初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)集錦

1、 .wd.初中英語(yǔ)根底知識(shí)集錦一、名 詞名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞，我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù)、名詞的格?？蓴?shù)名詞1、可用a/an修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，在元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前用an.如：a job a worker an apple an Englishman2、復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法：1一般在可數(shù)名詞后加s,如：dog-dogs2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如：watch-watches,class-classes,box-boxes3以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es,如：country-countries,注意：day-days boy-boys monkey-monke

2、ys元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞直接加s.4以o結(jié)尾的名詞，只有potato,tomato,hero,negro加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。注意：radio-radios photo-photos zoo-zoos piano-pianos5以f fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f/fe為v再加es。如：knife-knives wolf-wolves3、單復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣的詞。Sheep-sheep fish-fish chinese-chinese Japanese-japanese4、特殊變化的單詞有：1tooth-teeth foot-feet goose-geese2man-men woman-women police

3、man-policemen注意:germen(德國(guó)人)-german(3)child-children ox-oxen mouse-mice5、常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：people/police/clothes/trousers/glasses/cattle等，這些名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)特別注意他們的謂語(yǔ)，用復(fù)數(shù)。如：several hundred police were on duty.幾百個(gè)警察在執(zhí)勤。My clothes are newer than yours.我的衣服比你的新。6、有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式，實(shí)際上是單數(shù)，應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如：no news is good news.7、可用ho

4、w many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。不可數(shù)名詞1、常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞有：water rice fish meat等。特別記憶：medicine news work homework housework money chalk weather cotton wood等。2、不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常看成單數(shù)。如：some bread is over there.3、常用how mach/much/a little/a lot of/some/any/等來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞。4、常用a piece of/a cup of等

5、來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表示“兩片面包這樣的意義，bread為不可數(shù)名詞，不加s,而piece那么加s，即tow pieces of bread.注意：three boxes of apples可數(shù)名詞Three bottles of water不可數(shù)名詞例如：these two pieces of bread are over these.名詞的格1、名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法，在名詞的后加“，s,譯為的.如：tom-tom，s(湯姆的)2、假設(shè)遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，那么在s后加“，即可。如：teachers，day ,tow months，holidy(=tow-month holiday)

6、不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加“，s。如：children，s day,women，s day3、可用名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn)如：my aunt，s home我姑姑家At the tailor，s 在縫紉鋪Go to the doctor，s去醫(yī)生家4、表示兩人共同擁有，在最后一名詞后加“，s。如：luck and lily，s room露西和莉莉的房間5、掌握詞組：a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友 a girl of five 一個(gè)五歲的女孩二、冠 詞冠詞是一種不能單獨(dú)使用的虛詞，只能附在一個(gè)名詞上，輔助說(shuō)明這個(gè)名詞的含義，冠詞包括不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the.1、不定冠

7、詞an常用于以元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的單詞前。例如：an hour/an english book注意：a useful machine ,a university中的劃線字母u發(fā)/ju:/音，而不是/音。2、指上文提到過(guò)的人或物，用定冠詞the.3、在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的自然物前面用定冠詞the.如：the sun /the moon /the earth /the world/the star4、定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞，表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。Thefirst/thebest/theright/left/east/north/south/west5、在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the,表示一家人，?？闯蓮?fù)數(shù)。

8、如：the browns are going to shanghai for a holiday this summer.6、在介詞短語(yǔ)中常用定冠詞the.如：in the box/behind the chair7、指雙方都能體會(huì)到的或心中有數(shù)的人或事物。如：close the door,please.8用于表示自然現(xiàn)象的名詞前。如：the wind was blowing /the rain was falling9、用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)前統(tǒng)指類(lèi)別。如：the horse is a useful animal10、用于樂(lè)器名稱前。如：I can play the piano11用于集合名詞前

