第一章動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)(二)

1、第一章 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)（二） 三、完成時(shí) 完成時(shí)是用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的完成與未完成的情況。完成時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)。 A現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式是“have / has +過(guò)去分詞”?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過(guò)去”，因此它不能與明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗戶打破了。 I haven't seen much of her lately. 我最近不常見(jiàn)到她。 How long have they been married? 他們結(jié)婚多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？ 2現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)

2、在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法，表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前就已完成，并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過(guò)去的動(dòng)作”對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。 I have bought a pen. 我買(mǎi)了一支筆。（結(jié)果：I have a pen now.） The temperature has increased by 10. 溫度上升了10攝氏度。（結(jié)果：It is quite hot now.） Air pollution has taken the lives of many people. 空氣污染已經(jīng)奪去了很多人的生命。（結(jié)果：Ai

3、r pollution is very serious now.） 注意： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的上下文所指的時(shí)態(tài)必須呼應(yīng)。 【誤】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有筆了，這和后面的have lost有矛盾） 【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now. 我（過(guò)去）買(mǎi)了一支筆，但我已經(jīng)把它丟了。 【誤】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost強(qiáng)調(diào)你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒(méi)有筆了，與后面have found的意思有沖突） 【正

4、】I lost my pen but I have found it now. 我丟了一支筆，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了。 表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。 Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎？ I have visited Beijing at least ten times. 北京我至少訪問(wèn)過(guò)十次了。 She has never spent a holiday at the seaside. 她從未到海濱度過(guò)假。 表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可

5、能要繼續(xù)下去。 He's loved fishing for a long time. 他愛(ài)好釣魚(yú)為時(shí)已久。（他現(xiàn)在仍愛(ài)好釣魚(yú)） I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在這兒住了三十多年了。（也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)住下去） 注意： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法既可用于動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞（主要是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞），也可用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但它一般不適用于表示短暫動(dòng)作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用這類動(dòng)詞表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。 I haven't seen a film fo

6、r weeks. 我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)看電影了。 She hasn't written to me since September. 自從9月份以來(lái)她還沒(méi)給我寫(xiě)過(guò)信呢。 3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以前的某個(gè)未明確指出的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)，和它連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)，不能是明確地表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 a. 不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already, yet, before, recently, lately等 I've seen the film before. 我以前看過(guò)這部電影。 Have you be

7、en there lately? 近來(lái)你去過(guò)那里嗎? b. 頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely 等 We have never heard of that. 我們從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這事。 He has sometimes played tennis. 他有時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。 Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. 大本鐘很少出差錯(cuò)。 c. 包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等 I have just finished the

8、letter now. 我現(xiàn)在剛寫(xiě)完信。 You have just missed the bus. 你剛好錯(cuò)過(guò)公共汽車。 Has he done much work today? 他今天做了很多工作嗎？ 比較：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別 already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，置于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用在疑問(wèn)句中暗示驚訝的心情。 She has already gone. 她早就走了。 Have you eaten your dinner already? 你已經(jīng)吃過(guò)飯了? He has not come yet. 他還沒(méi)有來(lái)。 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完

9、成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 與“已完成”用法一樣，表示具體的過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)以具體表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。 a. since + 具體時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開(kāi)始 Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。 He hasn't been home since he graduated. 他畢業(yè)后就沒(méi)回過(guò)家。 b. for + 一段時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久 We have worked here for ages. 我們?cè)谶@里工作很久了。

10、There has been no rain here for nearly two months. 這里已經(jīng)近兩個(gè)月沒(méi)有下雨了。 c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment 到目前為止 I have not seen him so far. 到目前為止我沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他。 Up to the present, everything has been OK. 到目前為止一切正常。 d. in/during the past/last five years 在剛剛過(guò)去的5年里 He has been away from school durin

11、g the last few weeks. 過(guò)去的幾個(gè)星期里他沒(méi)在學(xué)校。 In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在過(guò)去的幾年中他們已經(jīng)和好幾家跨國(guó)公司做成了生意。 e. all the while, all day 一直，一整天 She has been busy all day. 她忙了一整天。 4現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則只是表示過(guò)去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。 He

12、locked the door. 他鎖過(guò)門(mén)。（但現(xiàn)在門(mén)是開(kāi)是鎖不清楚。） He has locked the door. 他把門(mén)鎖上了。（現(xiàn)在門(mén)是鎖著的。） Who turned on the light? 誰(shuí)開(kāi)的燈？（著眼開(kāi)燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開(kāi)是關(guān)。） Who has turned on the light? 誰(shuí)把燈打開(kāi)了？（著眼開(kāi)燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。） 兩者都可表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。 He has lived in Beijing for four years. 他在北京住了四年了。（現(xiàn)在仍住那兒） H

