考研英國文學復習要點(參照教材劉炳善《英國文學簡史》)解析

1、PartOne:EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature1. Beowulf:nationalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Denmarkstory;alliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements（此處可能會有填空，選擇等小題）2.Romance（名詞解釋）3.“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”:afamousromanaboutKingArthursstory4. Ballad（名詞解釋）5. CharacterofRobinHood6. GeoffreyChaucer:founderofEng

2、lishpoetry;TheCanterburyTales（maincontents;124storiesplanned,only24finished;writteninMiddleEnglish;significance;form:heroiccouplet）7. Heroiccouplet（名詞解釋）PartTwo:TheEnglishRenaissance8. TheAuthorizedVersionofEnglishBibleanditssignificance（填空選擇）9. Renaissance（名詞解釋）10. ThomasMoreUtopia11. Sonnet（名詞解釋）1

3、2. Blankverse（名詞解釋）13. EdmundSpenser“TheFaerieQueene”;Amoretti（collectionofhissonnets）SpenserianStanza（名詞解釋）14. FrancisBacon“essays”esp.“OfStudies”（推薦閱讀，學習寫正式語體的英文文章的好參照，本文用詞正式優(yōu)雅，多排比句和長句，語言造詣非常高，里面很多話都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一讀）15. ChristopherMarlowe（“DoctorFaustus”andhisachievements）16.WilliamShakespeare可以說是

4、英國文學史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。四大喜劇，四大悲劇比較重要，此外就是羅密歐與朱立葉了，這些劇的主題，背景，情節(jié)，人物形象都要熟悉，當然他最重要的喜劇作品是Hamlet這是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要屬sonnet18。（其戲劇中著名對白和幾首有名的十四行詩可能會出選讀）Lecture1Part1EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature“Early”heremeansEnglishliteratureinprimitiveandslaverysociety.“Medievalperiod”isaquitespecialperiodinEnglishh

5、istory.InChinese“Medieval”or“TheMiddleAge”means“中世紀”.Youmayhearsomethingaboutthisperiod.Itwascalled“TheMiddleAge”becauseitwasconsideredasthetimebetweenancientworldandthemodernworld.Here“Medieval”meansEnglishliteratureinfeudalEnglandbeforetheRenaissance.I.EarlyEnglishLiterature（Anglo-SaxonLiterature）

6、1,HistoricalBackground1 TheearliestinhabitantsoftheBritishIsleswereBritons,atribeofCelts.TodaymostCeltslivedinScotlandandWales.2 From55B.C.to410A.D.RomansconqueredtheGreatBritain.TheRomanarmywasledbyJuliusCaesar,whowasaveryfamousfigureinancientRome.HewasafamousgeneralandconqueredlotofplacesinEuropea

7、ndthenhebecamedictatorofRome.Hehadfamouswords“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered”.Youcanseehowstrongthismanswillis.ConsequenceofRomanconquest:anetworkofhighways;scoresoftowns,includingLondon;Romanlifestyle3 EnglishConquestShortlyafterRomansretreat,theBritainwasinvadedbyAnglos,SaxonsandJutes.Andbythe7thcenturyOld

8、Englishemerged.Anglo-Saxonperiodwitnessedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.Anglo-SaxonswereChristianizedinthe7thcentury.BeforeChristianization,Anglo-SaxonsbelievedinoldnorthernEuropeanmythologies.IfyouareinterestedinoldBritainmythologiesyoumayreadthefamousnovel“TheLordoftheRings”,whichwasacoll

9、ectionofoldnorthernEuropeanmythologies.TheChristianizationofAnglo-SaxonsinfluencedtherecordofoldEnglishliterature.2, BeowulfNationalepicofEnglishpeople1 Definitionofepic:anextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,celebratingthefeatsofalegendaryortraditionalhero2 StoryofBeowulfAskstudentsto

10、readthestoryofBeowulfontextbookbythemselvesandthenaskthem“Whatarethethreeadventuresmentionedinthestory?”ThestoryofBeowulfincludesthreeadventures:killingmonsterGrendel,killingGrendelsmotherandkillingafiredragon.3 Someimportantpoints“Beowulf”isafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbyAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinen

11、talhomes.HoweveritalsoreflectedthefeaturesofthetribalsocietyinBritain.OriginallyBeowulf,thegreatepic,wasinoralformanditmustbeacollectivecreation.Beowulfintheepicisalegendaryfigure.InformalhistoryyoucannotfindamannamedBeowulf.Artisticfeaturesof“Beowulf”UsingalliterationDefinitionofalliteration:arheto

12、ricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（頭韻）SomeexamplesonP5UsingmetaphorandunderstatementDefinitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas.YoumayfindsomeexamplesonP6EpictraditioninEuropelongnarrativ

13、everse,part-historicalandpart-legendaryoriginThistraditioncanbetracedbacktoHomers“Iliad”and“Odyssey”.SimilarworksinEuropeare“Edda”and“Saga”fromIcelandetc.（referringto歐洲文學史）3, “Anglo-SaxonChronicle”ThebookwasconceivedbyKingAlfredtheGreat.Healsoorganizedandsupervisedthewritingprocessofthebook.Thisbook

14、isaveryimportanthistoricaldocumentandspecimenofAnglo-Saxonprose.II, MedievalEnglishLiterature1,HistoricalBackground1 Normanconquestin1066markstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.2 Bytheendofthe14thcentury,theMiddleEnglishemerged.3 Theecclesiastics,fromthemonksandtheclergytothebishopsandarchbishops,

15、togetherpossessedoveronethirdofthelandinthecountryandownednumerousserfs,andhadtheirtithesandecclesiasticalcourtsandthebackingofthePopeinRome.Theyhadmuchpoliticalaswellasreligiouspower.UnderstandingthegreatinfluenceofChristianityinthemedievalEuropeisveryimportantforyoutounderstandtheirliteraturebecau

16、seChristianityisoneofthetworesourcesofEuropeanculture.（referringtoLecture22. TheRomance（騎士文學）1 DefinitionoftheRomance:alongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.（P10）* KnightisaspecialgroupofpeopleexistedintheMiddleAgeinEurope.Nearlyallnobleswerekni

17、ghts.However,nobodywasbornaknight.Onenoblemanwhowanttobecomeaknightmustexperiencehardtrainingandthenthekingwillgivehimknighthood.* CodesoftheKnight（騎士準則）:protecttheweak,fightforchurch,loyaltoyourlord,loyaltoKing,respectwomenofnoblebirth（西方人對于男士良好風度的概念起源于這些騎士準則，是以西方有“騎士風度”說法。）（參閱歐洲文化入門）2 Thegreatmajo

18、rityoftheromancesfallintothreegroups:mattersofBritain,mattersofFranceandmattersofRome.* Charlemagne,averygreatFrenchemperor,查理曼大帝（參閱歐洲文化入門）* AlexandertheGreat,averygreatemperorinancientGreece,亞歷山大大帝，目前埃及名城亞歷山大就是以他的名字命名（參閱歐洲文化入門）3 TheRomanceofKingArthurandhisRoundTableknights,whoseoriginwasinCelticle

19、gend,iscomparativelythemostimportantforthehistoryofEnglishliterature,especiallytheworkscalled“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”.關(guān)于亞瑟王的傳說來自英國的凱爾特民族的傳說，格溫爵士和綠衣騎士的故事可以在陳嘉英國文學史第34到35頁找到。ThethemeofloyaltytokingandlordisanimportantcommonthemeoftheRomance.Sotheywerecomposedforthenobleclass.*英國的騎士文學（Romance）并沒有產(chǎn)生

20、如同法國的羅蘭之歌那樣多姿多彩的作品，中世紀在整個歐洲騎士文學還是有很多的讀者，有一些人甚至對騎士文學的喜愛到達癡迷的程度，比如西班牙作家塞萬提斯的名作唐吉訶德中刻畫的主人公便是一位讓人覺的可笑又覺的同情的騎士文學迷。（參閱歐洲文學史）3. “PiersthePlowman”（農(nóng)夫皮爾斯）1 Theauthor-WilliamLanglandReadhislifestorybyyourself.（P12）HewaslivedinlowersocialpositionallhislifeandhewasapersonwithstrongChristiancolor.Thesetwoelement