9、指一整體，用于形容詞和分詞前指一類(lèi)人。如：the people (人民)the dead (死去的人們)the dying (垂死的人們)the wounded(負(fù)傷的人們)。12、某些專(zhuān)用名詞前加the的用法。如：the great wall/the yellow river13、特別注意不能用定冠詞的幾個(gè)方面。1在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：in summer/in august.注意：in the spring of 2002(這里表示特指，所以加the).(2)一日三餐和球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱前不用冠詞。如：have breadfast/play foot ball.(3)一些

10、固定詞組中不用冠詞。如：go to bed/go to school/at night/by bus.(4)在next/last/this/that/前不加the .如：we watched the football match last Sunday.14、在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無(wú)冠詞意思不同，請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別。In front of(在前面) in the front of (在范圍內(nèi)的前面) in hospital(住院) in the hospital(在醫(yī)院里)15、a number of許多，句中的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The number of的數(shù)量，句中的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，與the populati

11、on用法一樣。如：the number of workers in this factory is about two hundred.A number of students were present the meeting.三、數(shù) 詞數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種，基數(shù)詞表示人或事物的數(shù)量，序數(shù)詞表示人或事物的次序。在復(fù)習(xí)數(shù)詞時(shí)首先應(yīng)會(huì)讀、會(huì)寫(xiě)所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。1、基數(shù)詞113-19都是以后-teen結(jié)尾。注意：tirteen fifteen eighteen的拼寫(xiě)。220-90等十位數(shù)的整數(shù)均為后綴-ty結(jié)尾。注意：twenty/forty/fifty/eigh

12、ty的拼寫(xiě)。3十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間要用連字符“-，百位數(shù)和十位數(shù)之間要用and.Thirty-five three hundred and sixty-five(365)(4)hundred,thousand,million在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。如：five hundred people/two thousand/eight million.只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)才加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。Hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì)的，成百上千的Thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì)的，成千上萬(wàn)的Millions of 數(shù)百萬(wàn)的注意：這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。5表示“幾十年代或“幾十歲時(shí)，用逢十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)

13、數(shù)。In the thirties 在30年代 in his fifties 在他50多歲時(shí)2、序數(shù)詞1基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞，其規(guī)律為：1、2、3特殊記，從4起加“thfirst/second/third/fourth8少t,9去e,一定要牢記eighth,ninth逢5逢12，ve變f(fifth/twelfth)20到90，y要變ie(twentieth/ninetieth)假設(shè)是幾十幾，前基后序別倒位ninety-first(2)序數(shù)詞前一般要用定冠詞“the。The sixtieth day.注意：we，ll have to do it a tird time.我們要重做一次，已做過(guò)兩次了如

14、序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞“a/an時(shí)，不表示在具體范圍內(nèi)的“第幾，表示沒(méi)有范圍的“又一3分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法：分子是基數(shù)詞，分母是序數(shù)詞，如果用作分子的基數(shù)詞大于1時(shí)，用作分母的序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。1/2 one half 1/3 one third 1/4 one quarter 5/6 five sixths3、鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法順序法鐘點(diǎn)+分鐘如：4：30four thirty4:15(four fifteen)4:45(four forty-five)倒讀法分鐘+to/past+鐘點(diǎn)如：4：30half past four4:15(fifteeen past four/a quarter past four)4

15、:45(fifteen to five/a quart to five)4、表示距離、款額、時(shí)間等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，假設(shè)用以表示單位時(shí)常作單數(shù)。1five years is a long time.2one hundred miles is a long distance.四、代 詞人稱代詞單 數(shù)復(fù) 數(shù)主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheris反身代詞myselfyourselfhimselfherselfi

16、tselfOurs-elvesYourse-lvesthemselves1、形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。2、注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如：three books aren，t ours.ours are new.(這里ours=our books)This is not our room,ours is over there(這里ours=our room)。3、of+名詞性物主代詞表示所屬。如：a sister of his 他的一個(gè)妹妹，a friend of mine我的一個(gè)朋友

