英語_語法知識總結(jié)_33頁

1、中考英語語法知識難點(diǎn)大全英語語法知識難點(diǎn)（一）（一） 形容詞和副詞 I 要點(diǎn) A 形容詞 1、 形容詞的用法 形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)還可作狀語。如: He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting. 某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時(shí)，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多個(gè)形容詞作定

2、語修飾名詞的順序: 冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)（描述性）+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如: the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、 形容詞比較等級的形式 （1） 規(guī)則形式 一般說來，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er; -est 來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more, most.如: great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest important-more important-(the)most important （2）

3、不規(guī)則形式 good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least （3） 形容詞比較等級的用法 表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級+than. 如: He is cleverer than the other boys. This one is more beautiful than that one. 表示兩者以上的比較，用"the +形容詞最高級（+名詞）+of(in) "如: He is the cleverest boy in his class. 表

4、示兩者是同等水準(zhǔn)，用"as +形容詞原級+as". 如: He is as tall as I. I have as many books as you. 越 越 例如:The more I learn, the happier I am. You can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如:You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也然而分。 I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。 I have never had

5、 a better dinner. 這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。 My English is no better than yours. 我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。 B副詞 1、 副詞的種類 （1） 時(shí)間副詞 如:ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等 （2） 地點(diǎn)副詞 如:here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 （3） 方式副詞 如:carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, lo

6、udly, quickly, politely, nervously等。 （4） 水準(zhǔn)副詞 如:almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。 2、 副詞比較等級的用法 其用法與形容詞相似，僅僅副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如: Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully. We must work harder. 3、 某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別 （1） already, yet, still already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事發(fā)

7、生，主要用于否定句和疑問句；still表示某事還在實(shí)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句，有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如: We've already watched that film.I haven't finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.（2） too, as well, also, eithertoo, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：

8、He went there too.He didn't go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.(3) hard, hardlyhardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：I work hard every day.I can hardly remember that.(4) late, latelylately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：He never comes late.Have you been to the museu

9、m lately?II 例題例1 Tom's father thinks he is already _ A high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。例2 _ the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I takeC Taking more of the medicineD More medicine

10、 taken解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級+ , the +形容詞比較級+"意為越，越。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。 例3"I haven't been to London yet"."I haven't been there _".A too B also C either D neither解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。例4 Mr Smith w

11、as _ moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用于副詞時(shí)，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。（二） 介詞1、介詞和種類（1） 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。（2） 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of,

12、along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系（1） 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。（2） 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at（3） 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, ba

13、dly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the school.4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例（1） at, on, in（表時(shí)間）表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday

14、 morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。指長于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。（2） between, among（表位置）between僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，也用between, 如I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：He is the best among

15、the students.（3） beside, besidesbeside意為"在旁邊"，而besides意為"除之外"。如：He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?（4）in the tree, on the treein the tree 指動物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹葉長在樹上（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this wayon the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道by the way 指順便問一句

16、in this way 用這樣的方法（6）in the corner, at the cornerin the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外（7）in the morning, on the morningin the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨（8）by bus, on the busby bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車II 例題例1 Do you know any other foreign language_ English?A except B but C beside D b

17、esides解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了"，C-beside意為"在旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night.A on B at C in D during解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。例3 I'm looking forward _your

18、 letter.A to B in C at D on解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。（三） 連詞I 要點(diǎn)1、 連詞的種類（1） 并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。（2） 從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（引導(dǎo)定語從句

19、）。 2、 常用連詞舉例(1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night.(2) bothand 和， 既也Both my parents and I went there.(3) but 但是，而I'm sad, but he is happy.(4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么Either you're wrong, or I am.(5) for因?yàn)镮 asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.(6) however 然而，可是Af first, he didn'

20、t want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.(7) neithernor 既不也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且He not only sings well, but also dances well.(9) or 或者，否則Hurry up, or you'll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10) so 因此，所以It's getting late, s

21、o I must go.(11) although 雖然Although it was late, they went on working.(12) as soon as 一 就I'll tell him as soon as I see him.(13) because 因?yàn)镠e didn't go to school, because he was ill.（14）unless 除非，如果不I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.（15）until 直到He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動

22、詞用于not until 結(jié)構(gòu)) He stayed there until eleven.（16）while 當(dāng)時(shí)候，而 (表示對比)While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動詞)My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因?yàn)镠e was ill, for he didn't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來的)（18）since自從I have lived here since my uncle left.（19）hardly when 一 就I had hardly g

23、ot to the station when the train left.（20）as far as 就 來說As far as I know, that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)II 例題例1 John plays football _, if not better than, David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和一樣好為as well

24、 as. 故該題正確答案為B。例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A when B where C which D while解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。例3 Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise解析：該處意為"或

25、者"，正確答案為C。英語語法知識難點(diǎn)（二）（四）動詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)I 要點(diǎn)1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1） 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：The earth goes round the sun. 2、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，常與now, at present等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：What are you doing now? (2) 和always, c

26、ontinually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動作，常含有某種情感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般將來時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如：I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.We&

27、#39;re going to see a film next Monday.5、一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago. 6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動作。如：What were you doing this time yesterday?7、 過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。如：The train had already left before we arri

28、ved. 、一般過去將來時(shí)表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動作。如：He said he would come, but he didn't.、被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以give為例。 時(shí)式 一般 進(jìn)行 完成 現(xiàn)在 am is       given are am is     being are has   been given have   過去 was        

29、given were was   being given were   had been given 將來 shall         be given will    shall       have been given will 過去將來 should         be given would   should   &

30、#160;    have been given would II例題例 I learned that her father _ in 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解析：該題正確答案為。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。例 The five-year-old girl _ by her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D ha

