新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程戴偉棟版

1、新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程 戴偉棟版第1章 導(dǎo)言本章要點(diǎn)：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study 語言學(xué)的定義和研究范圍2. Important distinction in Linguistic 語言學(xué)的一些重要區(qū)分3. The definition and the design features of language語言的定義和識別特征4. Function of language語言的功能本章考點(diǎn)：語言學(xué)考點(diǎn)：語言學(xué)的定義，語言學(xué)中幾組重要的區(qū)別，每組兩個概念的含義、區(qū)分及其意義；普通語言學(xué)的主要分支及各自研究范疇；

2、宏觀語言及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的主要扥只及各自的研究范疇。語言的考點(diǎn)：語言的定義；語言的識別特征（任意性，能產(chǎn)性，二重性，移位性，文化傳遞性）；語言的功能1,The definition of linguistics語言的定義：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure

3、)2.The scope of linguistics語言學(xué)的范圍A： micro-linguistics Phonetics（語音學(xué)）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication. Phonology（音系學(xué)）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(語音分布和排列的規(guī)則及音節(jié)的形式) Morphology（形態(tài)學(xué)）: the study of the way in which the symbo

4、ls are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax（句法學(xué)）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language. Semantics（語義學(xué)）: the study of meaning. Pragmatics（語用學(xué)）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use.B： macro-linguistics Socioli

5、nguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch. Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology. Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly i

6、t is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描寫式與規(guī)定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the la

7、nguage people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共時性和歷時性Synchronic: the descr

8、iption of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言語和文學(xué) These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 語言與言語(Saussure 索緖爾) Langue: refers to the abstr

9、act linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community. Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use. E: Competence vs performance 語言能力和語言應(yīng)用(Chomsky喬姆斯基) Competence: refers to a users underlying knowledge about the system of the rules. Performance: refers to the act

10、ual use in concrete situations. 喬姆斯基和索緒爾的區(qū)別：索緒爾采用的是社會學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，他的語言觀念是社會慣例性的。喬姆斯基從心理學(xué)角度看待語言，對他而言，語言能力是每個個體的大腦特征。E: Traditional Grammar vs modern linguistics 傳統(tǒng)語法與現(xiàn)代語言學(xué) Saussure的Course in General Linguistics標(biāo)志著現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的開端。 區(qū)別：a: 語言學(xué)是descriptive, 傳統(tǒng)的語法是prescriptive.b: 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)認(rèn)為口頭語是基本的，而不是書面語。c: 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)并不強(qiáng)迫進(jìn)入一個拉丁語

11、為基礎(chǔ)的框架。4. The definition of language 語言的定義 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.5.The design features of language 語言的識別特征 The design features of human language can be called design features which distinguish it from animal language system. A：Arbitrariness 任意性

12、There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. B： Productivity能產(chǎn)性 It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. C： D

13、uality二重性 Two levels: At the lower or the basic level is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. At higher level, the sounds of language can be regrouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning.D： Displacement 移位性 Language can be used to refer to things which are pr

14、esent or not present, real or imainged matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.E： Cultural transmission 文化傳遞 Language is culturally transmitted. F： Interchangeability 互換性 Refers to man can both produce or receive the massages.6. Functions of language 語言的功能 A： main functions (1)

15、 Descriptive function(描述): refers to convey factual information, which can be stated or denied, and even verified. (2) Expressive function(表達(dá)): refers to emotive or attitudinal function, convey information about users feelings, preferences, prejudice, and values. (3) Social function(社會): refers to i

16、nterpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. Jakobson 將語言功能劃分六大類：emotive, conative(意動), referential(指向), poetic(娛樂), phatic communication(寒暄), and matalinguistic(元語言). B：macrofunctions (1) Ideational(概念): It is to organize the speakers or writers experienc

17、e of the real or imaginary world. (2)Interpersonal(人際): It is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people. (3) Textual: It is to organize the written or spoken texts in a coherent manner, and fit the particular situation in which they are used.注意知識點(diǎn)：1.Onomatopoeic words(擬