17、4、人稱代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋旱诙朔Q、第三人稱、第一人稱。如：you,she and I all enjoy the music.5、反身代詞可做賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)掌握一些固定的構(gòu)造。Enjoy oneself=have a good time(過(guò)得很愉快)By oneself=alone(單獨(dú)，單獨(dú))Help oneself to(隨便吃/喝/使用)Learn sth .by oneself=teach oneself sth.(自學(xué))6、修飾可數(shù)名詞many/few表示否認(rèn)意義/a few表示肯定意義修飾不可數(shù)名詞much/little表示否認(rèn)意義/a little表示肯定意

18、義注意：few和little與quite或only連用時(shí)，常加不定冠詞a.如：there are quite a few new books in the library.7、當(dāng)不定冠詞something,anything.被形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞常后置。如：there，s something important in today，s newpaper8、some,every,all,both,either,anther的用法。1some(一些、某)一般用于肯定句中，any任何多用于疑問(wèn)句和否認(rèn)句。注意：some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問(wèn)句中。如：will you give me some wa

19、ter?May I ask some qusetions?(2)every+單數(shù)名詞每一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，作定語(yǔ)，形式上為單數(shù)。Each“每一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性，作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，常和of與連用。如：every child likes playing games.Each of them has a nice skirt.注意：every two days每?jī)商?，每隔一?all“全部，都表示三者或三者以上，作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。None“沒(méi)有表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of.如：we are all from canada=all of us from c

20、anada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs(單，復(fù)數(shù)均可)4both“兩者都，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。Either “兩者中任何一個(gè)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱單數(shù)，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后跟名詞單數(shù)。Neiter “兩者都不，含有否認(rèn)意義，用法同either。如：they both swim well=both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street=there are trees on either side of the street .Neither of us

21、is going to beijing next week.Neither answer is right .(5)another+單數(shù)名詞，指不定數(shù)中的另一個(gè)。One the other “一個(gè)，另一個(gè)指兩者中的另一個(gè)。Other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=the others指剩下的那些。Other “別人Two= onethe other Three=one another and the other 例如：she sent me three flowers,one was red ,another was blus and the other one is white.Each othe 兩者間的相互

22、one another多著間的相互。9、疑問(wèn)代詞五個(gè)“wh，即who/whose/whom/what/which/注意：對(duì)作定語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn)，常常用which.例如：I,m going to take the skirt ong the right.Which skirt are you going to take? 五、形容詞、副詞形容詞用于修飾名詞或代詞，表示人或事物的性質(zhì)特征，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，副詞用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或句子，主要用作狀語(yǔ)。1、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞常跟形容詞作表語(yǔ)。常用的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞有：be,become,turn,get,go,grow,look,seem,fe

23、el,remain,sound,smell,taste等。例如：the plan sounds wonderful.The space seems a bit excited.2、大多數(shù)副詞由“形容詞+ly構(gòu)成，修飾動(dòng)詞或形容詞。例如：bravely/widely/deeply/slowlyDo well speak english fluently.注意：有些詞雖然以“l(fā)y結(jié)尾，但其構(gòu)造為：名詞+ly形容詞例如：friendly(友好的) lovely得意的lively生動(dòng)活潑的daily日常的、每日的elderly上了年齡的3、形容詞和副詞的比擬等級(jí)形式。大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個(gè)等級(jí)，

24、原級(jí)、比擬級(jí)、最高級(jí)。1絕大多數(shù)單音節(jié)詞和局部特殊的雙音節(jié)詞主要是以輔音節(jié)字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，以-ow結(jié)尾的詞，以-er結(jié)尾的詞，以-le結(jié)尾的詞加-er構(gòu)成比擬級(jí)，加est構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。例如：smallsmallersmallest2重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，雙寫(xiě)輔音字母加est。例如：bigbiggerbiggest (3)以輔音字母加y 結(jié)尾，變y為i加er /est.(4)大局部雙音節(jié)單詞，slowly等形容詞+ly構(gòu)成 的副詞，所有的多音節(jié)詞，前面加more構(gòu)成比擬級(jí)，加the most構(gòu)成最高級(jí)副詞的最高級(jí)可省去the.例如：carefulmore careful-the mo

