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1、陳先檳第1頁共 53 頁抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(個(gè)體名詞,可數(shù)名詞)in surprise 驚訝地 winsuccess 獲得成功win honor 贏得榮譽(yù)asurprise一件令人驚訝的事asuccess 一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)anhonor個(gè)(件)引以為榮的(事)Failure (失敗) is the mother of successa failure 失敗者語法復(fù)習(xí)專題一一一名詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1.可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)變化形式(1)規(guī)則變化。1單數(shù)名詞詞尾直接加 -s。如:boy boys, pen pens。2以 s、x、ch、sh 結(jié)尾的單詞一般力廿 -es。如:glass glas

2、ses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes 特例:stomach stomaches。3以“輔音字母 + y”結(jié)尾的變“ y”為“ i”再加“ -es”。女口:baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。4以“ o”結(jié)尾的多數(shù)加 -es。如:tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以兩個(gè)元音字母結(jié)尾的名詞和部分外來詞中以 o 結(jié)尾的詞只加-s。女口: radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kil

3、os, tobacco tobaccos。5以“ f”或“ fe結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變 “ f”或“ fe”為“ v”,之后再加-es。女口: wife wives, life lives, knife knives,wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves 等。特例: handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。6改變元音字母的。如: man me n, mouse mice, foot feet,woman wom

4、en, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例: child children。7復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (A)在復(fù)合詞中最后名詞尾加-s。女口: armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstorebookstoreso( B) man 和 woman 作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí),前后兩個(gè)名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如: mandoctor men doctors, womandriver wome n drivers ( (C)與介詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加-s。如:brother-in-law brothe

5、rs-in-law, passer-by passers-by。8有的名詞有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: zero zeros、zeroes, deer deers、deer。penny 的兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式含義有所不同。如:penee (便士的錢數(shù)),pennies(便士的枚數(shù))。(2)不規(guī)則變化。1單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如: means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chin ese,Japanese, sheep, works (工廠),cattle。2合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如: boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中間人),grown-up

6、grown-ups。3有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses 眼鏡,clothes 衣服,goods貨物,trousers 褲子,belongings 所有物,wages 工資,riches 財(cái)富,surroundings 環(huán)境,ashes 灰塵,campasses 圓規(guī),cattle 家畜,congratulations 祝賀,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits 以很高熱情地, give one s regards to s 向某人問 侯,in rags 衣衫破爛,It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。4集

7、體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù),如:people,cattle, police;有些名詞只用作單數(shù),如:machi nery, furni ture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù),單數(shù)看做整體,復(fù)數(shù)看做集體的各個(gè)成員。如:The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體);The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(個(gè)體)。2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí),可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化,主要類型 如下:1抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如:陳先檳第2

8、頁共 53 頁2抽象名詞與 a(a n)連用,淡化了抽象概念,轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如:A kno wledge of En glish is a must in intern ati onal trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doin gs.(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí),可以用作可數(shù)名

9、詞。如:1物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體,有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如:some coffee 一些咖啡,a coffee 一杯咖啡,three coffees 三杯咖啡,some drink 些飲料,a drink 杯飲料,three drinks 三杯飲料,his hair 他的頭發(fā),a few grey hairs 幾根白發(fā),glass 玻璃,a glass 一只玻璃杯。2物質(zhì)名詞有前置后置修飾時(shí),前面要使用不定冠詞。The road is covered with snow.have a won derful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Tim

10、e and tide wait for no man.We had a won derful time last ni ght.(3)有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞1有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn), 起到一種豐富語言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparati ons for tomorrowMany tha nks for your kindn ess.No pains, no gains.After many failures, the

