跨文化交際英語論文

1、-大學(xué)生跨文化交際中的障礙和能力的培養(yǎng)A brief analysis of the application of body language in cross-cultural municationSpecialty:EnglishName: Student ID: Advisor: College of Foreign LanguagesNov , 2021AcknowledgementsIn writing this paper, I want to thank all my teachers ,for their teaching and kind support, their con

2、tinuous encouragement and massive help during these years. To the my twenty si* classmates who helped me with my research, for their enthusiastic participation;To my friends in shijiazhuang, beijing,Liverpool, Western Ontario encouragement and great support.Second, I would like to e*press my heartfe

3、lt gratitude to professors Fu Tianjun, my advisor who spent much of his precious time discussing with me and helping me to narrow the topic at the initial stages, as well as showing great concern for my progress. I am deeply indebted for his assistance in helping me to acplish this study. Without hi

4、s encouragement and specific guidance, the pletion of this thesis would have been impossible. In addition, he has been very kind to me whenever I confronted problems during the project.Also, I hereby e*press my sincere gratitude to my classmates and roommates, who helped me to do the data collection

5、 I needed for this project. They have generously offered their help at the preparatory stage during this study. Finally, I thank the subjects whose cooperation and participation contributed to the very basis for this research work.AbstractIn the 21st century, as the economic and cultural e*changing

6、of all countries bees more and more frequent, there appear more obstacles caused by the differences of language and culture. In intercultural munication, one of the most useful ways to deal with the obstacles is to master the meaning of body language. However, even if we understand the meaning of so

7、me general body language, there are also some difficulties to master because even the same body language has great differences in different culture background and have different social functions. This article devotes to a parison and contrast of body language in different cultures in terms of eye la

8、nguage, gestures, postures, facial e*pressions and touch. Using body languages wrongly makes you fail in interpersonal munications, which would cause conflict in international munication. So what are the differences of the same body language in different country? How to apply body language correctly

9、? In this essay, after borrowing and studying the e*perience of the forefathers, the author analyzes the various usages and functions of body language in different culture background. It aims to illustrate the differences and similarities of body language and put forward the principles of reducing b

10、arriers in munication so as to achieve efficient munication and to avoid misunderstanding.Key Words: intercultural munication; cultural difference;body language;摘 要21世紀(jì)， 隨著國際經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的加深，由于語言，文化的差異而產(chǎn)生的障礙隨時都可能存在，在跨文化交際中，消除障礙的最有效的方法就是了解身勢語的含義。然而即使我們對常用的身勢語有所了解，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R著一些困難，身勢語含義千變?nèi)f化，即使同一身勢語在不同的文化背景都有不同的含義

11、，行使著不同的社會功能。本文致力于從目光語，手勢語，身體姿態(tài)，面部表情，體觸語方面對不同文化的身勢語進(jìn)展比照。錯誤地用身勢語不僅會使我們在跨文化交際中失敗，而且會造成和外國朋友之間的沖突，所以怎樣正確地使用身勢語，怎樣理解身勢語的差異都非常重要，該篇論文中作者在借鑒前人成果的根底上分析了各種身勢語在不同文化背景下的用法和功能。目的在于通過列舉身勢語的文化差異與共性，并提出交際中遵循的原則，從而促進(jìn)有效交流,防止誤解。關(guān)鍵詞：跨文化交際；文化差異；身體語言Table of contentsAcknowledgements iAbstract in English iiAbstract in Ch

12、inese iiiChapter one Introduction31.1 Significance of study1.2 Structure of this paperChapter Two Literature Review32.1. Concept of Body Language32.2. Classification and Functions of Body Language.42.3. E*amples of Body Language.62.4. Necessities of Body Language in Intercultural munication.8Chapter

13、 Three The Differences of Body Language in Various Countries.103.1. Eye Contact.103.2. Smile.123.3. Body Distance.133.4. Touch.143.5. Gestures.16Chapter Four The Similarities of Body Language and Their Reasons.194.1. The Similarities of Body Language.194.2. The Causes Resulting in the Similarities o

14、f Body Language .204.3. The Principles of Reducing Barriers in munication.20Chapter Five Conclusion.21References. .21Chapter OneIntroduction1.1 Significance of studyIn modern society, most countries in the world municate with each other frequently, and at the same time, the people speaking different

15、 languages have different cultural background, way of living, faith of religion, personal values and so on, which take intervene to the munication of people ing from different country.When a Chinese meet an American friend, would kissing each other be offensive for the Chinese? If two young friends

