大學(xué)英語語法 第十七講 定語從句

1、第十七講定語從句一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1 . 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞(如下表功能作用用于限制性從句或非限制性從句只用于限制性從句代替人代替物代替人或物主語who which that賓語whom which that定語whose( = of whomwhose( = of whichHe is a man who ( that means what he says . 他是一個說話算數(shù)的人。(指人, 作主語 The people whom ( that you met in the campus yesterday are from England . 你昨天在校園里

2、碰到的那些人是從英國來的。(指人, 作賓語Is there anyone in your depar tment whose father is a painter ? 你們系里有誰的父親是畫家嗎? (指人, 作定語The young man with whom I travelled could speak English . 同我一起旅行的那個年輕人會說英語。(指人, 作賓語The book which( that you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist . 你正在讀的那本書是一位美國現(xiàn)代小說家寫的。(指

3、物, 作賓語The bicycle the brake o f which was damaged has now been repaired . 那輛壞了閘的自行車現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了。(指物, 作主語Note: what 不能引導(dǎo)定語從句?？疾煜旅嬉痪?Nimbost ratus clouds areAthickB, dark gray clouds whatCforebodeDrain .(C 項錯。應(yīng)改為which 或that 2 . 使用要點1關(guān)系代詞的省略(1作直接賓語時可以省略。例如:The man(whomyou saw just now is our manager . 你剛才見到

4、的那個人是我們的經(jīng)理。Is there anything ( that I can do for you ? 我能為您效勞嗎?Who was the woman ( that you were talking with ? 你剛才同她談話的婦女是誰?(2在“there + be”結(jié)構(gòu)的從句中作主語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。例如:This is the only bus( that there is to that park . 這是開往那個公園的唯一的一路公共汽車。The old professor made full use of the time( that therewas left to h

5、im to continue his researchin the field of elect ronics . 這位老教授充分利用余年, 繼續(xù)他在電子學(xué)方面的研究。Note: 關(guān)系代詞放在介詞后作賓語時, 不能省略。但介詞位于句尾時, 關(guān)系代詞可以省新/ 世/ 紀/ 英/ 語/ 叢/ 書716 第十七講定語從句略。例如:This is the girl with whom he worked . (whom 不可省This is the girl ( whom he worked with . 這就是同他一起工作的女孩。This is the room in which Churchill

6、 was born . (which 不可省This is the room(whichChurchill was born in. 這就是丘吉爾出生的房間。who 或whom 的先行詞有時可省略。例如:Who knows most says least . 大智若愚。( = He who, anyone whoWho works not shall not eat . 不勞無獲。Who eats must pay . 吃了就得付錢。Whom the gods love die young .This is written to whom it may concern . ( any pers

7、on whomWho mar ries a beauty marries trouble . ( = Those whoWho are thirsty drink in silence .2如果關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面, 不能用who 或that , 只能用which 或whomThis is the question about which(不用that they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks . 這就是幾周來他們反復(fù)討論的那個問題。The people with whom(不用that he worked thought

8、he was a bit st range . 同他一起工作的人都覺得他有點怪。3如果先行詞是all, much, anything , something, nothing, everything , little, none 等不定代詞,關(guān)系代詞一般只用that , 不用which ( 但something, everything 或anything 后, 偶爾也用whichPlease just tell me anything ( that you know about the author of the book . 凡是你知道的關(guān)于本書作者的情況請都告訴我。That.s all (

9、 that I could do at that time . 這就是我當(dāng)時所能做的。There is little that can be believed about it .She has nothing that is good to say .The book doesn.t say much that amuses children .She hates everything that is modern .Note: 在“It is + 名詞+ 定語從句+ 定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 后一定語從句要用that。例如: It is only a man who has seen much

10、of the world that can be a leader . 只有閱歷豐富的人才能當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles . 言多必失。It is a man who is honest that can do the work . 只有誠實的人才能做這項工作。4如果先行詞被形容詞最高級以及first , last , any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等詞修飾, 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用關(guān)系代詞that , 不用which, who 或whomH

11、e is the only person that was present at the time . 他是當(dāng)時唯一在場的人。This is the best TV set that is made in China . 這是中國生產(chǎn)的最好的電視機。No sample that we have received is satisfactory .Please send us any information that you have about the subject .5在非限制性定語從句中, 不能用that , 作賓語用的代詞也不能省略The Heavenly Lake, which(不能

