專業(yè)英語-multimedia

1、Specialized English on TelecommunicationYang XiaoqingUnit 18 MultimediavKey terms:vtransmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.)vMultimediava user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as a

2、n input device vGUI vGraphics User Interfacev圖形用戶接口 vCD-I vCompact disc interactive v交互式緊湊光盤系統(tǒng) vJPEG vJoint photographic experts group vMPEG vMoving picture experts group vMIDI vMusical Instrument Data Interfacev樂器數字接口 vBitmapv位圖vSVG vScalable Vector Graphics v可縮放的矢量圖形vGIFvGraphics Interchange Forma

3、tv圖形交換格式vRGB v三原色模式vCMYK v印刷色彩模式 (cyan青，magenta品紅，yellow黃，black黑)vHypertextv超文本vcomputer software that recognizes numbers and letters of the alphabet which are written on paper, so that information from paper documents can be scanned into a computer vOCR voptical character recognitionv光學字符識別 vMDBMS

4、vMultimedia database management system v多媒體數據庫管理系統(tǒng) vPervasivev擴大的，滲透的vWhimsical v古怪的，反復無常的vPinv釘住vNuancev微小的差別（色彩等）vPerspectivev透視，角度，遠景vConveyv運輸，傳遞，轉換vCounterpartv伙伴，副本，對應物vArtifactv人工制品vVideo-clipv錄像剪輯vAudio recordingv唱片vJuxtaposev并置，并列vInnovativev創(chuàng)新的，富有革命精神的vIngredientv成分，要素vSyntheticv合成的，綜合性的vE

5、xtractv抽取，分離vindicator consisting of a movable spot of light (an icon) on a visual display; moving it allows the user to point to commands or screen positions vCursorv光標，游標，指針vAnnotatev給.注解vDQDBvDistributed queue dual busv分布式隊列雙總線vDeployv采用，推廣應用vPredominancev優(yōu)勢，顯著vPrecursorv先驅，前任vVoicegradev音頻級vComp

6、uter mediated communicationsv計算機中介通信van event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another vAccompanimentv伴隨物，附屬物vConsensusv意見一致vVODvVideo-on-demandv視頻點播vDeadlinev截止時間vConstrainv限制，約束vDeviatev偏離vPreferencev選擇，喜歡vDominantv主要的，控制的vBy contrastv相反，對比起來vPass on v傳遞，切換vLena

7、image (512*512) vBmp 24bit 769kvJPG 41kvGIF 138kvTIFF 897 vPNG 672vBmp monochrome 33kPassage B CharacteristicsvMultimedia is one the most innovative ways of using a telecommunications network to achieve effective communications (1) between people and (2) for access to information.v多媒體是在（1）人與人之間（2）獲取

8、信息中，用通信網絡獲得有效的通信的最重大的變革方式vThis chapter describes the essential ingredients of multimedia and gives a wide variety of examples of applications in a wide range of industrial settings.v這章描述了多媒體的基本組成，并且給出了在廣泛工業(yè)環(huán)境中應用的許多例子。vFour key ingredientsv四個關鍵組成vMultimedia communication is defined here as the combin

9、ation of four key ingredients:v多媒體通信被定義為下面四個方面的組合vTwo or more of the five media of communication (audio, data, fax, image, and video);v具有通信的五種媒體中2個或者2個以上的媒體。vInteractive capabilities between the communication parties;v通信方之間的交互能力vCommunications with human users.v人類用戶參與的通信vMultimedia systems involve c

10、ommunications with human users as senders or receivers of information, or both.v多媒體系統(tǒng)涉及到參與通信的人作為發(fā)信者或者收信者或者兩者都是。vBy contrast, single medium systems, such as data and fax, can involve inter-machine communications with no human user present while the communication is underway. v對比而言，單一媒體系統(tǒng)，例如，在通信過程中，數據

11、，傳真，涉及到機器之間的通信，但沒人參與。vIt is the human element that benefits from more than one medium of communication, and also from the interactive capabilities of multimedia systems.v從人的角度來看，是受益于多種媒體的通信的，也受益于多媒體系統(tǒng)之間的交互能力。vSynchronization. Multimedia systems require two types of synchronization between the differ

12、ent media.v同步性，多媒體系統(tǒng)需要不同媒體之間通信具有兩種類型的同步。vContinuous synchronization is required for audio/video, for instance, to coordinate lip movement with speech.v在視頻和音頻中要求連續(xù)性同步，例如，演講時對嘴唇的協調控制。vSynthetic synchronization is required by the designer of the system to organize the presentation of material in the de