25、st carefulSlowlymore slowlythe most slowly(5)不規(guī)那么變化Littlelessleast .(good/well)betterbestFar-fartherfarthest/furtherfurthest.4、形容詞和副詞的比擬句型。1asas和一樣中間用原級(jí)例如：he is as tall as you 他像你一樣高。2not as(so)as 和不一樣中間用原級(jí)例如：he is not so tall as you 他不如你高。3than ,比用比擬級(jí)例如：he runs faster than you (do)!(4)在第一個(gè)as前加程度狀語(yǔ)q

26、uite,almost,nearly,just,twice,threetimes等。例如：our room is twice as big as yours.我們的房間是你們的兩倍大。5、有范圍修飾的用最高級(jí)。In/of/among或用從句修飾的。例如：winter is the coldest season of the year.6、比擬級(jí)+and+比擬級(jí)，意為“越來(lái)越例如：hotter and hotter .More and more beautiful.越來(lái)越漂亮。7、the+比擬級(jí)，the+比擬級(jí)，越就越例如：the more ,the better.越多越好。8、可用much/a

27、 little/even/still等修飾比擬級(jí)。例如：you did much better in the final exam than I did.Today is even colder than yesterday.9、在比擬級(jí)中為了防止重復(fù)，在than后常用one/that/those等 詞來(lái)代替前面提到過(guò)的名詞。例如：the weather here is warmer than that of shanghai.10、掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。1he is taller than any other student in his class=he is the tallest(stu

28、dent)in his class.(2)this film is less interesting than that one=this film isn，t as interesting as that one.(3)I prefer maths to english=I like maths better than english.11、enough修飾名詞時(shí)，位于名詞前，如：enough food;修飾形容詞時(shí)位于其后。如：big enough,12、too much和much too的用法。Too much+不可數(shù)名詞 太多的 much too+形容詞 太例如：I，m full. I

29、，m afraid I had eaten too much(food).The sweet is very beautiful ,but it is much too dear.13、interesting和interested的用法。Interesting有趣的，修飾物或在句子中主語(yǔ)一般是物。Interested由于感興趣的，主語(yǔ)一般是人。例如：we are very interested in the interesting story.14、tooto和enough的用法。tooto太以至于=notenoughto do=sothatnot do.例如：He is not old en

30、ough to go to school.=he is too young to go to school.=he is so young that he can not go to school.六、介詞、連詞一、介詞介詞又叫前置詞，表示它后面的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他構(gòu)造與句子其他成分的關(guān)系。1、與形容詞搭配的介詞。Be afraid of be angry with be away from be different from be good/bad forbe fond of(喜歡) be good at(善于) do well in(在做得好) bi interested in(對(duì)感興

31、趣)be/get ready for(為做準(zhǔn)備) be sure of(對(duì)有把握)be worried about(對(duì)感到擔(dān)憂) be proud of(以自豪)2、與動(dòng)詞搭配的詞組。Look after 照顧 look for(尋找) take care of(照顧某人) worry about(擔(dān)憂)play with(玩) get on/off(上/下車(chē))turn on/off (開(kāi)/關(guān)) turn up/down (開(kāi)大/關(guān)小)3、表示時(shí)間的介詞1in/on/atIn+時(shí)間段表示早上、下午、晚上、周、月、季、年、世紀(jì)或人生的某個(gè)時(shí)期例如：in 1999,in juanuary,in s

32、ummer.固定詞組：In the morning,in a week,in a minute,in time,in the end.On+具體的某日或某日的早、午、晚等。例如：On christmas dayOn the night of march 10At+時(shí)間點(diǎn)例如：At 3 oclock at the harvest time固定詞組At the morning at night at last at first at once At this time of the year at the beginning ofAt the same time注意：在表示一樣時(shí)間里，以下情況下一