16、of the same se* walk with their arms around each others shoulders would English-speaking people regard this as being proper? Does nodding head mean yes and shaking means no in all cultures? Im afraid nobody can give a positive or negative answer about the above questions, because the same behavior i

17、n different culture has different meanings. Language is one of the gifts of human being. It lets us share our e*periences, helps us learn from others, and allows us to municate across time, But language is only one of the ways we municate, Gestures and body language municate as effectively as words,

18、 maybe even more effectively, we can use body language to gather information from our surroundings too. The more you understand body language and its affect on others, the better you will be in municating with co-workers, bosses, clients, and others you encounter during the day. By making simple adj

19、ustments to your posture, facial e*pressions and mannerisms, you can improve the way others view you. In fact, in some respects our primary means of understanding each other are two things we have in mon with the rest of the animal world: our eyes and our bodies. Without gestures, our world would be

20、 static and colorless “A psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message = 7% verbal 38% vocal 55% facial e*pressions and behavior.(*小丹.跨文化交際中的非言語交際.社會科學(xué)，2004) It is clear without body language we cant finish our informational e*change. Body language, like verbal language can e*press em

21、otions, e*change ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient munication.1.2 Purpose of studyTranslation “means to reproduce the message in anotherlanguage.(Nida, 1999) But translation is not simply the act of transferring the meaning

22、of a te*t from one language into another one,it is a ple* and fascinating task that requires much effort. Theauthor of the paper believes that translation is not only the media of two languages, but also the bridge of two cultures. It is the culture reappearance. Tourism te*t is an information type

23、style or “vocative style (Jia, 2004). It is full of descriptions, e*otic features and folk cultures of the country of destination. Tourism te*t deals with the concept of culture, history and geography (Zheng, 2007). Therefore, tourism translation has to transfer the meaning and culture in the langua

24、ge. This requires that the translator should read the te*t carefully and research the meaning of culture. The translator should not only have a very high attainment of culture, but also have the skills of English munication. In addition, various translation strategies are indispensable. As two impor

25、tant strategies in the fields of literature translation and classic translation, domestication and foreignization have aroused fierce discussion. But the author of this paper uses the two strategies in one of the pragmatic translation, that is, tourism translation. Through the study in this paper, t

26、he author strives to find a good application of domestication and foreignization in the tourism translation. By the proper and useful application of the two strategies, the tourism te*ts could be translated better, and the culture and customs could be transmitted better. As a result, it will further

27、 the progress of the tourism translation and enrich the pragmatic translation theories.1.3 Structure of this paperIn this paper, the author discusses the features of tourism te*ts and puts forward the principles of the application of domestication and foreignization in tourism translation.Chapter on

28、e is a brief introduction of the study. In this chapter, the author e*plains the progress and importance of tourism, and further shows the significance of the tourism translation. The study in this paper will make contribution to the furtherance and progress of tourism translation; enrich the touris

29、m translation theories as well as the development of the tourism. This is e*actly the significance of the study.In chapter two, the author of the paper makes a literature review. The author reviews the previous study of tourism translation. Many researchers have studied the tourism translation. Some

30、 study the definition, status and standard of tourism translation; some study the features of various styles of tourism te*ts; some deal with the culture factors. Jin Huikang even puts forwards the nativation and alienation (domestication and foreignization) in IC, which especially deserves further

31、study. Therefore, the author continued the study in this field.Chapter three analyses the features of tourism te*ts. From four aspects, the author summarizes the le*ical features, syntactic features, stylistic features and culture features of the tourism te*ts. English tourism te*ts and Chinese tour

32、ism te*ts have their own characteristics, but the author discusses the general features of the tourism te*ts on the whole.In chapter four, according to the features of tourism te*t, the author of the paper introduces the strategies of domestication and foreignization firstly. The readers could have

33、a general outline of the two strategies. Ne*t, the author e*plains the situations where we could use the strategy of domestication in tourism translation. Third, the author discusses the situation where to use the strategy of foreignization in tourism translation.Chapter five is the conclusion. In t

34、his chapter, the author puts forward the major findings and suggestions of the study. We could use the strategy of domestication in terms of grammar, sentence structure and the e*pressing habits. But when we deal with cultural factors or customs in tourism translation, we could use the strategy of F

35、oreignization to maintain the e*otic features of the destination country, so as to achieve the goal of the translators. In addition, the author puts forward the limitations of the study.1. IntroductionIn modern society, most countries in the world municate with each other frequently, and at the same

