高級(jí)英語(yǔ)第十

1、整理課件 Lesson Ten the trial that rocked the world : rock : to cause great shock and surprise to swing oscillate sway rock vibrate fluctuate undulate waver:These verbs mean to move in a back-and-forth, up-and-down, or to-and-fro pattern. swing指一端吊起、一面固定或兩端都系住的物體擺動(dòng), 如: The pendulum swings.鐘擺擺動(dòng)。 Oscillat

2、e指鐘擺式的穩(wěn)定而連續(xù)的前后運(yùn)動(dòng)；廣義地表示在沖突性目標(biāo)之間的徘徊 oscillating between fear of Rome and desire of independence 在對(duì)羅馬的恐懼和對(duì)獨(dú)立的渴望之間搖擺不定1. 整理課件 sway 指 有伸縮性的物體受壓后又恢復(fù)原位地?cái)[動(dòng), 如: Branches sways gently in the wind. 樹(shù)枝在風(fēng)中微微搖動(dòng)。 Rock是指溫柔而有節(jié)奏感的搖動(dòng)或猛烈的搖擺或傾斜 The business is on the rocks rock a baby (in)to sleep People used to say:The

3、 hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.過(guò)去人們常說(shuō),掌握搖籃的手統(tǒng)治世界。 Vibrate通常暗指快速的周期性搖擺；常常表示顫抖、搏動(dòng)或微顫 The house vibrates when a train passes. Fluctuate最常用于喻指比較穩(wěn)定的交替變化 The price of vegetables and fruits fluctuates according to the season. 蔬菜和水果的價(jià)格隨季節(jié)而波動(dòng)。 Undulate暗指波浪般平緩的運(yùn)動(dòng) 整理課件The ripe wheat undulated in t

4、he breeze like the incoming tide. 成熟的小麥象潮水般隨風(fēng)起伏。 Waver表示不穩(wěn)定、不確定的運(yùn)動(dòng) His resolve began to waver. 他的決心開(kāi)始動(dòng)搖了2. A buzz ran through the that sweltering July day in 1925:buzz: the vibrating sound of a bee; here it refers to the sound of many people whispering or talking excitedly in low tones .嗡嗡聲 v.作嗡嗡聲r(shí)a

5、n through the crowd : spread among the people who had come to watch the trial as I took my place in the packed court : as I went to my seat in the court which was crowded with people 1) sweltering : oppressively hot and humid ; very hot, causing unpleasantness 悶熱, 被暑氣所苦, 汗流夾背整理課件3. The counsel for m

6、y defence: Counsel : one or more lawyers acting for someone in a court of law lawyer attorney counselor counsel barrister solicitor: These nouns denote persons who practice law Attorney通常可與 lawyer互換，但從更狹的意義上說(shuō)，它指在商業(yè)事務(wù)中代表委托人的法律代理 Counselor和 counsel兩詞指的是提供法律咨詢并擔(dān)任出庭律師的人。counsel還指被雇傭參與案件審理的一群律師 Barrister

7、主要用來(lái)指英國(guó)的出庭律師 在英格蘭， Solicitor是指其業(yè)務(wù)主要為充當(dāng)法律代理的律師，在低級(jí)法院中代表委托人，在高級(jí)法院審理中作為出庭律師準(zhǔn)備案卷。在美國(guó)，這個(gè)詞指代城市、城鎮(zhèn)或政府部門(mén)中的總法務(wù)官1) 整理課件2)Counsel for my defence : one or more lawyers who defend me in court 3)Criminal lawyer: a specialist in criminal law ( law related to crime or its punishment)4. Leading counsel for the that

8、had brought about my trial :Leading counsel : the chief lawyer of a group Prosecution: the group of people who are concerned in bringing a criminal charge against someone in court原告 defendant n.被告Silver-tongued orator: persuasive, eloquent public speaker4) The fundamentalist movement :a militantly c

9、onservative and fanatically religious American Protestant movement that began in the early 20th century in opposition to modern scientific tendency; it holds that the Bible is a verbally整理課件 accurate recording of the word of God, and was strong in parts of the U.S. especially the South, at the time

10、. fundamentalist原教旨主義者 nominate:propose by name as a candidate, especially for election. 提名5) Fundamentalist movement that had brought about the trial : The trial was brought to court by Scopes and his lawyers. However, it was the fundamentalist movement which made the trial necessary , because it w

11、as this movement that had created the religious atmosphere that was responsible for the law which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the schools, and it was the existence of that law which made it necessary to hold a trial to challenge the law.整理課件5. Now I was involved in a trial reported the w

12、orld over:1) All of a sudden I found myself in a trial which was reported all over the world 2) The world over : all over the world 6. Seated in court of Harvard University:Seated in court : be present in court Ready to testify on my behalf : prepared to submit evidence to support or benefit me ( or

