Britannia Rues the Waves大不列顛望洋興嘆高英PPT

1、Britannia Rues the WavesBritannia Rues the Waves Britain is sorry that she has lost her dominance on the High Seas Britain regrets that she no longer enjoys a naval supremacy Rue:regret havig enterted into The waves : (poetic) the sea Andrew Neil(1949- ）：a Scottish journalist and broadcaster,writing

2、 on industrial and labor affairs for The Economist,and the editor of The Sunday Times for 11 years. He currently presents live political programmes Sunday Politics and This Week on BBC One and Daily Politics on BBC Two. He is also the former editor-in-chief and current chairman of the Press Holdings

3、 group, which owns The Telegraph and The Spectator.1 To learn the words and expressions of shipping industry (海運(yùn)業(yè)）2 To appreciate the expository /kspztr/ writing3 To understand the history backgrounds (well-known wars.etc.)Key PointsAcronyms UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

4、(聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會(huì)議) it is concerned with the fundamental problems affecting the trade of developing countries.It has its headquarters in Geneva.貿(mào)發(fā)會(huì)議的主要目標(biāo)：幫助發(fā)展中國(guó)家以及向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)過渡的前社會(huì)主義國(guó)家，增強(qiáng)國(guó)家能力，最大限度地獲取貿(mào)易和投資機(jī)會(huì)，加速發(fā)展進(jìn)程，并協(xié)助它們應(yīng)付全球化帶來的挑戰(zhàn)和在公平的基礎(chǔ)上融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)。Building & LogoAcronyms EEC European Economic Community(歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體） 歐共體是

5、西歐一些主要資本主義國(guó)家由政府出面組成的一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治集團(tuán)，本質(zhì)上是一種國(guó)家壟斷資本主義的國(guó)際聯(lián)盟。總部設(shè)在布魯塞爾。二次大戰(zhàn)后，由于國(guó)際關(guān)系新格局的形成，被戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)削弱的歐洲國(guó)家為了抗衡美蘇兩霸，開始走聯(lián)合自保與自強(qiáng)的道路。目標(biāo)是:在整個(gè)共同體內(nèi)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的和諧發(fā)展，不斷的均衡擴(kuò)展，日益增長(zhǎng)的穩(wěn)定. Cartel(Conference 商船協(xié)會(huì)） An association of industrialists business forms for establishing a national or international monopoly by price fixing ownersh

6、ip of controlling stock Eastern block countries（東歐集團(tuán)各國(guó)） Including Poland,Hungary（匈牙利）, Czechoslovakia（捷克斯洛伐克）,Bulgaria（保加利亞）,East GermanyVarious LinersOil tanker 油輪Bulk carrier 散貨船Passenger liner 郵輪Cargo liner 定期貨輪Container liner 集裝箱班輪Express liner 特快班車Conventional liner 常規(guī)班輪Feeder liner 支線運(yùn)輸Ocean l

7、iner 遠(yuǎn)洋班輪Expository writing 1 what is an expository essay? It . Give facts Explains Presents ideas in logical orders or correct sequence2 its primary purpose is to deliver information about an issue, subject, method, or idea.Naval Supremacy of Britian(The sun-never-sets Empire) Henry VII(1485-1509)l

8、aid the foundation of the British merchant navy. Henry VIII(1491-1547)founded the British royal navy. In 1588,Elizabeth I(1558-1603)defeated the Spanish Armada,a fleet of 130 great ships,sent by King Philip II of Spanish against England.There was a running gun fight in the British Channel and the ar

9、mada was routed.The ramant of the Scotland and Ireland.Out of the 130 ships,only 43 reached home.This victory established England as a major sea power. 西班牙無敵艦隊(duì)行軍圖Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain refers to the Soviet Union and the eastern European countries in the capitalist press,first used by Churchil