13、e lived in Beijing for four years. 他曾在北京住了四年。（現(xiàn)在不住那兒了） B過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作須在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前發(fā)生，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 1過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。 Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake. 我很快就意識(shí)到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。 The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before. 飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒(méi)乘過(guò)飛機(jī)。

14、Had he gone home when you arrived? 你到的時(shí)候他已經(jīng)回家了嗎？ 2過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法 “已完成”用法 表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前或過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或以 before, until, when, than等詞引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work. 到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)做完了那件工作。 He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher return

15、ed from the office. 老師從辦公室回來(lái)時(shí)，他剛把教室打掃完。 They came earlier than we had expected. 他們到得比我們預(yù)料的要早。 I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. 我在進(jìn)大學(xué)之前就已學(xué)了5000個(gè)單詞。 It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months. 旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。 注意： 在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木鋭?dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一

16、般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 The train (had) started before I reached the station. 在我到達(dá)車站之前，列車已經(jīng)開(kāi)了。 After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。 “未完成”用法 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，還可能再持續(xù)下去。 Up to that time all had gone well. 直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。 John and Jane had

17、 known each other for a long time before their marriage. 約翰和簡(jiǎn)在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。 She said she had made much progress since she came here. 她說(shuō)自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。 “想象性”用法 過(guò)去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。 If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded. 要是她努力的話，她就會(huì)成功了。（事實(shí)上她沒(méi)努力，也沒(méi)成功

18、。） I wish I had gone with you to the concert. 我要是和你一起去音樂(lè)會(huì)就好了。 The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years. 那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來(lái)就像是多年的老朋友。 表示“剛剛就” 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely . when., no sooner . than . 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛就”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him

19、. 他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。提示： intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)本來(lái)打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to come, but something happened. 我原本打算來(lái)的，但有事發(fā)生了。 I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本打算去看你的，但沒(méi)能

20、去成。 They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time. 他們?cè)霂兔Φ模珱](méi)能及時(shí)趕到這里。 3過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過(guò)去更過(guò)去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。 He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons. 他對(duì)動(dòng)詞

21、一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 我在車站等了20分鐘車才來(lái)。 C將來(lái)完成時(shí) 1將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成是由“shall/ will + have +過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就會(huì)全然忘記這件事的。 He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他現(xiàn)

22、在是一個(gè)有身份的人了，他可能不會(huì)記得老同學(xué)了。 Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下個(gè)月你認(rèn)識(shí)凱文該有10年了吧？ 2. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的用法 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我將把房子徹

23、底打掃一遍。 Will you soon have finished laying the table? 你會(huì)很快擺放好餐桌嗎？ 注意： 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，不用將來(lái)完成時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)代替。 When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do. 等我做完這件事時(shí)，我就做完我該做的所有的事了。 Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 請(qǐng)待車停穩(wěn)了再下車。 表示推測(cè) You will have heard of this, I guess.

24、 我想你已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事了。 I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了這個(gè)信息。 四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)合，包括現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 A. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。 He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，已經(jīng)臥床3個(gè)星期了。 Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你眼睛紅了。你剛剛哭過(guò)了

25、嗎？ What have you been doing all this time? 這半天你干什么來(lái)著？ 2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語(yǔ)以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用。 I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在讀海明威的永別了，武器。 She has been reciting the

26、words all the morning. 她整個(gè)上午都在背單詞。 This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 這是我從小以來(lái)就一直期待著的事情。 表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束 My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain. 我的衣服全濕了，我剛才一直在雨中干活。 He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends. 他爛醉如泥，他剛才一直在和朋友們喝酒。 表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)、重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 You&#

27、39;ve been saying that for five years. 這話你已經(jīng)說(shuō)了五年了。 He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher. 自從任教以來(lái)，他一直在為報(bào)刊雜志撰稿。 表達(dá)較重的感情色彩 What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了！ Time has been flying so quickly! 時(shí)間過(guò)得可真快啊！ Too much has been happening t

28、oday. 今天可真是個(gè)多事的日子。 3 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他見(jiàn)面嗎？ Have you met him recently? 你最近見(jiàn)到過(guò)他嗎？ 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（可能表示不滿） I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（說(shuō)明一個(gè)

29、事實(shí)） 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。 Who has been eating the oranges? 誰(shuí)一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些） Who has eaten the oranges? 誰(shuí)把桔子吃光了？（強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩） B. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考試之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧？ Rafael was scolded even t