33、般不用介詞：Next/last/thing/that/tomorrow/yesterday/one/every/all以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow前不用介詞。例如：不能說(shuō)-in tomorrow 只能說(shuō)-tomorrow(2)for+時(shí)間段Since+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)/或者表示過(guò)去式的從句，這兩種都表示“延續(xù)的一段時(shí)間，常與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用。例如：He has lived here for ten years.He has lived here some since1991.He has lived here since he le

34、ft school.(3)在之后In+一段時(shí)間用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)After+一段時(shí)間用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)After+一點(diǎn)時(shí)間常用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)例如：He will come back in two hours.他兩小時(shí)后就回來(lái)。He come back after two hours.兩個(gè)小時(shí)后他回來(lái)了。They will visit their teacher after Friday .星期五以后他們?nèi)タ赐處煛?4)by+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)表示到為止，主句時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)例如：We had learned fifity lessons by the end of last term.4、表示地點(diǎn)、范圍、趨向

35、的介詞。1at+點(diǎn)、on+面、in+體例如：A strange stood at the door with a picture on it,looking in through a hole in the door.(2)aross+外表，through+空間例如：The river runs through our city,aross the fields and then into the sea.(3)in+大地方，at+小地方例如：He arrived at the village(或in shanghai)yesterday.(4)to the+方位詞+of+不接壤的地區(qū)。On

36、the +方位詞+of+接壤的地區(qū)。In the +方位詞+of+其中的大地區(qū)例如：Japan is to the east of china.The pacific is on the east of china.Shanghai is in the east of china.(5)among 在和之間三者或三者以上Between 在和兩者之間 betweenand between強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者之間。例如：Among the students. Between you and me.Take some medicine between three meals.(6)besides+同樣情況的人或

37、物除之外尚有。Except+不同情況的人或物除之外不包括不本身。Except+賓格/doing sth.例如：He went besides me .除了我以外，他也去了。All went except me.除了我沒(méi)去，大家都去了。(7)表示“關(guān)于時(shí)，about+事跡、故事等小而淺的問(wèn)題。On+政治、理論、形式等而深的問(wèn)題。例如：A book about a little hero.關(guān)于一位英雄的一本書(shū)。A book on medicine.一本醫(yī)書(shū)。8其他介詞用交通工具時(shí)：By plane by bike on foot用語(yǔ)言：In English通過(guò)媒介：On/over the tele

38、phone on/over the radio用工具手段：With a pen with one is hands.fromto 從到9介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格或動(dòng)詞-ing形式。例如：You must take care of her.Thank you for helping me.(10)句型/詞組It si nice/kind of you .Be made in+地方 在某地制造Be made of 用材料制成可看見(jiàn)原材料Be made from be made into 二、連詞連詞是在詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子之間起連接作用的詞。1、并列連詞Bothand 既又謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞Neithe

39、rnor 既不也不謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由靠近他的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定單復(fù)數(shù)。Eitheror 或者或者、不是就是And連接兩個(gè)并列成分、連接謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一致，“那么接在祈使句后表示結(jié)果。But“但是表示轉(zhuǎn)折，不能與then同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中。Or在否認(rèn)句中、并列句中的列舉常用or,而不用and.例如：I have brother and sisiter.I do not have brother or sisiter.I have no brother and no sisiter.注意：祈使句+or+陳述句，前后是對(duì)立的。例如：Study hard,or you wont pass the exam.=i

40、f you study hard,and youll pass exam.=if you dont study hard,you wont pass the exam.祈使句+and+陳述句，前后是統(tǒng)一的。例如：Go straight on,and youll see a bridge.2、引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞陳述句：that可省略一般疑問(wèn)句：if/whether “是否；連詞特殊疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)詞3、引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞Because不能與so 同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中。4、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的連詞1when(當(dāng)時(shí)候)，assoon as (一就)，notuntil(直到才)，after(之后)，在這些詞引