12、用that is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tianshan Mountain . 天池是世界名勝之一, 位于天山之上。There are thir ty students in the class, the majority o f whom(不能用that are f rom the city . 這個班上有30 位學(xué)生, 大多數(shù)來自城市。6which 可以引導(dǎo)修飾整個主句的定語從句大學(xué)英語語法講座與測試(第二版717 一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句which 還有一種特殊的用法, 它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個主句, 代替主句所表示

13、的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中, which 可以作主語, 也可以作賓語或表語, 多數(shù)情況下意思同and this 相似, 并可以指人。例如:New Concept English is intended for foreign students , which is known to all of us .新概念英語是為外國學(xué)生編寫的, 這是我們大家都知道的。(which 作主語She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour . 她被授予一枚金質(zhì)獎?wù)? 全家人都認為這是極大的光榮

14、。(which 作賓語He lost the manuscript during the war, in which case he had to rewrite the book . 他在戰(zhàn)爭中把手稿丟失了, 既然如此, 他就不得不重寫那本書了。(which 作定語She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was . 她對孩子們非常耐心, 她丈夫卻很少這樣。( which 作表語I told him to go to a doctor, which advice he took . (指代部分概念D

15、on.t call between 12 o.clock and 1 o.clock , at which time I am usually having lunch . She is studying economics, which knowledge is very impor tant today .He believes in self- reliance, which idea I fully agree to .She died three days ago, which I can.t believe . ( = which fact , a fact whichJim wa

16、s seriously ill , which she did not know . ( = which circumstance, a circumstance whichThey bribed the officials , which practice was common here .The president was killed , which circumstance was very serious . ( = which fact He hung about for hours and , which was worse, kept me from my work . (wh

17、ich 代表后半句的意思Note: 注意下面兩種which 的用法:He is sure to come unless (which is impossible he has something urgent . ( which 從句放在括號中, 表示作出某種說明She said ,“I.ve done my best .”Which was true . ( which 緊跟在直接引語之后7用作表語的關(guān)系代詞(1關(guān)系代詞that 可指代人或物, 用作表語, 僅用于限制性定語從句中。例如:He is no longer the simple-minded man that he was fiv

18、e years ago . 他已不再是5 年前那個頭腦簡單的他了。He is said to be everything that an honest man should be . 人們說他具備了一個正直的人應(yīng)有的一切美好品質(zhì)。It is not a pro found book that you think it to be .(2 which 可用作表語, 既可指人, 又可指物; 指人時, 一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有某種特性、品質(zhì)或才能的人。which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以是限制性的, 也可以是非限制性的。參閱上文。例如:The modern car is no longer the car

19、 which it was in 1930.s . (指物He will become the man which his father wants him to be . 他將成為父親所期望的人。(指人She is not the selfish woman which she is generally represented . (指人She looks like a Russian , which you are not . (指人, 非限制性, 相當(dāng)于She looks like a Russian , while you are not like a Russian . He is

20、exactly the man which such a family was likely to form .She did it like a clever girl which she undoubtedly is . 她像一個靈巧的姑娘那樣做了這件事, 她無疑是一位靈巧的姑娘。新/ 世/ 紀/ 英/ 語/ 叢/ 書718 第十七講定語從句(3 what 可以指人或物。例如:He is not what he was before . ( = the person thatThe situation isn.t what it used to be .(4 as 可用作表語, 同such

21、, the same 連用, 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句; as 亦可單獨使用, 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句, 相當(dāng)于which。參閱有關(guān)章節(jié)。例如:The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is .The question is very difficult , as ( which indeed it is .(5 where 指地點。例如:Leave the dog where it is .He went to the river bank where the tall t ree was .8句子+ and that

22、. . ., 句子+ and . . .at that 和at that這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的that 為代詞, 代表前面句子中的意思。and that 和and . . .at that 可譯作“而且”, 表示強調(diào)。at that 意為“就是那樣”, 一般放在句尾, 作狀語。例如:He can climb up t rees , and that very fast .Tom is a sportsman, and an excellent one at that .I will take it at that . 我就照(你說的那樣辦好了。9whose meaning 和the meaning of

23、 which(1whose 引導(dǎo)定語從句, 既可指人也可指物。whose 還常在定語從句中同it 連用, it 起形式主語的作用, 表示強調(diào)。例如:This is the building whose windows were all painted green .A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach .A teacher is a person whose duty it is to teach . 這兩個句子意思相同, 結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同。whose duty it is to teach 中的it 是形式主語, 真正主語是不定式to teac