10、l in his speech at Fulton,Missouri,5 March 1946:”From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent,” 鐵幕是在資本主義報(bào)刊中對(duì)蘇聯(lián)和一些東歐社會(huì)主義國(guó)家的稱呼。是1946年由丘吉爾在美國(guó)富爾頓城威斯敏斯特學(xué)院的演說（鐵幕演說）中提出，“從波羅的海邊的什切青到亞得里亞海邊的的里雅斯特，一副橫貫歐洲大陸的鐵幕已經(jīng)拉下”。 即指蘇聯(lián)和東歐國(guó)家在對(duì)西方國(guó)家的關(guān)系中所建立的障礙及彼此的隔絕。Eas

11、t Germany and West Germany 二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,德國(guó)戰(zhàn)敗,盟國(guó)為了均衡各方面的利益,將德國(guó)劃分為聯(lián)邦德國(guó)（西德）和民主德國(guó)（東德）,西德采用資本主義制度,東德采用社會(huì)主義制度,西德屬于資本主義陣營(yíng)（受英美影響）,東德屬于社會(huì)主義陣營(yíng)（受前蘇聯(lián)影響）.值得一提的是,隨著前蘇聯(lián)的解體,1989年11月9日,長(zhǎng)久以來作為東西方分界線的標(biāo)志-柏林墻-被推倒,在西德的赫爾穆特科爾總理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之下重新統(tǒng)一.Arab-Israeli war(阿以戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)） 第四次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（亦稱十月戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、齋月戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或贖罪日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)），第三次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，以色列占領(lǐng)了埃及和敘利亞的土地，將數(shù)百萬巴勒斯坦人民趕出家園，并占領(lǐng)大

12、片阿拉伯國(guó)家土地，阿拉伯國(guó)家為了收復(fù)失地，發(fā)動(dòng)了這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 在這次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，埃、敘經(jīng)過周密準(zhǔn)備對(duì)以實(shí)施突襲和兩線夾擊，對(duì)以色列形成極大威脅。以軍動(dòng)員快速，先北后西，重點(diǎn)用兵，化被動(dòng)為主動(dòng)，尤其向運(yùn)河西岸的大縱深突擊，對(duì)于扭轉(zhuǎn)被動(dòng)局面發(fā)揮了作用。雙方投入的坦克、火炮、飛機(jī)、導(dǎo)彈等數(shù)量很大，埃、以于14日一天內(nèi)共展開1800輛坦克的大會(huì)戰(zhàn)為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史上所罕見。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果以阿拉伯國(guó)家的失敗告終。中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（The ArabIsraeli Conflict） 中東，是西方國(guó)家對(duì)地中海東部與南部的稱呼?！爸袞|戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”，這是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 第一次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：由于巴勒斯坦土地極度不公平的分割，導(dǎo)致阿

13、拉伯國(guó)家與以色列交戰(zhàn)，阿拉伯國(guó)家在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期占優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是?；鸷笠陨薪邮軄碜悦绹?guó)的大筆援助，以及阿拉伯軍團(tuán)的英國(guó)指揮官指揮部隊(duì)撤離戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，導(dǎo)致阿拉伯國(guó)家戰(zhàn)敗。 第二次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：埃及國(guó)內(nèi)革命后國(guó)有化蘇伊士運(yùn)河引發(fā)利益沖突，最終英法以撤軍。 第三次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：戈蘭高地的敘軍向以色列定居點(diǎn)開火，由此爆發(fā)沖突。以色列全面獲勝。 第四次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：埃及和敘利亞企圖收復(fù)失地，對(duì)以色列發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻，阿拉伯國(guó)家先勝后敗。 第五次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：以色列因?yàn)槠漶v英國(guó)大使被巴勒斯坦武裝暗殺，對(duì)黎巴嫩境內(nèi)巴勒斯坦武裝發(fā)起進(jìn)攻，這次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是巴勒斯坦問題的延續(xù)，以色列最終單方面撤軍，第五次中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)告終。the Third World The