13、 my case )in behalf of: for the benefit of; in the interest of. 為了；為了利益 On somebodys behalf, on behalf of somebody: to benefit, support , serve the interests of somebody 以某人的名義; 為了某人; 代表某人4) Distinguished : renowned, eminent, recognized for excellence in some field 卓著的, 著名的, 高貴的1) 整理課件distinguished

14、guest 貴賓5) Harvard University : the oldest university of the U.S.A at Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1636 and named after its first benefactor, John Harvard ( 1607-1638), a nonconformist minister born in England 7.more than 100 reporters a jury trial : 1) On hand : present , available 2) Radio

15、 announcer : it means , in this case , people who give the news on the radio 3) A jury trial : a trial that had a jury ( a group of 12 responsible, impartial citizens chosen to hear the case and make the decision ( reach a verdict ) of guilty or not in accordance with their findings )8. “dont worry

16、” as we were waiting for the court to open :整理課件1) son : affectionate term used by an older person to a boy or young man 2) well show them a few tricks : Well do a few things to out wit them ( the prosecution) ; or we have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial 3)r

17、eassuring arm : Obviously the arm cant be reassuring ; it means in a reassuring manner, a friendly gesture to put John at ease; the figure of speech used here is a transferred epithet.安心的, 可靠的4)waiting for the court to open : waiting for the trial (the proceeding ) to begin 9. The case had erupted r

18、ound my head at the secondary school: erupt : emerge suddenly and violently ; explode eruption 整理課件The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently, I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair Science master : science teacher; master as a term for teacher is outdated in the U.S. coach : per

19、son who trains athletes and directs teams 10. A clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists : 1)clash : conflict, disagreement 2)The conflict had become more and more intense build up : develop, extend gradually and steadily 11. The fundamentalists Old Testament : 1) Ad

20、here to : believe in , follow devotedly 粘著, 膠著; 附著或粘附于. (to); 堅(jiān)持; 遵守(to) 追隨; 依附(to) 整理課件 adherent n.信徒, 追隨者, 擁護(hù)者 adj. 粘著的, 依附的 stick 系常用詞, 指“好象用某種粘結(jié)物使粘著或結(jié)合在一起, 如: He always sticks to his word. 他總是信守諾言。 adhere屬正式用語(yǔ), 語(yǔ)意比 stick強(qiáng), 指“自動(dòng)地或義務(wù)地忠于一理想、事業(yè)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等, 如: adhere to the Partys policy 堅(jiān)持黨的方針。 cohere指“粘合

21、在一起、“團(tuán)結(jié)一致, 如: There are moral principles by which society coheres. 有些道德法則使社會(huì)得以團(tuán)結(jié)一致。 cling 指“緊抱、“堅(jiān)守,如: cling to ones own view. 堅(jiān)持己見(jiàn)。 2) literal interpretation: word for word acceptance of what is said in the Bible 整理課件3) Old Testament: that part of the Bible that refers to events before the birth of

22、Christ . Note : All the words like the Bible, God (Lord , He, Him ) and Christ ( Saviour ) are capitalized 12. The modernists had evolved from a common ancestor:advance : put forward ; propose Charles Darwin: English naturalist, born on Feb, 12. 1809 at Shrewsbury , died on April 19, 1882; published

23、 “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” in 1859. The theory of evolution asserts that all living forms, plants and animals, including Man, have developed from earlier and simpler forms by processes of change and selection . 1) had evolved from a common ancestor: (all life ) had dev

24、eloped gradually from a common original organism 整理課件4) ancestor: a person, esp one living a long time ago, from whom another is descended 13. The state legislature as taught in the Bible : state legislature : official body of people who pass ( determine, decide ) laws. Each of the 50 states in the

25、U.S. has a legislature(立法機(jī)構(gòu)) The national legislature is called the congress . that denies the story of creation : that refuses to believe that all human beings are descended from Adam and Eve, who were created by God deny: reject ; refuse She can deny her son nothing.14. The new law theory of evolu

26、tion: aim ( at ) : point or direct towards some object, esp. with the intention of hitting it squarely: directly 整理課件15. I was sent for: they sent somebody to get me 16. Violating the law : breaking the law17. So has teacher : every other teacher has as well; all the other ( biology) teachers have a

27、lso been violating the law 18. “l(fā)ets take this thing test the legality of it.”:1)This thing : this matter , this problem ; here it refers to Scopes teaching of evolution and hence his violation of the law, “this thing” is an imprecise expression on the part of Rappelyea, but very common in spoken En

28、glish 2) take to court: to start an action in a law court3) legality: in keeping with a law, or a requirement of law 合法性4) lets accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.整理課件19. When I was indicted in U.S .history:indict : to charge ( someone)