13、sires manner (e.g., the sequencing of video clips with data and graphics).v在設計的系統(tǒng)中各元素按照自己想要的方式出現必須采用綜合同步。例如，具有數據和圖像的視頻剪輯的順序。vVideoconferencing is a typical example of multimedia, combining two media (audio and video), interaction, human users, and synchronization.v視頻會議是多媒體的一個典型例子，包含兩個媒體，音頻和視頻，交互，人，同

14、步系統(tǒng)。vBy contrast, broadcast television allows no backward channel for the information receiver to interact with the information provider, and it is therefore not regarded as a multimedia communication.v對比而言，廣播電視容許沒有用于信息接收者與信息發(fā)送者進行交互的反向通道，因此不能認為是多媒體通信。vThe types of interaction in multimedia systems a

15、re as follows:v多媒體系統(tǒng)中交互類型包括下面幾種：vSearch and browse. These correspond to database access functions for extracting the required multimedia information from storage.v搜尋和瀏覽。這些是同從存儲媒體中獲得需要的多媒體信息的相應的數據庫接入功能相對應。vInteractive “buttons”. A frame of information (i.e., a screen or portion of a screen) may conta

16、in buttons that can be selected (e.g., using a cursor) to control the presentation of information, and to pass on to another frame.v交互按鈕。幀信息可能包括被選擇的按鈕，這個按鈕用來控制提供的信息和傳遞給另外一個幀。vExamples of “buttons” are lists of options, menu selections, and portions of the displayed information that can be selected t

17、o obtain additional information on that subject. v例如按鈕可以是選項，菜單選擇，和在被選擇的目標上顯示出附加信息vWindowing. One frame of information overlaps a background frame, and the size of frames can be changed by the user so as to view portions of several frames simultaneously.v窗口技術，一個幀的信息同背景幀交疊，為了能同時看到幾個幀信息，幀的尺寸能被用戶改變。vFas

18、t forward, rewind, pause, and skip. “tape recorder” commands to control the sequence and speed of presentation of information can be used, not just with audio and video information but also to control a sequence of frames of data, fax, and image.v快進，回倒，暫停和跳過。使用控制被使用信息的展示速度和順序的磁帶錄音機的功能鍵，不僅可以控制音頻和視頻，還

19、有數據，傳真和圖像幀的順序。vConversational interaction. When a human user is present at each end of the communication channel, a wide range of conversational interactions are possible, including audio discussion, displaying data and images in shared screens, and pointing to, editing and annotating the contents o

20、f the shared screen.v會話交互。當人們出現在每個通信信道末端，很大范圍的會話交互是可能的，包括音頻討論，數據和圖像顯示的屏幕共享，和對共享屏幕的定位，編輯和評注。vEnabling technologiesv支撐技術vMultimedia communication has come about as a result of the development of a number of technological capabilities.v由于大多數技術能力的發(fā)展，多媒體通信已經發(fā)生了變化。vThese capabilities are described in the

21、following subsections.v下面的部分中將對這些技術能力進行描述vFast-packet networks. The high bandwidth, burst nature of multimedia communications makes it particularly suited to fast-packet telecommunication capabilities such as those provided by ATM and DQDB. v快速分組網絡。高帶寬，多媒體通信爆發(fā)式發(fā)展的特性使得諸如ATM和DQDB等快速分組網絡特別適合于它們。vUntil

22、these networks are widely deployed, multimedia communications can be based on circuit capabilities at a range of bandwidths and lower bandwidth packet capabilities. Such as X.25 and frame relays.v在這些網絡廣泛使用以前，多媒體通信可建立在一定帶寬范圍的電路和較低帶寬的分組功能的基礎上，例如X。25和幀中繼。vHigh capacity storage systems. The predominance

23、 of storage intensive media, such as audio, video, and high resolution image in multimedia communications requires high capacity storage systems, such as optical disks.v高容量存儲系統(tǒng)。密集型存儲煤質的優(yōu)勢，例如音頻、視頻和高分辨率圖像在多媒體通信中都需要高容量存儲系統(tǒng)，例如光碟。vPowerful processing capability. The encoding/decoding of a variety of medi