11、y fin ally succeeded.2有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式岀現(xiàn),表示數(shù)量之多,范圍之廣。如:parks。(2)“ of”所有格的特殊表示方式有:1表示“部分”時(shí),一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞of Mister Zhang s have gone to 8 張老帀的一些學(xué)生已經(jīng)上大學(xué)了。失敗是成功之母。by experienee 靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)youth 青春have pity on sb.憐憫某人with pleasure 樂意an experienee 次經(jīng)歷a youth 一個(gè)青年人 a pity可惜的事情a pleasure 樂事r have breakfast如:s meet

12、ing?The boy burst into tears at the bad n ews.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke dow n in heavy rains.3.名詞所有格(1) “”所有格的特殊表示形式有:1用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后,如:n ewspaper, five min utes walk(drive),five pou nds2用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如:the earthtoday sweight, ten dollars。s p

13、lanet, the wordworth of coffees population, China s industry, New Yor(a、two、several、some、no、many 等),女口:Some students陳先檳第3頁共 53 頁2表示“其中之一,其中一部分”的意思時(shí),用:a friend of Tom s湯姆的一個(gè)朋友(許多朋友中的一位)。3表示贊揚(yáng)、批評或厭惡等感情色彩時(shí),應(yīng)該用:those + 名詞(單、復(fù)數(shù)) of Mary s/yours/his/hers 如:That inven tion of hers belo ngs to the world.她的那

14、項(xiàng)發(fā)明是屬于全世界的(表贊賞)4、名詞作定語that/this/these/陳先檳第4頁共 53 頁英語中有些名詞沒有其對應(yīng)的同根形容詞,這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞(1)分類意義。China problem 中國問題(3)表目的、手段、來源,所屬意義。reception desk 接待臺 stone table石桌 weather report 天氣預(yù)報(bào)二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. It is gen erally believed that teachi ng is_ it is a scie nee. (NMET 2001)A. an art much asB. much a

15、n art asC. as an art much asD. as much an art as解析:答案為 D。當(dāng)名詞前有 what、so、as、too、quite 等詞修飾時(shí),其形容詞被這些詞修飾,組成下列結(jié)構(gòu),如:What a nicebook! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike. 等,應(yīng)采取 too/how + 形容詞(副詞)+ a(an) +名詞的形式。要記住一些類似的特殊結(jié)構(gòu),并加以分析。2. The police are offering a_ to anyone

16、who can give information about the lost key. ( NMET 1999)A. priceB. prizeC. rewardD. money解析:答案為 Coprice 價(jià)格,價(jià)錢;prize 獎(jiǎng)金。D項(xiàng)是錢,屬不可數(shù)名詞,題中所要填的是“酬金,報(bào)酬”。注意正確理解名詞的含義及其搭配是活用語言的基礎(chǔ),在復(fù)習(xí)備考中要熟練掌握考綱中一些名詞的詞義、搭配、習(xí)慣等,才能更好辨 析名詞,從而選擇最符合句意的選項(xiàng)。3._ You ll find this map of greatin helpi ng you to get rou nd Lon do n. ( NM

17、ET 1998)D. usefu ln essbe of +抽象名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。Price (價(jià)格),cost (價(jià)錢,費(fèi)用,成本)故選擇 value。注意名詞詞義辨異及慣用法表達(dá),題中4.If you buy more tha n ten, they knock 20 pence off_A. a priceB. priceC. the priceD. price解析:答案為 C。本題考冠詞和名詞。全句合理句意應(yīng)是:如果你買超過10 個(gè),他們從(現(xiàn)在標(biāo)岀的)價(jià)格上減價(jià)20便士。此處價(jià)格是特指的定價(jià),所以C 項(xiàng)最佳。5. The journey around the world took the o

18、ld sailor nine moths, _ the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. duri ng whichC. from whichD. for which解析:答案為 B。辨析名詞語義,a dista nee of +數(shù)字“.距離。6. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children_ sA. reachB. handC. holdD. place解析:答案為 A。“out of reach ”是“超岀某人夠得著的范圍”,即“夠不著”的意思,藥品應(yīng)放到孩子夠不到的地方。ai