29、 formally with an offence in law起訴 indict a person for murder indictee indictor2) When I was indicted : when a formal accusation was made against me of breaking this law3) least of all I: I, less than anyone else4) snowball: grow rapidly in size or significance 滾雪球般地增長(zhǎng) forty snows ago 四十年以前 light sn

30、ow1) 5) I was the last one to expect that my case would grow ( or develop ) into one of the most famous trials in U.S . History 整理課件20. 1)The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): citizens organization whose purpose is protection and expansion of rights and liberties as set forth in U.S. Constituti

31、on. Main function is legal . Organized in 1920. Scopes trial one of the most famous ACLU undertakings , which did much to separate church and state . Also has defended people accused of “ subversive “ (in US, this usually means communist) activities, has taken lead in challenging laws discriminating

32、 against blacks. Volunteer organization I.e. lawyers volunteer services, citizens donate money; 85,000 members 2) If necessary: if the case was lost in the lower courts 3) establish : make ( something) recognized officially21. assist :more formal than help,.having the meaning that the person assiste

33、d is able to do part of the work 整理課件22,. assist the state in prosecuting me : Since the case revolves around a state law, the sate of Tennessee is the offended party ; it is the state which prosecutes Scopes Thus the trial would be called the State of Tennessee vs. John Scopes. Bryan volunteered to

34、 be the lawyer on behalf of the State 23. Immediately the renowned lawyerto defend me: renowned : (formal ) famous, distinguished, suggesting being named publicly again and again for some outstanding quality, achievement, etc. noted celebrated eminent famed famous illustrious notable preeminent reno

35、wned :The central meaning shared by these adjectives is widely known and esteemed. a noted author; 著名的作家；整理課件a celebrated musician; 有名的音樂(lè)家；an eminent scholar; 杰出的學(xué)者；a famed scientist; 聞名的科學(xué)家；a famous actor; 著名演員；an illustrious judge; 顯赫的法官；a notable historian; 著名歷史學(xué)家；a preeminent archaeologist; 卓越的考

36、古學(xué)家； antonym:obscure 2) services : friendly help; also professional aid or attention24. ironically: refers to incongruity between what might have been expected and actually happened . One would have expected that he would have known Bryan who was going to prosecute him 整理課件25. Our town a circus atmo

37、sphere : take on : begin to have (the look of )circus: public entertainment consisting of a variety of performances by acrobats, clowns and trained animals , often performed in large tents by a group that travels from on town to anothercircus atmosphere : a kind of rowdy(吵鬧的) or riotous(吵鬧的；歡騰的), ho

38、liday spirit 1) All sorts of activities were going on in the town and there was a kind of noisy holiday spirit there ,( Suddenly the town was transformed into a kind of circus with many people coming to hear the trial . The town people took advantage of the sudden influx of visitors to expand their

39、business activities)整理課件26. The buildings with banners The main street : small towns usually have one street where most of the stores are concentrated : the center of town. Sometimes the name of the main street is Main Street .Festoon : decorate ; a festoon is a string of flowers , leaves , ribbons,

40、 etc,. suspended in a curve between two points花彩 vt. 給.結(jié)彩, 在.飾以花彩 festooned with banners : decorated with banners probably strung between the lampposts a square festooned with electric lights 張燈結(jié)彩的廣場(chǎng)整理課件27. The streets and water melons”; sprout : grow or develop quickly v.萌芽; n.苗芽 seeds sprout. bamb

41、oo sprout mung bean sprout綠豆芽2) rickety: liable to fall or break down because weak ; shaky 搖搖晃晃的3) stand : a small often outdoor shop or place for showing things sprouted with rickety stands: shaky (poorly made ) stalls or booths suddenly appeared 1) 4) hot dog: long, thin, sausage in a bun. Hot dog

42、s and hamburgers ( ground beef patty in a bun) are sometimes seen as symbols of American culture . As fast foods they represent, esp . to Europeans, the quick pace and low quality of life in the U.S. 整理課件 These rickety stands, which appeared suddenly every where, sold hot dogs. Religious books, wate

43、rmelons , etc This adds to the towns circus atmosphere, Religious books were sold because many religious people attended this trial in which religion played a key role.28. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby.:evangelist : any one who preaches the Christian gospel(福音), esp a traveling pr

44、eacher福音傳教exhort : urge earnestlyurge press exhort prod prickexhort sb. to do sth.勸某人做某事exhortation exhortative,exhortatory adj. The traveling preachers erected tents to urge people passing by to believe in God .整理課件29. People from the surrounding the “ infidel outsiders”, : surrounding hills : refe