24、a plus the synchronization of their presentation to the user require powerful processors.v強有力的處理能力。不同媒體的編碼和解碼，加上將它們展示給用戶時的同步要求都需要強有力的處理器。vCompression coding. The development of coding techniques for audio, image, and video has enabled multimedia communications to be compressed into available bandwid

25、th.v壓縮編碼。音頻，圖像，視頻編碼技術的發(fā)展已經使得多媒體通信能被壓縮在有限的帶寬內。vThis enabled many multimedia systems to be developed before the availability of broadband networks. Broadband communications results in improved quality and lower end-to-end delay.v這些技術使得在寬帶網絡可用之前，許多多媒體系統(tǒng)可用。寬帶通信導致了通信質量的改善和端對端延時的減少。vHypertext. Hypertext i

26、s a precursor to multimedia that was developed several years before the technology necessary for multimedia becoming available today.v超文本。超文本是多媒體的先驅，在多媒體所需技術發(fā)展之前，超文本已經使用多年了。vWindowing. Windowing software gives an interface in which the user can interact with several files or software processes using

27、 a single screen.v窗口化。窗口軟件提供了一個用戶能在一個屏幕對幾個文件和軟件進程進行交互的界面。vIt was originally developed in a single medium situation-namely, image-and was rapidly extended to cater for motion video.v它最初在單一媒體中發(fā)展起來的，如圖像，并且迅速的擴展到了可以適用于移動視頻。vIt greatly enhances the interactive capabilities of many multimedia systems toda

28、y.v今天，許多多媒體系統(tǒng)的交互能力已經給大大的增強了。vBusiness advantages of multimedia communicationsv多媒體通信在商業(yè)中的優(yōu)勢。vThere is a strong latent demand for multimedia communications as evidenced by:v商業(yè)中對多媒體通信存在強烈的潛在需求，證據如下：vThe use of videoconferencing to display a technical drawing or other object of discussion as well as the

29、 head and shoulders of the discussant.v視頻會議的使用可以顯示繪畫技術和其他的討論對象以及參加討論者的頭和肩膀。vThis is essentially the use of motion video to provide a still-image capability.v用移動視頻來提供靜止的圖像的是一個基本的能力。vThe use of fax and data communication equipment during the course of a videoconferencing;v在視頻會議期間使用傳真和數字設備。vThe use of

30、modems that allow voice and data communications over one voice-grade line. v調制解調器的使用容許聲音和數據通信都在音頻級線路上完成。vThese examples imply a demand for interactive combinations of all five communications media: audio, data, image, fax, and video.v這些例子暗示了對5種通信媒體：聲音，數據，圖像，傳真和視頻的復合交互的需求。vThe business effectiveness

31、of multimedia communications can be estimated from the effectiveness of earlier forms of computer mediated communications (CMC) in which users of CMC, and research into its benefits, is more established than for multimedia since it has been used since the mid-1970s.v由于從70年代中期計算機中介通信已經被使用，因此多媒體通信在商業(yè)中

32、的效用比多媒體本身更加明確，這可以從早期的計算機中介通信中的用戶中得到評估，并且可以研究多媒體通信的好處。vThe effectiveness of CMC has been analyzed in business group decision-making situations and in educational settings as an instructional tool.v計算機中介通信的效用在商業(yè)團體決策中已經被分析，并且在教育環(huán)境中已經成為一個有用的工具。vGroup decision making v團體決策vStudies have shown the there ar

33、e advantages to CMC in group decision-making situations compared to face-to-face meetings.v許多研究已經顯示了計算機中介通信在團體決策中比面對面會議中的優(yōu)勢。vTable 6.1 gives a comparison between computer-mediated communications and face-to-face meetings.v表6.1給出了計算機中介通信和面對面會議的比較情況。vThe result in table.6.1 can be summarized by the st

34、atement that computer mediation allows for (1) more opinions to be given by more group members and (2) willingness to change opinion in order to come to a quality decision.v表6.1結果中總結和比較如下： （1）計算機通信能容許更多的團體成員發(fā)表更多的意見。（2）為了獲得高質量 的結論，參與人員能更加自由積極的改變意見。vFact-to-face meetings can result in poorer decisions

35、, resulting from the bandwagon effect of dominant personalities.v面對面的會議形式將導致較差的決議，主要是因為由占有主導的人決定的流行效應。vThese advantages of CMC can be expected to apply with greater force in the case of multimedia communications, where the computer-mediated element has more impact on the human senses than in the data/text-based situations. v由于計算