41、導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句中，主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句那么用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：I wont leave until he comes.I will tell you as soon as I come back.2)since(自從以來(lái))引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：We have not met each other since she left here last year.3)while(當(dāng)時(shí)候，一邊一邊)，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，常用進(jìn)展時(shí)態(tài)。例如：My father came in while I was doing my homework.5、if“如果引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主

42、句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句那么用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：If it rains tomorrow,I will not climb the hills.注意區(qū)別：if/whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境而定。例如：I dont know if it will rain tomorrow.6、sothat/sunchthat(如此以致，因而)Such+(a)+名詞+that例如：His idea was such a good one that we all agree to use it.So+/形容詞或副詞/形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that/+many/few/+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/+much/

43、little+不可數(shù)名詞。例如：Bob is so tall that he can almost reach the ceiling.He ran so quickily that we couldnt keep up with him.There was so little water left that only small children and patients were given some.注意：such a nice city=so nice a city七、動(dòng) 詞一、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞1表示狀態(tài)的詞：be/seem/appear/look/sound/feel/taste/smell

44、/keep/remain等。2表示狀態(tài)變化的詞：become/get/grow/turn/fall等。3聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后跟形容詞或名詞作表語(yǔ)。二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1can ：能、會(huì)，表示能力，相當(dāng)于be able to,可以，表示許可，相當(dāng)于may.區(qū)別：can沒(méi)有將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)。Be able to可用于將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)。2may:可以，可能，或許。注意：may be情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，在句中作謂語(yǔ)，意為可能是。May be副詞，在句中作狀語(yǔ)，意為很可能，大概。例如：You may be right. May be you are right.(3)must:必須，一定。Must be 表示肯定的推測(cè)，準(zhǔn)是，一定是。

45、區(qū)別：must表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，意為必須。Have to表示外界客觀愿望，意為不得不。例如：Her mother is ill,she has to stay at home and take care of her.You must look after your mother.(4)could比can 語(yǔ)氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)，客氣，并不表示過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：could you tell me the way to the bus station?(5)注意答復(fù)形式：May I? Yes,you may./no,you cant(mustnt).Must I? Yes,you must./no,you

46、neednt.(6)should表示應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該，與疑問(wèn)句連用表示以外，驚奇。例如：what should I do ?(7)will,would在交際用語(yǔ)中，would更客氣，表示邀請(qǐng)。Shall we ? Shall用于主語(yǔ)是第一和第三人稱的疑問(wèn)句中，表示請(qǐng)求。Will you ? Will用于主語(yǔ)是第二人稱的疑問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求。三、助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞有be/do/does/did/have/has/will/would等。1助動(dòng)詞be用于構(gòu)成進(jìn)展時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。2助動(dòng)詞have用于構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。3助動(dòng)詞do用于構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否認(rèn)句。4do位于動(dòng)詞前，加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣。例如：do be quiet,ch

47、ildren.孩子們，務(wù)必安靜點(diǎn)。5do用于倒裝句。例如：only then did I realize it.到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。四、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞1不及物動(dòng)詞：不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)，常須加介詞前方能加賓語(yǔ)。例如：look at(for,after) get to(on,off) hear of(from) point to(at,out) worry about.(2)及物動(dòng)詞：后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)，意義才完整。例如：we study english.注意：在及物動(dòng)詞+副詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)副詞搭配時(shí)，代詞應(yīng)放在中間。例如：turn on the radio. Turn it on.(3)行為動(dòng)詞的幾種變

48、化形式：規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞：Enjoy(原型)enjoys第三人稱單數(shù)enjoyed過(guò)去式enjoyed過(guò)去分詞enjoying現(xiàn)在分詞不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞：A-A-A型：put-put-put bit-bit-bit read-read-readA-A-B型：beat-beat-beaten.A-B-A型：come-came-come run-ran-runA-B-B型：bring-brought-brought buy-bought-boughtDig- dug-dug feed-fed-fed feel-felt-feltA-B-C型：begin-began-begun blow-blew-blownW