19、r polluti on 空氣污染coffee cup咖啡杯 tennis ball網(wǎng)球 body language 身體語言 Nobel Prize 諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)(2) 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。Doctor Jack 杰克醫(yī)生evening school 夜校 streetdance 街舞 village people村民boy friend 男朋友in come tax 所得稅song writer 歌曲作家road accident 交通事故Professor Li 李教授win ter sleep 冬眠country music 鄉(xiāng)村音樂school education 學(xué)校教育sports

20、field 田徑場color TV 彩電A. priceB. costC. value解析: 答案為 Co不符合題意,value 作 “ quality of being useful or desirable解時(shí),常與 of 搭配,在句中作表語或補(bǔ)語,意為“有用,有價(jià)值”of +抽象名詞”相當(dāng)于該名詞的形容詞形式陳先檳第5頁共 53 頁語法復(fù)習(xí)專題二冠詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1.不用冠詞的情況(1) 專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前,一般不加冠詞。China, America, SmithAir is matter.(2) 可數(shù)名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等限制時(shí),不加冠詞。

21、This dictionary is mine.(3) 季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐名稱前一般不加冠詞。March, May Day, National Day, Children s Day, Women s DayHave you had supper?Spri ng is the best seas on of the year.(4)稱呼語或指家用雇用的nurse、cook 等名詞前及表示頭銜職務(wù)的名詞作賓語、補(bǔ)語及同位語時(shí),一般不加冠詞。What s this, Father? We made him our chairman.Ask n urse to put the c

22、hild to bed. Professor Li.(5) 學(xué)科名稱、球類、棋類名稱前不加冠詞。Do you study physics?He likes playi ng football/chess.(6) 復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示泛指一類人或事物時(shí)前不用冠詞。They are peasa nts/ workers.(7) 在與 by 連用的交通工具名稱前不加冠詞。by car, by bus,by bike, by tra in, by air/ water/ la nd但:take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus 需注意。(8) 某些固定詞組中不用

23、冠詞。1名詞詞組中:husba nd and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and ni ght, knife and fork2介詞詞組中:to(at, from) school, i n (to)class, in (to,at, from)u ni versity( college) ,to (in, in to, from ) church, to(i n,i nto, out of)pris on( hospital,bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(i n, from) tow n, a

24、t (from)home, to(at)sea, at ni ght (noon, midni ght), by car (bus, bicycle, pla ne), on foot注意:在有些詞組中,有無冠詞含義不同。in hospital 住院(因?。﹊n the hospital 在醫(yī)院(工作、參觀等)in front of 在前面,指某物體之外in the front of 在前部,指某物之內(nèi)in charge 負(fù)責(zé),主管 |out of question 沒問題in the charge 由.負(fù)責(zé)out of the question 不可能(9)as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,作表語

25、的名詞不帶冠詞。Child as she is, she knows a lot of Fre nch.(10)系動(dòng)詞 turn (作“變成”解)后作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前習(xí)慣不用冠詞。陳先檳第6頁共 53 頁The you ng girl has turned writer.=The you ng girl has become a writer.(11) 在單數(shù)名詞 + after +同一單數(shù)名詞(表示“一個(gè)接一個(gè)”)結(jié)構(gòu)中,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞。She did experime nt after experime nt.類似的還有: shop after shop, mistake af

26、ter mistake(12) 形容詞的最高級前、序數(shù)詞前也有不用定冠詞的情況。1most +形容詞原級作十分、非常、極解時(shí),前面不用定冠詞。Oh, it s most beautiful.2當(dāng)兩個(gè)形容詞最高級并列修飾同一個(gè)名詞時(shí),第二個(gè)形容詞前通常不用定冠詞。She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.3當(dāng)形容詞最高級作表語,不表示與其他人或物相比時(shí),其前不用定冠詞。The market in the cou ntry is busiest in win ter.4形容詞最高級前有名詞所有格或物主代詞時(shí),不能用定冠詞。A wolf in