24、h, 從強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)it is his duty to teach 演化而來。再如:There are many organizations whose sole purpose it is to help mentally retarded children . (演化自it is their sole purpose to help . . .(2名詞(代詞或數(shù)詞 + of + whom 和名詞(代詞或數(shù)詞 + of + which。若用定語從句表示“所屬”關(guān)系, 先行詞指人時, 用“名詞(代詞或數(shù)詞 + of + whom”結(jié)構(gòu); 先行詞指物時, 用“名詞(代詞或數(shù)詞 + of + whic

25、h”結(jié)構(gòu), of 前表示部分, of 后表示整體。whose 指物時, 可用. . .of which 代替。例如:The committee consists of 20 members, 5 o f whom are women .The book contains 50 poems, most of which were written in 1930.s .There are two left , one o f which is almost finished and the other o f which is not quite . After having had twelve

26、 months.practice, in the last month of which no attempt hadbeen made at publication, I decided to make one more effort .They had a sentence whose meaning was completely beyond them . ( = . . . the meaningof which was . . . (注意加theShe.s become famous by writing a novel whose purpor t nobody was quite

27、 sure of .( = . . .the pur port o f which . . . 下面三句意思相同:The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea .The river of which the banks are covered with trees flows to the sea .The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea . 下面三句表述相同的含義:大學(xué)英語語法講座與測試(第二版719 一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)

28、的定語從句There are in this class twenty students, whose backgrounds are different .There are in this class twenty students, the backgrounds o f whom are different .There are in this class twenty students, o f whom the backgrounds are different . 但是, . . .of which 所修飾的詞若是數(shù)詞、不定代詞或另有其他限定詞( the 除外 , 不可改為“wh

29、ose . . .”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:There are six possibilities, every one o f which involves difficulty . 有六種可能, 其中每一個都有困難。They offered a strong opposition, of the like of which he had never dreamed . 他們進行了有力的抵抗, 他做夢都沒想到會遇到這樣的抵抗。An aircraft engine consists of thousands of par ts , each of which has its importance . (不

30、可說whose each . . .It now has 20 , 000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds o f which are under cultivation . (不可說whose more than two-thirds . . .10先行詞是集體名詞用who 還是用which如果作先行詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體, 關(guān)系代詞用which; 如果指集體中的各個成員, 則用who。比較:The basketball team, which is playing very well, will come out first .The b

31、asketball team, who are having a rest , will begin another match in twentyminutes .11如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 應(yīng)用who 或whom, 不用whichIs there anyone here who can speak French ?He saw the manager talking with somebody whom he didn.t know .12如果有兩個或兩個以上先行詞, 兼指人或物, 應(yīng)用t

32、hatThe famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest amongthe students .They spoke highly of the diplomat and his brilliant success that they read about in the newspaper .He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car .A victim is a person , animal or

33、 thing that suffers pain, death, harm, ect . .13不可以說a film about that I told you關(guān)系代詞that 前不能用介詞, 須把介詞移至句尾。參閱上下文。比較:Have you seen the film about that I told you ? (誤Have you seen the film that I told you about ? (正The seventeenth century was one in that many significant advances were made in both sci

34、ence and philosophy . (誤The seventeenth century was one in which many significant advances were made inboth science and philosophy . (正14 a girl with whom to work 還是a girl whom to work with關(guān)系代詞whom 和which 可以同不定式和介詞連用, 其結(jié)構(gòu)為:介詞+ whom/ which + 不定式(whom/ which 省略不定式+ 介詞. 要注意的是, 介詞在前時, whom 和which 不可省略,

35、介詞在句尾時, whom 和which 必須省略。比較:新/ 世/ 紀/ 英/ 語/ 叢/ 書720 第十七講定語從句She is a pleasant girl with whom to work . (正She is a pleasant girl to work with . (正She is a pleasant girl whom to work with . (誤He has not reached the proper age at which to marry . (正He has not reached the proper age to marry at . (正He ha