49、ear-wore-worn情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及助動(dòng)詞：can-could/may-might/shall-should/Will-would/(4)現(xiàn)在分詞的變化方法直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ing work-working do-doing 以e結(jié)尾的去e加ing， write-writing like-liking重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫(xiě)最后的輔音字母加ing,swin-swimmingDig-digging hit-hitting 注意：lie-lying die-dying(5)詞語(yǔ)辨析A.look see watch readLook:看，強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作。Look at the bird. See:看見(jiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)看的

50、結(jié)果，see a film watch:觀看，指特別留意，感興趣的看，watch TV read:讀，閱讀 read a bookB:say speak talk tellSay：可作及物動(dòng)詞，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞，它的含義是“說(shuō)、“說(shuō)明、或“表達(dá)思想、感情。Say to sb.Speak:作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)它的含義是“說(shuō)話、“交談“發(fā)言，演說(shuō) speak at the meeting作及物動(dòng)詞，有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容常為某種語(yǔ)言或語(yǔ)言范疇的詞語(yǔ)。例如：speak englishTalk:作不及物的含義是：“講話、“談?wù)摰?。例如：talk about sth.talk with sbTell:常用作及物

51、動(dòng)詞，它的含義是“講、“告訴等。與can/be able to,could連用時(shí)它的含義是“區(qū)分、“認(rèn)出等。例如：tell sb.to do sth tell sb .about sth.She cant tell her hat from mine.C.bring takeBring:它的含義是“拿來(lái)、“取來(lái)。它表示從遠(yuǎn)處拿到說(shuō)話人的地點(diǎn)。常與here/me搭配。它的反義詞是take.Please bring me a dictionary tomorrow.Take:它的含義是“帶走、“拿走，常指從說(shuō)話地拿到遠(yuǎn)處去，常與there/away搭配。D.borrow lend keepBorr

52、ow:它的含義是“借進(jìn)、“向人借，短暫性動(dòng)詞。Borrow sth.from sb.Lend:它的含義是“把借給“出租，短暫性動(dòng)詞。Lend sb.sth=lend sth .to sb.Keep:它的含義是“借一段時(shí)間，常與一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。例如：how long may I keep it? Two weeks.E.listen hearListen:是不及物動(dòng)詞,不接賓語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)聽(tīng)的動(dòng)作，它常與介詞to連用。I listened carefully,but heard nothing.Hear:它可作及物動(dòng)詞，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。常指聽(tīng)的結(jié)果，區(qū)別：hear from 收到

53、某人的來(lái)信消息Jims mother havent heard from him for a long time.Hear of:聽(tīng)人說(shuō)起F:look for find find outLook for:它的含義是“尋找通常指動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的最后結(jié)果。Find:它的含義是“找到、“找回、“發(fā)現(xiàn)，常表示已有結(jié)果。Find out:它的含義是經(jīng)過(guò)觀測(cè)和研究后才“找到“了解“發(fā)現(xiàn)或“弄清楚某些事情的“真相或“秘密。We looked for him everywhere,but didnt find him.Can you find out who broke the windows?G.p

54、ut wear dress have onPut on:是強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、“戴一開(kāi)場(chǎng)的短暫動(dòng)作，它的含義是“穿上、“戴上、“披上等。另外它還指“上演節(jié)目、戲劇、開(kāi)收音機(jī)燈等。例如：why dont you put on your sporting coat?Wear:它的含義也表示“穿著、“戴著等，它強(qiáng)調(diào)穿或戴著的狀態(tài)，不指動(dòng)作。She always wears a blue skirt.Have on:它的含義也表示“穿著、“戴著，同樣強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，它沒(méi)有進(jìn)展時(shí)態(tài)。When she left,she had on a dark hat and a pair of red golves.Dress:它的含義是“穿好衣服、“打扮等，它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作而不是狀態(tài)。例如：the l