nBreach of contract 違約 ncollateral contract附屬合同nInvitation to treat邀請投標人做交易 n Statute of frauds禁止欺詐法nPart 8 Property Law 財產法財產法nPhrase translationnpersonal property 個人財產 nontological 存在論的、本體論的nLand tenure土地租佃制度 nquasi-property 準物權nContractual right

23、s 合同權利 ncontributory negligence共同過失nTransfer of property 財產轉讓n right of publicity公開權nBill of review上訴狀 nclaim club權利要求俱樂部nUnited States Department of the Interior 美國內政部nPart 9 Intellectual Property Law 知識產權法知識產權法nIntellectual property (IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such a

24、s musical, literary, and artistic works; inventions; and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and related rights.nPhrase translationn巡回法庭 circuit court n工業(yè)設計industrial designn無形資產intangible assets n商業(yè)秘密 trade secretn邊際成本marginal cost n保護貿易立

25、法 protectionist legislationn自由文化運動free culture movement n專有權 exclusive rightsn包羅甚廣的話（法律） catch-all n專利持有方 patent holder nPart 10 Commercial Law 商法商法 nCommercial law (business law) is the body of law which governs business and commercial transactions.nPhrase translationnBill of exchange 匯票 ncivil code民法典nSafety laws 安全法 n commercial transaction 交易 nAccident insurance 事故保險nOccupational Safety and Health Act 職業(yè)安全與健康法nPart 11 Securities Law 證券法證券法Phrase translationnSecurities regulation 證券法規(guī) nNational Association of Se