36、s not reached the proper age which to marry at . (誤. 注意下面一句:Who that you have ever seen can do better ? 你曾見過誰能做得更好? (這里只能用that , 避免與who 重復(fù)15“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)問題介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞( whom,which引導(dǎo)定語從句的現(xiàn)象很多, 但也較復(fù)雜, 須細加考察。其要點如下:(1“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句, 也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。(2“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是in, on , about , from, for, thro

37、ugh , with , to, at , against , without , by means of, because of, by virtue of 等, 關(guān)系代詞只用whom 或which, 不可用that。(3“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用或根據(jù)上下文要表達的具體意思, 或根據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配, 或根據(jù)定語從句中某些詞或短語的習(xí)慣搭配, 有時候, 這個介詞可能就是作定語從句謂語的短語動詞的一個固定介詞(如sail for 中的for, choose from 中的f rom等。(4“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中可以作狀語或定語, 并可修飾別的名詞一同作狀語。(5 wh

38、ich 在定語從句中可以單獨作定語, 而whom 卻不可。參閱上文。There.s only one problem about which they disagree . (習(xí)慣搭配, 謂語的一部分This is the ring on which she spent 1, 000 dollars . (習(xí)慣搭配, 狀語The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company . (習(xí)慣搭配, 表語I can.t remember the age at which he won the prize . (習(xí)慣搭配,

39、狀語。at the age 在.歲時Sound is a tool by means o f which people communicate with each other . (狀語He was found disappointed at his failure, because o f which he was criticized . (狀語 Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance, in which case I would but stand there, nodding and waving . (定語Ten years

40、of hard work changed her greatly, f or which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight . (定語Water boils at 100, at which temperature it changes to gas . (定語I called her by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize .Jane spent four years in college, during which time she studied medicin

41、e .Note: from where 中的where 為關(guān)系代詞, 可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如:She stood near the north window, f romwhere she could see the whole garden . ( = through whichHe climbed up to the top of the temple, f rom where he could see nothing butt rees . ( = from the top of . . .That.s the place f rom where the river branches o

42、ut .比較:From where did he come ? ( where 是疑問代詞Where did you buy the book ? ( where 是疑問副詞大學(xué)英語語法講座與測試(第二版721 二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句兩個詞或三個詞構(gòu)成的固定短語動詞, 在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞分開放在關(guān)系代詞前, 如: listen to, look at , depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等。例如:Please tell me what you are listening to . (不說. . . to what you are

43、listeningThis is the girl whom he will take care of . (不說. . .of whom he will take care16是定語從句還是賓語從句who, whom 和which 等引導(dǎo)的從句, 可以是賓語從句, 也可以是定語從句, 應(yīng)加以區(qū)別。例如:He is the writer whowrote the book . 他就是寫這部書的那位作家。(只能是定語從句 Please tell Professor Wang who wrote the book .A . 請告訴寫這本書的王教授。(定語從句B . 請告訴王教授, 這本書是誰寫的。

44、(賓語從句Would you ask the woman who is singing in the room ?A . 你去問問正在房間里唱歌的那位婦女好嗎? (定語從句B . 你去問問那位婦女, 誰在房間里唱歌, 好嗎? (賓語從句17“介詞+ which”后接不定式短語作后臵定語, 相當(dāng)于一個定語從句Allow me half an hour in which to wash the clothes .He had no pretext on which to break his promise .He has a knife with which to de f end himsel

45、f .She has saved another thousand dollars with which to sup port her family .18 that 有時相當(dāng)于for which 或in which有時候, that 相當(dāng)于for which 或in which, 表示原因或方式。參閱下文。He apologized to her for the very reason that he had wronged her . ( that = for whichI wish you would see things in the light that we see them .

46、 ( that = in which二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1 . 關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句, 并在從句中分別表示時間、地點或原因等1關(guān)系副詞的意思相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which 結(jié)構(gòu)”(其用法分類列表如下關(guān)系副詞被替代的先行詞在從句中的作用when( = at , in , on , during which 表示時間的名詞時間狀語whe re ( = in , at which 表示地點的名詞地點狀語why( for which 只有reason 原因狀語He will always remember the day when( on which his father returned f

47、 rom America . 他將永遠記著父親從美國返回的那一天。This was the time when( at which she left for Beijing . 這就是她動身去北京的時間。The bookstore where( in which his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing . 他妹妹工作的那家書店是南京最大的。I don.t know the reason why ( for which he didn.t come to the meeting yesterday morning. 我不知道他為什么沒參加昨天