45、rring to the hills near the town which were a part of the Appalachian Mts, a mountain chain in eastern North America extending parallel to the coast for 1,600 miles from southern Quebec to central Alabama, passing through Tennesseeto cheer Bryan: to support Bryaninfidel : unbelievers in religious se

46、nse, meaning godless and implying being in the hands of the devil無(wú)宗教信仰者1) outsiders : referring to the northern , big city lawyers, professors and scientists who would be held in suspicion as trouble-makers by narrow-minded, small town southerners. Its in quotes to signify that this is a false view

47、held by such people.整理課件30. butler was a 49-year-old farmerhis native county:before his election : before he was elected to the Tennessee legislature Had never been out of his native county : This suggests that his experience and vision were limited, that he was narrow-minded, not worldly 31. The pr

48、esiding judge reglar mountaineer jedge:presiding:person in charge of the proceedings , person holding position of authority (at, over) preside over a meeting2)florid-faced : face flushed with rosy color;ruddy face florid紅潤(rùn)的 a florid writer 詞藻華麗的作家 a florid complexion 紅潤(rùn)的面色整理課件3) “Im just a reglar mo

49、untaineer jedge”:Im just an ordinary judge from the mountains. Uneducated-sounding southern accent and his statement about himself conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.4) regular : (especially American English )ordinary32. Bryan, agei

50、ng and paunchy Tom Steward:age: (cause to)become oldpaunchy (derog or humor) (esp . Of a man ) having a fat stomach; pot-bellied大肚子的attorney general : chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the U.S.1) 首席檢察官, 司法部長(zhǎng)整理課件33. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old steeped in the law: 1

51、)shrewd : astute, sharp, clever, not to be outwitted; used admiringly here ; sometimes implying negative qualitiescunning, tricky, dishonest shrewd sagacious astute perspicacious2)magnetic: strongly attractive; said of a person, personality etc.3) steep:immerse, saturate, absorb or imbue adj.陡峭的, 險(xiǎn)峻

52、的, 急劇升降的, 不合理的 n.懸崖, 峭壁, 浸漬, 浸漬液 v.浸, 泡, 沉浸 be steeped in埋頭于, 專心于; 充滿著; 沉浸于 steep the tea in boiling water 用開(kāi)水泡茶 be steeped in liquor沉緬于酒整理課件 34. In a trial Hays a Jew:In a trial in which religion played a key role: Scopes was accused of violating the law which prohibited the teaching of any theory

53、that denied the story of creation as taught in the Bible. And it was the fundamentalists who made the state legislature pass this law. Thats why the writer said religion played a key role in the trial .2) agnostic : a person who questions ,doubts the existence of God and claims that His existence ca

54、nt be proved ; many agnostics simply leave it at that and do not bother with the question of religion any further哲不可知論者3) The whole sentence points out the religious and non-religious diversity of the defence counsel in contrast to the prosecution, hinting that the defence counsel would be more broa

55、d-minded and objective.整理課件35. The judge called for Thats one hell of a jury!call for : send forminister : a person authorized to conduct worship, administer sacraments etc. in a Christian church, esp. any Protestant clergyman牧師o(wú)pen the session : begin the trial ; session is used to indicate that th

56、e trial will take more than one meeting under way : in motion, in progress get under way : get started, begin growl: complain in an angry or surly manner; utter in a gruff, rumbling voice, esp. angrily咆哮, 發(fā)牢騷地說(shuō)1) one hell of jury ( or a hell of a jury): no jury at all; a completely inappropriate jur

57、y (because they arte too partial );this is a common phrase meaning something unusual 整理課件Examples: That was a hell of an exam .(unusually difficult) Its been one hell of a trip . Its a hell of change8). The whole paragraph shows the religious bias of the trial right from the start, indicates the pro

58、-fundamentalist atmosphere that will pervade the trial and gives readers a taste of things to come.36. After the preliminary sparring his opening statement:1) preliminary : introductory or preparatory; coming before and introducing or preparing for something more important2) spar: (fig.) engage in a

59、rgument ; fight with words晶石;爭(zhēng)吵 以拳及臂防衛(wèi)與攻擊;斗雞 spar at each other對(duì)罵3) legalities : the requirements and procedure of the law4) After the preliminary sparring over legalities : after the initial arguments over legal procedures整理課件5) opening statement : opening speech 37. My friend Darrow drawled: My fr

60、iend is used in a sarcastic way The attorney general said that John Scopes was there because he had broken the law. drawl : speak slowly with vowels greatly lengthened 慢吞吞地說(shuō)；拉長(zhǎng)語(yǔ)調(diào)地說(shuō) “we-e-ell”,the clerk drawled.38. He is here becausea mighty strong combination:ignorance: lack of knowledge bigotry : o