21、sconcerningwithhislifeexperienceinfluencedhisliterarycreation.2 StoryReadP12toP16andanswerthefollowingquestions:Whatkindsofpeoplewereconsideredasparasites?Religionwascomparedtowhatkindofperson?WhatkindofsocialphenomenonwasrepresentedbyLadyMeed?LadyMeedisaskedbyKingtomarrywhom?WhyConsciencerefusedtom

22、arryLadyMeed?Whoistheheroofthepoem?Whatkindofpersonheis?3 FeaturesImportantpointwhichmakestheworkspecial:TheauthorconsidersthepeasantnamedPierstobethenearesttotruthandsalvation.（ItwasintheMiddleAges.Nearlyallliteraryworksproducedatthattimewaswrittenaboutthosenoblemen.）Form:aseriesofdreamsStyle:allit

23、erativeverseSocialsignificance:kindlingthetoilingpeoplessenseofhumandignityandequalitybeforeGodandplayingapartinarousingtheirrevolutionarysentimentLimitations:conservatism（SeeP16“TheClassNatureofPiers”）;StrongChristiancolorArtisticfeatureoftheproduction:allegory（寓言），personification（擬人），symbolism（象征主

24、義，用作品中具體的形象來代替某種現(xiàn)象或一個抽象概念）TheusageofsymbolismbecameatraditionofEnglishliterature.YoumayfindlotsofsimilarworksinlaterEnglishliterature,forexample,BunyansThePilgrimsProgress.4，TheEnglishBallads1Definitionoftheballad:Aballadisastorytoldinsong，usuallyin4-linestanzas，withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.（rh

25、ymed在這里扌旨第二行和第四行最后一個詞以相同或近似的元音和輔音結(jié)尾）2 FeaturesofballadsFlourishedinthe15thcenturyOriginallyoralliterature（Balladswerecollectedandwrittendowninthe18thcentury.EarliestpublicationofcollectionofballadswasThomasPercys“ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry”.）Collectivecreation（nocertainwriterforeachballad）Ballad

26、swroteonallkindsofsubjects.3 RobinHoodBallads（羅賓漢）Ofalltheballads,thosewrittenaboutRobinHoodareocmparativelyimportant.RobinHoodisapartlyhistoricalandpartlylegendarycharacter.(羅賓漢本來是一個很普通的歷史人物，但是在人們的傳說中逐漸被神化，成為了民謠中描寫的傳說中的形象，這種方式與中國歷史上關(guān)羽的形象很近似。)ImportantpointsofthecharacterofRobinHood:hatredforthecrue

27、loppressorsandloveforthepoor;orthodoxinreligion;reverencefortheKing(justanillusion)SocialSignificance:showingthefightingspirit,courageandrevolutionaryenergyofEnglishpeasantry(RobinHood是英國文學史中的一個綠林英雄形象，與中國文學中的許多劫富濟貧的形象很相近，特別是水滸中的很多人物形象。)17. BenJonson個別戲劇的名字要能和人對上號，如EveryManinHisHumor,二外好像在這里出過一道匹配題，但

28、是不用看太具體。PartThree:ThePeriodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution18. JohnMilton三大史詩非常重要，特別是ParadiseLost和SamsonAgonistes。對于ParadiseLost需要知道它是blankverse寫成的，故事情節(jié)來自O(shè)ldTestament,具體情節(jié)在課本124頁，另外要知道此書theme和Satan的形象。對于SamsonAgonistes要知道它是poeticaldrama，知道故事大概情節(jié)及其來源。另外129頁到130頁briefsummary中5條要看。19. JohnBunyanThePilgr

29、imsProgress20. FounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolJohnDonne;featuresoftheschool:philosophicalpoems,complexrhythmsandstrangeimages21. AndrewMarvell此人不重要，但他有一首名詩ToHisCoyMistress22. JohnDryden“AllforLove”(atragedy);“AnEssayofDramaticPoesy”(Literarycriticism);forerunneroftheClassicisminBritainPartFour:TheEig

30、hteenCentury23. Enlightenment(名詞解釋)24. Classicism(名詞解釋)25. RichardSteele“TheTatler”26. JosephAddison“TheSpectator”這個比上面那個要重要，注意這個報紙和我們今天的報紙不一樣，它虛構(gòu)了一系列的人物，以這些人物的口氣來寫報紙上刊登的散文，這一部分要仔細讀。27. SteelsandAddisonsstylesandtheircontributions28. AlexanderPope:“EssayonCriticism”,“EssayonMan”,“TheRapeofLock”,“The