18、聲詞) can NOT show arbitrary nature of language.(擬聲詞并不能表示語言的任意性，有些擬聲詞和所表達(dá)的事物是有聯(lián)系的。)2.聾啞人所使用的語言也是語言。3. 語言的改變并不是任意的，而是遵循社會規(guī)律的。4.語言是在人類出現(xiàn)一段時間后出現(xiàn)的。第2章 音位學(xué)本章要點(diǎn)：1. Speech organs 發(fā)音器官2. Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels 輔音和元音的區(qū)別、分類及描寫規(guī)則3. Phonemes and al

19、lophones 音位和音位變體4. Phonological rule and distinctive features 音系規(guī)則和區(qū)別特征5. Syllable structure, stress and intonation音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)、重音和語調(diào)本章考點(diǎn)：語音學(xué)：語音學(xué)的定義；發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英語輔音的定義、發(fā)音部位、發(fā)音方法和分類；英語元音的定義和分類、基本元音；發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)；語音標(biāo)記；嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法和寬式標(biāo)音法。音系學(xué)：音系學(xué)的定義；音系學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別；音素，音位，音位變體最小對立體，自由變體的定義；自由變體；音位對立分布與互補(bǔ)分布；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué)；音

20、節(jié)；重音（詞重音，句子重音）；音高和音調(diào)。本章內(nèi)容索引：1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics語音學(xué) (1)The definition of phonetics (2)Three research fields(3)Organs of speech(4)Voiceless sounds(5)Voiced sounds(6)Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions(7)Classification of English speech

21、 sounds A: Definition B: Classification of English consonantsC: Classification of English vowels3. Phonology (1) Relationship between phonology and phonetics (2) Phone, phonme (3) Allophone (4) Some rules in phonology A: Sequential rules B: Assimilation rule C: Deletion rule (5) Supra-segmental feat

22、ures: stress, tone, intonation A: stress B: tone C: intonation1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics語音學(xué) (1)The definition of phonetics Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that occur in the world languages.(2)Three research fi

23、elds 三大研究領(lǐng)域 考點(diǎn)名詞解釋 A: Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué): the study of the production of speech sounds. B: Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué): the study of physical properties (特征)of speech sounds. C: Perceptual phonetics 感知語音學(xué): refers to the perception of speech sounds. (3)Organs of speech Vocal organs: lungs, tra

24、chea(氣管), throat, nose, and mouth. (4) Voiceless sounds 清音 The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords(聲帶).(5) Voiced sounds 濁音 The sound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords(聲帶).(6) Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptio

25、ns 語音正字表寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音 A: Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only(一般用于詞典和教學(xué)) B: Narrow transcriptions: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics(變音符號). (語言學(xué)家在語言研究中使用) IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (國際音標(biāo)) 產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)末。(7)Classification of English speech sound

26、s 語音的分類 A: Definition a: Consonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. b: Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity.B: C

27、lassification of English consonants a: in terms of the manners of articulation(發(fā)音方式): Stops(爆破音): pb td kg 6 Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ / /ð/ /s/ /z/ / / h/ /r/ 8 Affricatives(塞擦音): /t/ /d/ Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/ Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,/ Glides(滑音): /w j/ b: in terms of place of articulation(發(fā)音部位) bilabi

28、als(雙唇音): /p b m w/ labiodentals(唇齒音): /f v/ dentals(齒音): /ð/ alveolars(齒齦音): /t d n l r s/ 6 palatals(腭音): /j t d / 5 velars(軟腭音): /k g/ glottal(喉音): /h/C: Classification of English vowels a: the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back, b: the openness of the mouth: closed semi-clo

29、sed semi-open and open. c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short 3. Phonology (1) Relationship between phonology and phonetics Similarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds. Differences: Approach and Focus. Phonetics: general na

30、ture, it is interested in all human languages. Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey meanings.(2) Phone, Phoneme 考點(diǎn) Phone: It is a basic unit of phonetic study, a minimal sound segment that human speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phoneme: It