48、上午的會議。2關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時只起狀語作用, 既不能作動詞的賓語, 也不能作介詞的賓語新/ 世/ 紀/ 英/ 語/ 叢/ 書722 第十七講定語從句The man is said to come from a town where nobody knew . (誤The man is said to come from a town which nobody knew . (正That is the age in when people live in peace and happiness . (誤That is the age in which people live in peac

49、e and happiness . (正Do you know the reason why she did it for ? (誤Do you know the reason why she did it ? (正Note: 地點名詞后當(dāng)然可以接where 從句, 但其他如case, point , conditions , job 等表示“情況, 方面”等的名詞后亦可接where 從句, 這種用法的where 相當(dāng)于underwhich , f rom which 等, 意為“在這種情況下, 從.中”等。例如:There are some cases where this rule doe

50、s not hold good . 在某些情況下, 這條規(guī)則不適用。There are many instances where he is cool-headed . 他在許多情況下都是冷靜的。He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy . 他必須面對壓力很大的情況。They are in a di f f icult situation where all efforts seem futile . 他們的處境艱難, 似乎一切努力都是徒勞。I will show you the point where you fail .

51、我將指出你的失敗所在。This is a job where you can learn something . 從這項工作中你能學(xué)到一些東西。where 和in which 均可引導(dǎo)定語從句, 有時可以換用, 但含義并不完全相同。比較:That is the city where she grew up . (僅指一個地點, the city 可省That is the city in which she grew up . (強調(diào)“在.之內(nèi)”, the city 不可省. 但在下面的句子中, 只可用in which, 不可用where:She had only the long night

52、s in which to study . 她只有在漫漫長夜里才能學(xué)習(xí)。( in which 表示時間They hired two boats in which they came up to the source of the river . 他們租了兩條船, 乘船來到了那條河的源頭。( in which 表示乘船但when 有時可作關(guān)系代詞, 意為“那時”, 可作介詞賓語。例如:He left his hometown in 2002 and since when he has never come back . ( = sincethen2 . that 有時也可以代替關(guān)系副詞when,

53、 where, how 或why 引導(dǎo)定語從句, 表示時間、地點或原因, that 也可以省去This is the university that( where he studied at 20 years ago .這就是他20 年前求學(xué)的那所大學(xué)。(注意: 這句用where 時, 后不可用at Do you still remember the day that (when he arrived ? 你還記得他到達的那一天嗎?This is the second week that ( during which he hasn.t come for class . 這是他第二周沒來上課了

54、。The night that (when she left was rainy . 她離開的那天晚上下著雨。She knows the place that (where he stays . 她知道他呆在哪里。The speed that ( at which he is driving is 100 miles an hour . 他以每小時100 英里的速度行車。That is the manner that ( how he deceived her . 他就是那樣欺騙她的。I don.t like theway that( in which he did it . 我不喜歡他做這件

55、事的方式。The reason that (why he missed the train is that he got up late .3 . how 不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句大學(xué)英語語法講座與測試(第二版723 三、as在定語從句中的用法This is theway how he behaves . (誤. 如果要用how, 句子中就不能有先行詞?？梢哉f:This is how he behaves .This is the way he behaves .三、as 在定語從句中的用法1 . 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句在限制性定語從句中, as 多和such 或the same 連用, 構(gòu)成“suc

56、h . . .as”和“the same . . .as”結(jié)構(gòu), 可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。在“the same . . . as”結(jié)構(gòu)中,“as”也可以用“that”代替。例如:Such people as were recommended by him were reliable . 他所推薦的人是可靠的。(“as”作主語Such books as I have read are classical works . 我所讀過的書都是些經(jīng)典著作。(“as”作賓語I.ve never seen such a talented young man as he is. 我從未見過像他這樣才華橫

57、溢的年輕人。(“as”作表語I.d like to use the same tool as ( that is used here . 我想使用和這里用的一樣的工具。(“as”作主語. the same . . .that 雖然在結(jié)構(gòu)上與the same . . .as 相同, 但有時句意卻不一樣。比較: This is the same book as I read last week . 這和我上周讀的那本書是一樣的。This is the same book that I read last week . 這就是我上周讀的那本書。. 但如果先行詞表示抽象概念, 則沒有這種區(qū)別。例如:She told me the same story as( that she had told you . as 還可以用在so 和as 之后, 構(gòu)成“so . . .as , as . . .as”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)前面