31、Dunciad”;hisworkmanship(features)andlimitations29. JonathanSwift:“GulliversTravels”此書非常重要，要知道具體內(nèi)容，就是Gulliver游歷過的四個地方的英文名稱，和每個部分具體的諷刺對象；“TheDrapiersLetters”and“AModestProposal”，后一篇比較重要，要注意后一篇作者用的irony也就是反諷手法。30. Theriseandgrowthoftherealisticnovelisthemostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliter

32、ature.31. DanielDefoe:“RobinsonCrusoe”，“MollFlanders”，當然是RobinsonCrusoe比較重要，劇情要清楚，179頁這一節(jié)最后一段，有RobinsonCrusoe的形象和故事中蘊涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主義的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature,另外Defoe是forerunnerofEnglishrealisticnovel。32.SamuelRichardson“Pamela”(firstepistolarynovel)，“ClarissaHarlowe”，“SirCharlesGrandison”33. Henr

33、yFielding:“JosephAndrews”，“JonathanWild”，“TomJones”第一個和第三個比較重要，需要仔細看。他是一個比較重要的作家，200頁founderoftheEnglishRealisticnovel部分要看，201頁第3點features也要看，另外Fielding也被稱為fatheroftheEnglishnovel.34. LaurenceSterne“TristramShandy”35. RichardSheridan“TheSchoolforScandal”36. SamuelJohnson“Dictionary”，“LettertoLordChe

34、sterfield”(thewritersdeclarationofindependence)37. OliverGoldsmith“TheTraveller”(poem)，“TheDesertedVillage”(poem)(bothtwopoemswerewrittenbyheroiccouplet)，“TheVicarofWakefield”(novel)，“TheGood-NaturedMan”(comedy)，“ShestoopstoConquer”(comedy)，“TheCitizenoftheWorld”(collectionofessays)38. EdwardGibbon“

35、TheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire”40. Sentimentalism(名詞解釋)41. ThomasGray“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”(英國詩歌里非常著名的一首，曾經(jīng)被譽為“有史以來英國詩歌里最好的一首”)(arepresentativeofsentimentalismandgraveyardschoolofpoets墓園派詩人)*GraveyardSchool/Poets”:Atermappliedtoeighteent-hcenturypoetswhowrotemeditativepoems,usuallyset

36、inagraveyard,onthethemeofhumanmortality,inmoodswhichrangefromelegiacpensivenesstoprofoundgloom.ThevogueresultedinoneofthemostwidelyknownEnglishpoems，ThomasGrays“Elegywritteninacountrychurchyard”.ThewritingofgraveyardpoemsspreadfromEnglandtoContinentalliteratureinthesecondpartofthecenturyandalsoinflu

37、encedsomeAmericanpoets.42. Inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury,Pre-Romanticism;representative:WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns.43. ThomasPercy“ReliquesofAncientEnglishpoetry”許多中古的民謠都是在這個時期重新收集和整理起來的，這個集子是那個時代比較有名的一個民謠集。44. WilliamBlake比較重要，需要對主要作品有所了解，特別是SongsofInnocence和SongsofExperience,這兩本集子的contrast定要注意，另

38、外Blake的寫作特點也要注意，比如語言的簡單明了，神秘主義氛圍等。45. RobertBurns偉大的蘇格蘭民族詩人，ARedRedRose,ScotsWhaHae,AuldLangSyne等名詩，寫作特點:Scottishdialect;apoetofpeasantandScottishpeople;plainlanguage;influencefromScottishfolksongsandballads;musicalqualityofhispoems.PartFive:RomanticisminEngland46. Romanticism(名詞解釋)要對浪漫主義興起的時間，根源，主要

39、特點，主要代表作家都有所了解。47. WilliamWordsworth要知道他的“LyricalBallads前言是英國浪漫主義時期開始的標志，也是宣言。LakePoets(名詞解釋)。他詩歌的主要兩類題材:natureandcommonpeopleslives。寫過的著名作品:Iwanderedlonelyasacloud;Tothecuckoo;LinescomposedafewmilesaboveTinternAbbey;Thesolitaryreaper;Weareseven等等。48. SamuelTaylorColeridge兩首名詩:TheRimeoftheAncientMar