31、 is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. (3)Allophone: The different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophones.（同一個音位在不同的語音環(huán)境中的實現(xiàn)方式被稱為音位的音位變體） （1）complementary distribution:

32、 when two or more allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.(當(dāng)同一個音位的兩個或兩個以上的音位變體不區(qū)別意義，并且出現(xiàn)在不同的語音環(huán)境中，那么他們被稱作處于互補(bǔ)分布)（2）Free variation: 如果兩個音素出現(xiàn)在同一個相同的語音環(huán)境中，并不區(qū)別意義，即用一個音素去替換另一個

33、音素不產(chǎn)生新詞，僅僅產(chǎn)生同一個詞的不同讀音。那么這兩個音素就可被視為自由變體。（3）Phonemic contrast: 語音相似的音如果是區(qū)別性音位，那么可以說他們形成了一個音位對立。如“k”和“g”在cut和gut是兩個不同的音位，這兩個詞除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個音外，其余的音都一樣，因此這兩個詞就構(gòu)成了最小對立體minimal pairs。音位對立指的是能夠造成意義差別的語音差別，比如mate和late， 每一個單詞的第一個輔音都能造成音位差別，因此形成音位對立。 最小對立體就是兩個對立的音位只有一個語音特征不同，其他語音特征都相同。比如pate和bate中的p和b，都是輔音、都是爆破

34、音、都是雙唇音，但有一點(diǎn)不一樣，前者是清輔音，后者是濁輔音。相反，m和p就不能形成最小對立體，因為它們雖然都是輔音、都是唇音，但至少有兩個語音特征不同：除了清濁不同外，一個是鼻音，一個是爆破音。(4) Some rules in phonology 音位學(xué)的一些規(guī)則 A: the sequential rules There are rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, and these rules are called sequential rules. 某一特定語言的語言模式是受規(guī)則支配的，

35、這就叫做序列規(guī)則。例如：如果一個單詞的以L 開頭，那后面接的必須是元音。B: the assimilation rule 同化規(guī)則 同化指一個音具有了臨近音的一部分或者全部特征的這一過程，包括鼻化，齒化，鄂化。同化規(guī)則通過“拷貝”序列音位的一個特征來將一個音同化為另一個，從而使兩個音相似。相鄰近的同化多半是由發(fā)音或者生理過程引起的。我們說話時，傾向于增加發(fā)音的舒適度，這種懶惰的傾向可能會被規(guī)律化，作為語言的規(guī)則。例如：I: 在bean green team單詞中，I:會被鼻音化。C: deletion rule 省略規(guī)則省略規(guī)則告訴我們在什么時候省略一個語音，雖然這個音在正字法上是仍有體現(xiàn)。例

36、如：g 在單詞sign，design中是不發(fā)音的，但在完整的signature 和designation中的g是發(fā)音的。(5). supra-segmental features: stress, tone and intonation 超切分特征：重音，音調(diào)，語調(diào) A: 單詞和句子的重音，重音可以區(qū)分意義。'digest n. 摘要 di'gest v. 消化 Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. B: 音調(diào)是由聲帶vocal cord的不同震動引起的。 C: 語調(diào)涉及出現(xiàn)的升降模

37、式，每個模式都應(yīng)用于相對一致的意義。注意點(diǎn)：1. Speech is more basic than writing 的原因：A: linguistic evolution view, speech is prior to writing.B: in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing (amount of information conveyed)C: native speakers acquire their mother tongue by speech.D: spoken language r

38、eveal more true features of human speech.2. phone 與phoneme 區(qū)別A phone is phonetic unit or segment, the speech sound we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.A phoneme is not a particular sound, which is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context

39、.Allophones: clear l and dark l are allophones of the phoneme l.3.cardinal vowels 基本元音 英國音位學(xué)家 Daniel JonesChapter 5 Semantics 1. Definition 1.命名論The naming theory Proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in