27、 a sheep s skin is our most dangerous enemy.5序數(shù)詞前面一般加定冠詞表示第. 之意,但在second、third 等詞前加不定冠詞表示又一,再一之意。why you took a sec ond arrow注意:下句中a first ”表示第一名、冠軍”。He is a top stude nt in our class; he ofte n gets a first in maths.(13) no 與 such 連用時(shí)應(yīng)放在 such 之前,such 后面的名詞不用冠詞。No such thi ng has ever happe ned in t

28、his village.(14) never、ever 置于作主語的名詞前,這些名詞前不用冠詞。Never did student study so hard.這個(gè)學(xué)生從未學(xué)得這么認(rèn)真。(15)有時(shí)為了節(jié)省空間、時(shí)間、金錢和精力,或?yàn)榱艘鹱⒁饬Γ∪(n)或 the,這主要用于新聞標(biāo)題、工商業(yè)文件、 廣告、電報(bào)、公告、提綱、書名等。Con fere nee ope ns.會議召開了。2.定冠詞的使用情況(1)使用定冠詞的一般情況。1特指或第二次提到。2序數(shù)詞前、最高級前、獨(dú)一無二的東西前。3用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前或某些專有名詞前。(2)定冠詞使用特殊的場合。1He hit him in

29、 the face.beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人,窮人,傷員3the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two兩者中較年長的一位,較漂亮的一個(gè)4The soon er, the better.越快越好。5He got paid by the hour.他是按小時(shí)付工錢的。by the yard/the doze n/the mon th/the year但:by weight 按

30、重量6in the 50s /in the 1870s (表示年代)7the Smiths/the Whites (表示一家人或夫婦倆)8in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain9tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home陳先檳第7頁共 53 頁10當(dāng)抽象名詞表示某一特定內(nèi)容,特別是當(dāng)它有一限定性修飾語時(shí),它與定冠詞連用:* She is fond of music.“ He is playi ng the music writte n by Beethove n

31、.f Good advice is beyond price.* I m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.I 3.不定冠詞常用的幾種情況(1)表示一”相當(dāng)于one ”。I ll return in a day or two.(2)表示每”相當(dāng)于per”。We have three meals a day.陳先檳(3)表示 同一性”相當(dāng)于the same”。The children are of an age.(4) 表示類指,表示 某類”。He wants to he a doctor.(5)表示泛指,相當(dāng)于any”。A horse is

32、a useful animal.(6)表示某一個(gè),相當(dāng)于a certain ”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you.(7)與抽象名詞連用,可以表示一場、一次、一件 , 如: a pleasure 一件樂事,a surprise 一件令人驚訝的事,一件高興的事,a pity 一件遺憾的事,an honour 個(gè)(件)經(jīng)以為榮的人(事)。(8)與物質(zhì)名詞連用,表示“一種,一陣、一份”。What a heavy rain!What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!4. 冠詞表類別的常見方式(1) 定冠詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名

33、詞,表示一個(gè),代表一類。The computer was inven ted in 1945.The TV set was inven ted by Joa n Baird.The horse is a useful ani mal.(2)不定冠詞 +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(表示任意一個(gè),某一個(gè))。A pen is a tool for writi ng.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful ani mal.注意:man, woman 表示泛指時(shí),不用冠詞,且常用單數(shù)。如:Man is fighting a battle against pollutio

34、n.Man tries to be the protector of woma n.(3)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,指類別(考慮到同類中的各個(gè)情況)。Horses are useful ani mals.Rice is a kind of food.5. 冠詞位置問題(1) 不定冠詞 +副詞+形容詞 +名詞。This is a very interesting story.(2) such、what、both、all、quite、rather + 不定冠詞 + 形容詞 + 名詞。I ve never seen suchfam!Half a pou nd of pork,please!What a