14、 term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO（the North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公約組織), or the Communist Bloc. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, whi

15、le the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and economic divisions.hard currency Hard currency, safe-haven currency or strong currency is any glo

16、bally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value. 硬通貨通常是由高度工業(yè)化的國(guó)家發(fā)行，被全球廣泛接受用于貿(mào)易支付的貨幣，其幣值在中短期內(nèi)保持穩(wěn)定，并且在外匯市場(chǎng)有極高的流動(dòng)性。 硬通貨是指國(guó)際信用較好、幣值穩(wěn)定、匯價(jià)呈堅(jiān)挺狀態(tài)的貨幣。硬通貨并不是固定不變的，一國(guó)貨幣是否會(huì)成為硬通貨除上述特性外，還主要受該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、通貨膨脹、國(guó)際收支狀況等因素影響。 盧布（rubble)俄羅斯貨幣單位（1人民幣元=8.1779俄羅斯盧布） 馬克（mark):原德國(guó)貨幣單位，2002年7月1日起停止流通。 日元(

17、yen)：日本貨幣單位（1人民幣元=16.1199日元） 美元（dollar):美國(guó)的貨幣單位（1美元=6.8890人民幣元） 英鎊（pound):英國(guó)的貨幣單位（1英鎊=8.5506人民幣元） 歐元（euro）歐盟貨幣（1歐元=7.3967人民幣元）High SeasHigh Seas According to “the Geneva Convention on the High Seas,1958”, high seas refers to all parts of the sea not included in the territorial sea or in the internal

18、 waters of a state. Being the common property of all nations, no portion of the high seas can be appropriated by any state (but see continental shelf) and no state may subject any part of them to its sovereignty. 公海是在國(guó)際法上指不包括國(guó)家領(lǐng)?；騼?nèi)水的全部海域。1982年聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約規(guī)定公海是不包括在國(guó)家的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、領(lǐng)?；騼?nèi)水或群島國(guó)的群島水域以內(nèi)的全部海域。公海供所有國(guó)家平等

19、地共同使用。它不是任何國(guó)家領(lǐng)土的組成部分，因而不處于任何國(guó)家的主權(quán)之下；任何國(guó)家不得將公海的任何部分據(jù)為己有，不得對(duì)公海本身行使管轄權(quán)。The History of Britains Merchant Navy The merchant navy has been existence for a significant period in Britains history, owning much of its growth to British imperial expansion. As an entity in itself, it can be dated back to the 17

20、th century, where an attempt was made to register all seafarers as a source of labour for the Royal Navy in times of conflict. British ships were also deeply involved in acts of piracy and armed robbery on the high seas, off the waters of Europe and Caribbean, as ships with British sailors robbed fr

21、om ships of foreign navies. It grew over successive years to become the worlds foremost merchant fleet, benefiting considerably from trade with British possessions in India and the Far East. During the First and Second World Wars, the Merchant Service suffered heavy losses from German attacks. In th

22、e Second World War, the United Kingdom alone suffered the loss of 11.7 million tons, which was 54% of the total Merchant Navy fleet at the outbreak of the Second World War. In honour of the sacrifices made in the two World Wars, the Merchant Navy lays wreaths of remembrance alongside the armed force

23、s in the annual Remembrance Day service on 11 November. Following many years of lobbying to bring about official recognition of the sacrifices made by merchant seafarers in two world wars and since, Merchant Navy Day became an official day of remembrance on 3 September 2000. Despite maintaining its

24、dominant position for many decades, the decline of the British Empire in the mid-20th century inevitably led to the decline of the merchant fleet. Today, this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before. On almost all the major sea rotes of the world, the British fleet risks being elbow

25、ed out by stiff foreign competition.The Two Main Directions of the Threats First: From the Russians and the countries in Eastern Europe under Soviet influences. These countries are now expanding there merchant fleet and making their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies.Second: From the merchant fleet of the developing countries, who are determined to take t