初中英語語法專題講解：初中語法——定語從句

1、定語從句一、定語的概念：定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。比如：(先試試用橫線劃出下面短語中的定語，然后在后面的括號里注明是什么在 作定語)a beautiful girl ()a shoe factory (Jim s father ()our teacher ()the man in the car( )the man standing at the door() the man who is talkingwith Sam ()二、定語從句的概念及主要特征：1.定語從句：2.定語從句的主要特征:在句中起定語作用，相當于形容詞，修飾某一代詞或名詞或整個主句的從句。1 .先行詞(Anteceden

2、t):定語從句所修飾的詞。2 .關(guān)系詞(Relatives):連接主句與從句的詞并在定語從句中充當某一句子成 分。3 .定語從句所缺句子成分：主語、賓語、表語、狀語。The girl（先行詞）who （關(guān)系詞）stands under the tree is my sister.三、定語從句的基本用法:指人where ( 地點狀語 )when ( 時間狀語 )who(主語、賓語that(主語、賓語）,whom（賓語）, ）,whose（定語）that(主語、賓語),which(主語、賓語）whose（定語）指物why (原因狀語 )（一）關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句1. who 指人，在定語從句中作

3、主語，有時也作賓語。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。分析：先行詞the boys在從句中作主語。Those whowant to go to the museummust be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。Yesterday I helped an old manwho had lost his way.咋天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先?。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。T

4、hat is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我們物理的老師。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。You needn t talk to the people who you don t like talking to.分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。2. whom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，常可省略。劉先生Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.就是你們在公共汽車上談論的那個人。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom

5、) I want to see.李明正是我想要見的男孩。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎?who來代替， 也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over t

6、he country. 分析：先行詞少導詞在從句中作 。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 譯成漢語：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。I lost the book whose cover was blue.我把那本封面是藍色的書弄丟了。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。We live in a house whose windows face the south.譯成漢語:注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classro

7、om the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?自己總結(jié)一下：在定語從句中，whose +名詞=4. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運動。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。The factory which

8、 makes computers is far away from here.制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.譯成漢語：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。The house which is by the lake looks nice.湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂鳧O分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.譯成漢語：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。The fi

9、lm ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting atall.他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。5. that引導定語從句時，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時，相當于 who或 whom指物時，相當于 which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？?省略。The number of people that / whocometo visit this city each year reaches one million.每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。

10、Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?我今天早上看至U的那個人在哪兒？分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作 。The person that / you introduced to me is verykind.你介紹給我的那個人很友好。The season that / comes after spring is summer.春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / came from Australia.咋天我收到了一封來自澳(二)關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句1. when 指時間，在定語

11、從句中作時間狀語。?？梢杂?in/on/at +which 代替。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。The time when we got together finally arrived.我們團聚的時刻終于到了。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。October 1, 1949 was the day when the People s Republic of China was founded.1949 年10 月 1 日是中華人民共和國成

12、立的日子。把這個句子改成兩個簡單句：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？把這個句子改成兩個簡單句：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。2. where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。?？捎胕n/on/at which 代替。Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。把這個句子改成兩個簡單句：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。The house w

13、here I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。把這個句子改成兩個簡單句：分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .我參觀了那個飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。Is this the place where they fought the enemy?這是他們當初打敵人的地方嗎？分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。注意： 當先行詞是situation, occasion, point 時， 且又在從句中作狀

14、語時，常用 where 來引導定語從句。Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed （尷尬）.He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.3. why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。?？捎胒or which 來代替。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.請告訴我你誤機的原因。分析：先行詞 引導詞在從句中作。The reason why he wa

15、s punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我 們都不知道。I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.譯成漢語：注意：關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句經(jīng)常可以用“介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”引導的定語從句來表示。如：From the years when (=) he was going to primaryschool in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grewup.自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么I will never for

16、get the moment when (=) the blind students moved us.Great changes are taking place in the city where（=） they live.他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化The reason why (=) he refused the invitation isquite clear.他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的四、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句Attributive clause:限制性定語從句 restrictive非限制性定語從句non-restrictive是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定

17、語,如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句關(guān)系十分密切,寫時不用逗號分開和主句關(guān)系不很密切，只是對先行詞作些附加說 明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從 句，寫時往往逗號分開。I was the only person who was invitedin my officeJenny, with whom I played table tennisyesterday, lives in my next room.The man who came here yesterdayhasThat is Mr. Wang, whose daughtercome again.teach

18、es English at a middle school.that ,指人時用who（主注意：引導非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不可用 語）,whom（賓語），指物時須用which.定語從句舉例：注意：在非限制性定語從句中，有時which 所指代的先行詞是前面的整個句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didn t pass the exam, which surprised us.五定語從句考查重點：（一）定語從句在下列情況下只能用that ，而不能用which 指物。 （指人時可以用 who/whom）1.

19、當先行詞被形容詞最高級 或者 序數(shù)詞 修飾時。2. 當先行詞是不定代詞everything, anything, nothing ,something, all,none, few, little, some,much 等代詞時，或當先行詞受every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much 等代詞修飾時。3. 當先行詞被the very, the only, the same, the last修飾時。4. 當先行詞是 who,或which引導的主句時。5. 當先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。（ 二 ） 不用 that 的情況（1） 在引導非限定性定語從句時。

20、（ 錯 ）The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.（2） 介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.（三）關(guān)系代詞的省略：The factory we visited yesterday was really old.（請將省略的關(guān)系代詞補充在正確的位置）The man you just talked to was my English teacher.（請將省略的關(guān)系代詞補充在正確的位置）當關(guān)系代詞在從句中作 時可以省略。（四）“介詞+關(guān)系

21、代詞”引導的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。The school （which / that） he once studied in is very famous.=The school in which he once studied is very famous.他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學校很出名。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.=This is the boy Lplayed tennis yesterday.這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。We ll go

22、 to hear the famous singer (whomf who / that) we have often talked about.=we ll go to hear the famous singer wdnave often talked. 我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談論的著名歌唱家演唱。注意：1 .含有介詞的固定短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。2 .若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom不可用who, that ;關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用 which ,不可用that 。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用 whose3 . “介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”前還可有 some, a

23、ny, none, all, both, neither, many,most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞。（四）當先行詞被one of 修飾時，若one of 前有 the only ，則從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)，沒有的話則用復數(shù)。He is one of the students who never late. 譯 成 漢 語 ：He is the only one of the students who never late.譯成漢語： （五）先行詞是時間卻不用 when弓I導，先行詞是地點卻不用 where引導，先行 詞是原因卻不用why引導。I will never forge

24、t the days we climbed the mountain together.I will never forget the days we spent together.We visited the house Lu Xun used to live.We visited the house Lu Xun used to live in.This is the reason he was unhappy.This is the reason he explained to me.（六）當先行詞被such, the same 修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as。the sameas； sucha

25、s 中的 as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.請分析一下定語從句：（ 請劃出定語從句，并標出先行詞）1. Check the ways you study for an English test.2. You couldn t understand people who talked fast.3.They said something you didnt like.4.Can you think of any problems you have had recently?5. My friends and I

26、 talked about the rules that we have in school.6. What are some of the rules that a teenager should obey?二、請把下面的句子連成一個定語從句1. 1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The fo

27、reign visitors live there.4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her.5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.10. I spoke to the man. The man is a professor.三、用關(guān)系代詞填空：that 、 which、 who、 whom