35、good idea it is!(3)as so、too、how、however、enough+ 形容詞 + 不定冠詞 + 名詞。It is as pleasa nt a day as I have ever spe nt.I can t finish the task in so short a time.This seems not too long a dista nee.We won der how difficult a problem he worked out.However low te price you paid,you waste your mon ey.He is br

36、ave eno ugh a hun ter to kill the bear.(4) 定冠詞位置。1half、 twice、 three times + the + 名詞He paid twice the price for it.Their house is three times the size of yours.2all、both、double + the + 名詞a joy陳先檳Both the blind men were mistaken.All the stude nts in our class are eager to know the secret.第 6 頁共 53 頁

37、I offered him double the amou nt, but he still refused.二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. The warmth of_sweater will of course be determined by the sort of_ wool used. ( NMET 2001 )A. The ; theB. the ; /C. /; theD. /; /解析:答案為 B。第一空格為特指,交待 the warmth 的內(nèi)容,第二空格為泛指,the sort of wool used 所用羊毛的種類。此題有三點(diǎn)需注意:正確理解 sweater 這一句詞在句

38、中的類別。掌握determine 在句中作決定”、取決于”這個(gè)意思。3掌握定冠詞表特指的基本用法。2. Most ani mals have little conn ecti on with_an imals of_differe nt ki nd uni ess they kill them for food.(NMET 2000)A. the a B. / aC. the the D. / the解析:答案為 B。名詞復(fù)數(shù)表類別,其前不用冠詞,故第一個(gè)空格不填冠詞,表不定概念的“一種”,“某種”要用不定冠詞 a。要準(zhǔn)確掌握冠詞表類別的三種表達(dá)方式和不定冠詞常用的幾種情況,見前面要點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)聚焦

39、內(nèi)容。3. Paper money was in_ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _thirteenth century.(NMET1999)A. the / B. the the C. / the D. / /解析:答案為 C。題中 in use 是固定搭配,意為“在使用”,use 為抽象名詞,其前不用冠詞。后者是序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞the。要牢記一些固定搭配如in use、under construction (在建設(shè)中)、in debt (欠債)、come to power (執(zhí)政)、on fire (著火)、at t

40、able (用餐)、out of work (失業(yè))等。4. When you come here for your holiday next time don_ hotelto can find you _ bed in my flat.A. the; aB. the;不填 C. a; theD. a;不填解析:答案為 C。考定語從句。主句部分應(yīng)是The English play at the New Year s party was a great sue 從句補(bǔ)全為獨(dú)立句子就是 my students acted in the play.所以應(yīng)選 in which,其余介詞不妥。5. J

41、oh n, there is _Mr. Wils on on the pho ne for you.I m in_ bath.A. a; theB. the; aC. a;不填D. the;不填解析:答案為 A。本題考查冠詞用法。a+姓名,表示“一個(gè)叫.的人 ;in the bath 在浴室。6. Tom owns _ larger collection of _ books than any other student in our class.A. the;不填 B. a;不填C. a; theD.不填;the解析:答案為 B??脊谠~,collection 是可數(shù)名詞,須填冠詞,被比較級修

42、飾,但是大范圍的比較,故填不定冠詞,后一 空是泛指的表類別的書,且已用了復(fù)數(shù),不填冠詞。故選Bo語法復(fù)習(xí)專題三代詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦代詞分為九類:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、指示代詞疑問代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞、關(guān)系代詞。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的作用。1、人稱代詞(1)人稱代詞作主語用主格,作賓語、表語用賓格,但應(yīng)注意以下4 中情況:1作主語的人稱代詞如果孤立地使用于無謂語動(dòng)詞的句子中,或在這種句子中與動(dòng)詞不定式連用,常用賓格。Does any of you know where Tom lives?陳先檳Me.What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!