40、iner;KublaKhan主要寫作supernatural題材。49. GeorgeGordonByron，ByronicHeroes(名詞解釋)；著名作品:ChildHaroldsPilgrimage要知道大致內(nèi)容，另外此詩用SpenserianStanza寫成;DonJuan要知道大致內(nèi)容，及其詩體attavarima。50. PercyByssheShelley著名作品:QueenMab;TheRevoltofIslam;PrometheusUnbound(lyricaldrama，要知道大致內(nèi)容及此劇與古希臘的“被束縛的普羅米修斯”不同之處及其意義。)其它名作:OdetotheWes

41、tWind;Toaskylark;Onewordistoooftenprofaned等等。51. JohnKeats著名作品:OdetoAutumn;OdetoaNightingale;OdeonaGrecianUrn。注意Keats與Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的詩歌沒有兩人那么強的革命性，他的詩歌主要是為了締造一個唯美的世界，為了追求美而寫作的。52. CharlesLamb:TheEssaysofElia(humorous,archaisms,quotationsfromotherwriters)53. WalterScott:founderandgreatmastero

42、fthehistoricalnovel;hisdeathmarkstheendingofRomanticPeriodinEnglishliterature;famousnovels:RobRoy,Ivanhoe;featuresofhisnovels(P322)PartSix:EnglishCriticalRealism54. CriticalRealism批判現(xiàn)實主義，要知道它興起的時間，歷史背景，主要代表人物及主要特點。55. CharlesDickens主要作品：ThePickwickPapers(firstnovel);OliverTwist;DombeyandSon;DavidCop

43、perfield;ATalesofTwoCities等等，對這些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要對情節(jié)，主要人物形象，主題及其意義有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小說的特色(P362-P363)。56. WilliamMakepeaceThackeray主要作品即VanityFair要知道這個題目出自JohnBunyan的ThePilgrimsProgress，另外小說的副標題“Anovelwithoutahero的意思，小說的情節(jié)，主題，人物形象都要了解。知道名字即可，UL；I57.JaneAusten主要作品rideandPrejudice其它5部小說在書上372頁,對于傲慢與偏見課本上介紹的不

44、詳細，可以找其它文學史書籍來簡單看一下它的情節(jié)和主要人物。Austen的寫作特點:thinplot,mostlyeverydaylifeofsimlecountrysociety;goodatwritingyounggirls;modestsatire;wittydialogues。58. CharlotteBronte主要作品JaneEyre，要知道其情節(jié)和意義，另外簡愛的人物形象也比較重要。59. EmilyBronte主要作品WutheringHeights，情節(jié)，人物形象及意義。勃朗特姐妹的小說雖然寫作在批判現(xiàn)實主義時期，但其作品有明顯的浪漫主義特色，比如包含的一些supernatur

45、alelements，特別體現(xiàn)在呼嘯山莊中。60. Mrs.Gaskell,oneofthefirstEnglishwriterstodescribetheclassstruggleinanovel,famousnovel:“MaryBarton.不需要看太詳細。61. GeorgeEliot主要作品：AdamBede,TheMillonFloss,SilasMarner簡單了解即可。PartSeven:Prose-writersandpoetsofthemidandlater19thcentury62. ThomasCarlyle,JohnRuskin,MatthewArnold簡單了解即可

46、。63. AlfredTennyson主要作品：InMemoriam,TheIdyllsoftheKings；有名的短詩Break,Break,Break;Crossingthebar等,此人政治態(tài)度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音樂性和色彩。具體寫作特色參看P410-P411。64. RobertBrowningintroduceddramaticmonologuetopoetry.（P416）Hisfamouspoems:“Home-thoughtsfromabroad”etc.ElizabethBarrettBrowning:“SonnetsfromthePortuguese”.65. 簡單了解WilliamMorris主要作品，寫作特點，及其意義等。66. Aestheticism唯美主義（名詞解釋）OscarWilde主要作品，寫作特點及其意義簡要了解。PartEight:TwentiethCenturyEnglishLiterature67. ThomasHardy,Wessexnovels，要知道為什么叫Wessex，書