36、 time, the people speaking different languages have different cultural background, way of living, faith of religion, personal values and so on, which take intervene to the munication of people ing from different country.When a Chinese meet an American friend, would kissing each other be offensive fo

37、r the Chinese? If two young friends of the same se* walk with their arms around each others shoulders would English-speaking people regard this as being proper? Does nodding head mean yes and shaking means no in all cultures? Im afraid nobody can give a positive or negative answer about the above qu

38、estions, because the same behavior in different culture has different meanings. Language is one of the gifts of human being. It lets us share our e*periences, helps us learn from others, and allows us to municate across time, But language is only one of the ways we municate, Gestures and body langua

39、ge municate as effectively as words, maybe even more effectively, we can use body language to gather information from our surroundings too. The more you understand body language and its affect on others, the better you will be in municating with co-workers, bosses, clients, and others you encounter

40、during the day. By making simple adjustments to your posture, facial e*pressions and mannerisms, you can improve the way others view you. In fact, in some respects our primary means of understanding each other are two things we have in mon with the rest of the animal world: our eyes and our bodies.

41、Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless “A psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message = 7% verbal 38% vocal 55% facial e*pressions and behavior.(*小丹.跨文化交際中的非言語交際.社會科學(xué)，2004) It is clear without body language we cant finish our informational e*change. Body language,

42、 like verbal language can e*press emotions, e*change ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient munication.2. The Differences of Body Language in Various Countries2.1. Eye ContactAs saying goes “The eyes are the windows of the soul.

43、That is to say, we can read ones mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can e*press plicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of municators. People from English speaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. According to American tradition, municato

44、rs must gaze at each other. “But there are many rules about eye language: Whether to look at the other municator or not; when it is the time to look at them, how long we can look at; who we can look at and who we cant; they all imply different meanings in munication. In Juliets Fasters book Body Lan

45、guage, there is a paragraph that can e*plain the problem. “Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show interest in each other. A writer d

46、escribed this situation in an article “They look over the menu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for the first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window. (1) Americans pay great attention to the time

47、and the way of eye contact. In mon conversation, they will look at each other about one minute and then they will look away. If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other municator directly. If they dont,

48、 they are regarded lack of enthusiasm or confidence. They believe the saying “Never trust a person who cant look you in the eyes. (2) If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their e*istence. But in American eyes, they think thi

49、s behavior is unsuitable or a homose*ual behavior. The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our municators is gentlemanly. But Swede use eye language more often than Englishmen. And the French especially like to look attentively at the other municators with admiration. Japanese often

50、look at the other municators neck when they are in conversation. They believe eye contact is impolite. And Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Some South American Indians used to look at different directions when they are talking. In the Middle East, it is

51、 considered e*tremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone, return his gaze. (3) Another e*ample, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They are annoyed and think the local people are rude. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just

52、 curious. American social psychologist Michael Argyle found out: People who like each other have more eye contact than people who dislike each other. In munication, looking down frequently can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looking away constantly may e*press dissatisfaction. Females are

53、likely to municate with more eye contact, especially among females. But too long eye contact will cause embarrassment. Most people feel uneasy and unfortable under the strong staring. When people always stare at us, we will feel we are threatened or suspect their sincerity. From what is mentioned ab

54、ove we can conclude that different cultural background has a great influence on body language. And eye language also reflects different cultures and believes. So we need to observe and pare and contrast carefully so as to improve cultural e*change and to blend well.2.2. SmileSmiles are an important

55、facial e*pression. They show interest, e*citement, empathy, concern; they create an upbeat, positive environment. Smiles can, however, be overused. Often, men smile when they are pleased; women smile to please. You know which is the most powerful! To gain and increase respect, first establish your p

56、resence in a room, then smile. It is far more professional than to enter a room giggling or all smiles. Smile indicates pleasure, either that you are generally happy or are enjoying the other persons pany or that you are amused by something in particular, such as a joke. A full smile engages the who

57、le face, particularly including the eyes, which crease and twinkle. Smiling with lips only is often falsehood, where the person wants to convey pleasure or approval but is actually feeling something else. This false smile is known as the Duchene smile, after the scientists who first described it in

58、1862. False smiles also tend to last for longer. A genuine smile is often asymmetric and usually larger on the right side of the face. A false smile may be more symmetrical or larger on the left side of the face. Lowering the jaw to show a D-shaped mouth can be a false smile as it is easy to do. It may also be a de