40、 a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. (缺點(diǎn)：僅限于名詞)2.意念論The conceptualist view Ogden and Richards It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning the

41、y are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 3.語境論Conceptualism Its based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Here are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. 4.行為主義論Behaviorism It refers to the attemp

42、ted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. This theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. 2. Lexical meaning:Sense: it is concerned with inherent meaning of lingu

43、istic form; it is the collection of all features of linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference: it means the linguistic form refers to the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 3. Main sens

44、e relations1.同義詞Synonymy It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms. (1)Dialectal synonymssynonyms used in different regional dialects（方言）British AmericaAutum fallFlat apartment(2)Stylistic synonyms-Synonyms differing in

45、 style（文體）Old man daddy father male parent(3)Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning （情感）Collaborator VS Accomplice(4)Collocational synonyms（搭配） Accuse VS Charge （accuseof; chargewith） Rotten tomatoes VS Addled eggs(5)Semantically different synonyms（語義） Amaze VS Astound2. 多義詞P

46、olysemy It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Ball: 1, a round object used in game. 2. a large formal social event at which people dance. 3.同音(形)異義Homonymy It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings hav

47、e the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 1. Homophones 同音異義It refers to two words are identical in sound. e.g. rain/reign. 2. Homographs 同形異義It refers to two words are identical in form .e.g. tear v./tear n. 3. Complete homonyms 同形同音It refers to words tha

48、t are both identical in sound and spelling. e.g. tear v./tear n.6.上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms

49、. Superordinate: animalSubordinate: cat, dog, tiger, lion, wolf, elephant, fox, bear, 7.反義詞Antonymy Its the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. a) gradable:等級反義詞 old-youngb) complementary：互補(bǔ)反義詞 male-femalec) relational: 關(guān)系 father-son buy-sell4. Sentence sense relations:1. X

50、 is synonymous with Y （同義）Eg. He is a bachelor all his life. He never married all his life.2. X is inconsistent with Y （不一致）Eg. John is married John is a bachelor.3. X entails Y （附屬）Eg. He has been to France. He has been to Europe.4. X presuppose Y （Y是X的先決條件）Eg. Johns bike needs reparing. John has a

51、 bike.5. X is a contradiction（X是一個矛盾句）Eg. My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.6. X is semantically anomalous.（語義異常）Eg. The table has bad intensions.5. Analysis of meaning1. Componential Analysis成分分析法-分析詞匯抽象意義 Its a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This ap

52、proach is based upon the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. Eg. Man= Adult+Male+Animate+Human2. Predication Analysis述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析(由British Linguist G.Leech提出) Its a new approach for sentential meaning analysis. Predication is usually considered

53、 an important common category shared by propositions, questions, commands ect. (通過對論元argument和謂語predicate的分析，達(dá)到對句子意義進(jìn)行分析的許多模式中的一種.)3.先設(shè)前提Presupposition Its a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. 4.蘊(yùn)涵Entailment Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in w

54、hich sentence A entails sentence B. A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde.第6章pragmatics本章要點(diǎn)：1. speech act theory 言語行為的理論2. cooperative principle and its maxins 合作原則及其準(zhǔn)則3. Gricean theory of conventional implicature 格萊斯會話含義理論 本章考點(diǎn)：語用學(xué)的定義； 語義學(xué)與語用學(xué)的區(qū)別；語境與意義；言語行為理論（發(fā)話行為、行事行為和取效行為）； 合

55、作原則。實例分析言語行為、合作原則的違反和會話含義。本章內(nèi)容索引：1PragmaticsDefinitionPragmatics & semantics ContextSentence meaning vs utterance meaning2 Speech act theory Austins model of speech actsSearls classification of speech actsIndirect speech acts3 Principle of conversion Cooperative principle and its maxins Violation of the maxins4 Conversational implicature Definition Characteristics of conversational implicative Calculability Cancellability Non-detachability Non-conventionality 5 Cross-cultural pragmatics failure1PragmaticsDefinitionIt is the study of speakers of