43、2句子中代詞作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),與所替代的名詞在人稱、數(shù)、格在意義上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought to be he.(the thief 是主格,故用 he 代替)They took me to be her.他們誤以為我是她。 (me 是賓格,故用 her 替代)3作表語人稱代詞一般用賓格,但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分代詞的格不變。I met her in the hospital. f It was her who I met in the hospital.第 7 頁共 53 頁陳先檳第11頁共 53 頁4在比較級的句子中than、as 后用主格、賓格都

44、可以。如:I like Jack as much as her.=l like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2) 兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列,其次序排列原則:1在并列主語中,“I”總是放在最后,排列順序?yàn)椋憾?人稱)。賓格 me 也一樣。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zha ng asked Li Hua and me to help him.2第三人稱,男女兩性并用,男先女后。He and s

45、he still don t agree to the plan.(3) 幾個(gè)人稱代詞的特殊用法。1we/you( 口語)常用來泛指一般人。2she 可以代表國家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “ Titanic ” was the largest, wasn t she?2. 物主代詞(1 )名詞和形容詞性物主代詞各自的語法功能。(2) one s own=.of one s 句 wn 的轉(zhuǎn)換。(3) 某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中常用定冠詞代替物主代詞。女口:take sb. by the arm, be wou nded in the leg.3. 反身代詞(1) 反身代詞的語法功能:賓語、表語、主語或賓

46、語的同位語。(2) 反身代詞和某些動(dòng)詞連有,構(gòu)成固定短語。enjoy on eself, feel on eself, make on eself at home, make on eself un derstood(3) 反身代詞還可用于某些成語中。for oneself 為自己或獨(dú)立地, of oneself 自然地,自動(dòng)地by on eself 獨(dú)自地,in on eself 本身性質(zhì),beside on eself 喜怒哀愁至極This problem gets a chapter to itself. 這個(gè)問題占了一章(獨(dú)有)。Just between ourselves , I d

47、on t think much of h 私下地說我并不怎么看重他。They were discuss ing about it among themselves. (相互共同)Left to himself he began to write.別人走后只留下他,他寫了起來。I m very angry with mysel 生 fc 自己的氣。4. 相互代詞(each other, one another )相互代詞無人稱、數(shù)和格的區(qū)別,在句中作賓語。其所有格分別為each other 、one an other 作定語。一般來說,each other 指兩者之間,one an other

48、指三者或三者以上之間,但現(xiàn)在區(qū)分已不明顯。5. 指示代詞(this, that , these, those, such, same )指示代詞具有形容詞和代詞兩種詞性,在句子中可以作定語、主語、賓語或表語等。(1) 指示代詞 this 和 that 的區(qū)別。1this (these) 一般指時(shí)間或空間上較近的人或物;that(those)常指時(shí)間或空間較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.In those days they could not go to school.2this 常指后面要講到的事物,有啟下的作用;that 則指前面講到過的事物

49、,有承上的作用。I want to tell you this:the En glish party will be held on Saturday after noon.He hurt his leg yesterday. That s why he didn t come.3為了避免重復(fù),常用 that 或 those 代替前面已提過的名詞。The weather of Beiji ng is colder tha n that of Nanjing.He is taller than me(l).但在下列句中有區(qū)別陳先檳第12頁共 53 頁The ears of a rabbit ar

50、e lon ger tha n those of a fox.4this 在電話用語中作自我介紹,that 詢問對方;this 和 that 可以當(dāng)副詞用,意思相當(dāng)于副詞so。(2)such 和 same 的用法。1such 指“這樣的”人或事,在句中作主語和定語。Such was the story.We have n ever see n such a tall build ing.2same 指同樣的”人或事,在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語,same 的前面要用定冠詞 the.The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同樣的情況。(

51、主語)Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.他是否能做這事,對我來說都一樣。(表語)6、疑問代詞( who,whom,which,what,whose )疑問代詞在句中作主語、賓語、定語和表語。(1)who/what1詢問姓名或關(guān)系。- Who is he?-He is my brother./He isHenry.詢問職業(yè)或地位。- What is he?- He is a lawyer/teacher.2What/who 作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于說話人的視點(diǎn),可單數(shù)也可復(fù)數(shù)。What is /are on the ta

52、ble?Who is/are in the library?(2)which 與 who、whatwhich 表示在一定范圍內(nèi),而 who、what 則無此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7、連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞連接代詞與疑問代詞的形式相同, 主要有 who、 whom、 whose、 what、 which 以及它們與 ever 合成的代詞 whoever、whomever、 whatever、whichever 等。它們用來引導(dǎo)主語從句,賓語從句和表語從句,即連接復(fù)合句中的主句和從句,并在 從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分,以連接代詞引

53、起的名詞性從句前不能再加that.關(guān)系代詞是用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞,它們包括who、whom、whose、which、that 等。這兩類代詞的用法詳見名詞性從句”和“定語從句”部分。8、不定代詞不定代詞主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no 等。還有由 some、any、no 和 every 構(gòu)成合成代詞,不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì),并有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分, 在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語等(every、no 只能作定語)。

54、下面介紹幾組主要不定代詞的用法與區(qū)別。(1) some 與 any一般用法:some、any 可與單、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連有。some 一般用于肯定句,any 多用于疑問、否定或條件句。He has some Chin ese pain ti ngs.(定語)Some like sports,others like music.( 主語)Ask me if you have any questions.(定語)Do you have any questions to ask?(定語)I don t know aoy the students.(賓語)特殊用法:陳先檳第13頁共 53 頁1

55、any 用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any child can do that.(定語)You may take any of them.(賓語)2some 用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一”。Smith went to some place in En gla nd. (定語)3在期待對方回答 yes 時(shí),some 用在表示請求或邀請的問句中。陳先檳第14頁共 53 頁Would you like some banan as? (邀請)Mum,could you give me some money?( 請求)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。I don t know some of the

56、students.(賓語)some 和 any 在句中還可作狀語,作副詞。some 意為大約”相當(dāng)于about ”如:There are some 300 workers on strike.Do you feel any better today?(2) One, both, all1one 作定語、表語、主語或賓語,可以指人或物,表示“一個(gè)”的意思,其復(fù)數(shù)為反身代詞是 on eself.One should try one s best to serve the pe 主語、定語 )This is not the one I want.( 表語)one、ones 可以代替上文提到過的名詞,

57、以免重復(fù),one、ones 前面分別可以用等詞修飾。如:These books are more in teresti ng tha n those on es.Here are three pen s.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pen cil-box?2both 用作定語、賓語、主語和同位語,可以指人或指物,表示“兩者都”的意思。This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.( 定語)Both of the boys are here.( 主語)We

58、 both are students.(同位語)注意:both 用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定時(shí),用neither教師。Neither of us is a teacher.我們倆都不是教師。both 不能放在 the、these、those、my 等之后,而應(yīng)放在它們的前面。如:Both the /these boys are tall.3all 用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語,指“全部的” 一般不與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用,與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用時(shí),表示“所有的”He gave me all the money.他把全部的錢給了我。All the schools are flooded.所有的

59、學(xué)校都被淹了。I told him all about it. 我把一切都告訴了他。That s all for toda 今天就在這兒。They have all been to Xi他們都去過西安。,而 any 則表示程度, 意為“稍, 絲毫”ones,指人時(shí),其所有格是one,this、that、these、those 或 the、which如:Both of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是Both my parents like this film.、 “整個(gè)的”, 可與可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用, 除少數(shù)情況外, 、“全部的”,指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物。注意:all

60、 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用noneNot all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don None of themoney is mine.這錢一分也不是我的。(3)many 和口 muchmany 和口 much 者 0 表示 “許多”,但 many賓語、定語。much 有時(shí)用作狀語。(4)few, little; a few, a littlefew 和 little 表示沒有多少,含否定意義;而可數(shù)名詞;little、如:并不是)所有的螞蟻翻岀去尋找食物。修飾或代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,much 修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞。它們在句中可作

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