31、s been looked解析：該題正確答案為。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動詞短語，而不能用于被動語態(tài)的句子中。（五）動詞虛擬語氣I 要點(diǎn)表示說的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。、 虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成 情景 條件從句的謂語動詞 主句的謂語動詞 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 動詞過去式 （be要用were） should          +動詞原形 would 與過去事實(shí)相反 had +過去分詞 should  

32、        +have+過去分詞 would 與將來事實(shí)相反 、動詞過去時(shí) 、should +動詞原形 、were to +動詞原形 should          動詞原形 would 注：如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如：Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.、 虛擬語氣在各

33、種從句的應(yīng)用（） 在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省) 動詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.It is a p

34、ity that he (should) be so careless.It is requested that we (should) be so careless.（） 在賓語從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：I suggest that we (should) go swimming.（） 在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語通常是

35、suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)動詞原形"。如：His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. （） 在同位語從句中，謂語形式是"(should)動詞原形"。如：We received order that the work be done at once.（） 在It is time that句型中，其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或 "should 動詞原形",shoul

36、d不可省。如：It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.II 例題例 We had hoped that he _ longer.A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay解析：該題正確答案為。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動詞還有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語氣例 "Mary wants to see you today"."I would rather she _ tomorrow than today

37、."A comes B came C should come D will come解析：該題正確答案為。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動詞過去時(shí)表示。例 Had she been older, she _ it better.A had done B might have doneC might do D would do解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故該題正確答案為。（六）短語動詞I 要點(diǎn)英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動詞，有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動

38、詞的特征。英語短語動詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：（） 動詞介詞常見的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：Don't laugh at others.I didn't care about it.（） 動詞副詞常見的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在

39、副詞后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please don't forget to hand it in.（） 動詞副詞介詞常見的有l(wèi)ook down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：All his money added up to no more than $100.After a short rest, he went on with his r

40、esearch work.（） 動詞名詞介詞常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.（） 動詞形容詞常見的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如： The pr

41、isoners were set free.He cut it open.（） 動詞名詞常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.（7）辨析give away(讓給，暴露) 和 give up（放棄，停止）put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （撲滅）turn up（出席，放大） 和 turn on （打開）keep out（阻止） 和 keep off （不讓靠近）make up（編

42、造，補(bǔ)上） 和 make out（辨認(rèn)）take off（脫，起飛） 和 take out（拿出）II 例題例 It is wise to have some money _ for old age.A put away B kept up C given away D laid up解析：該題正確答案為。意為"存"；keep up意為"繼續(xù)"；give away意為"分發(fā)"；lay up"貯藏"。例 Here's my card. Let's keep in _.A touch B relatio

43、n C connection D friendship解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"。例 _! There's a train coming.A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。（七）動詞不定式I 要點(diǎn)、 不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。 式語態(tài) 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been

44、 written 進(jìn)行式 to be writing   完成進(jìn)行式 to have been writing   、 不定式的句法功能（） 作主語To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如：It's nice to hear from you.It's not easy to be a good teacher.（） 作賓語通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate,

45、 begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.（） 作表語My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.（） 作定語不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：I have two letters to write.I have a lot of work to do.（） 作賓補(bǔ)通常用于want,

46、wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞后。如：He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his order.（） 作狀語He got up early to catch the first bus.He worked hard to catch up with the other students.（） 作獨(dú)立成分To tell you the truth, I told a lie.（） "疑問詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：

47、I don't know how to choose them.I cannot decide where to go.（9）不定式的否定式。如：I decided not to go.（10）不定式的完成式。如：He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.（11）tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He was too excited to go to sleep.He was only too glad to go.

48、(他太高興了，樂意去)（12）主動表被動。如：The book is easy to read.I have a book to read.II例題例 I haven't got a chair _.A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair. 因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必須是及物動詞，故此處on不能省略。例2 He was made _.A go B gone C going D to go解析：該題選D。m

49、ake sb. do sth. 如果是被動形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3 A new factory is _ very soon.A to be built B builtC to build D to building 解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。（八）動名詞I 要點(diǎn)動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。、 動名詞的形式，以write為例。 式 | 語態(tài) 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 否定式 not

50、 +動名詞、 動名詞的用法（） 作主語Playing football is my favorite sport.Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.作主語的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長時(shí)，可用it作形式主語。如：It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.（） 作賓語I enjoy playing PC game.He gave up writing five years ago.（） 作表語What he hated most was doing nothing.Seeing is believing.動名

51、詞作表語時(shí)，句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。（） 作定語There's a dining room in my school.All the people watching laughed.（） 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞（或名詞的所有格）+動名詞"。如：Tom's going home late made her mother angry.Would you mind my opening the window?不過，動名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下情況時(shí)，必須用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞的賓格）。無生命名詞The girls were afr

52、aid of the door suddenly closing.Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.有生命名詞，但表泛指。Have you ever heard of girls smoking?兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?3后面常接動名詞的動詞和短語mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, per

53、mit, be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,devote to doing, lead to doing II例題例 She says she doesn't feel like _ out with you.A going B to go C for going D went解析

54、：該題正確答案為A。 feel like = want, 此處like 為介詞，后面要接名詞或動名詞作賓語例 The garden needs _.A water B watering C to water D watered解析：該題正確答案為B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主語，此三者后要接動名詞或to be done這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。例 Excuse me _ you.A interrupting B to interrupt C interrupted D to have interrupted解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse 后接動名詞作賓語，此句中的m

55、e為動名詞的邏輯主語（常用于口語中）。 （九）分詞 I 要點(diǎn)分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩類?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表動作正在進(jìn)行，表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成，表被動。過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成，表主動。過去分詞的句法功能：、 作定語I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.、 作表語When

56、 I came into the room, I found the window was broken.I'm interested in this book.、 作賓語補(bǔ)足語I'm going to have my bike repaired.When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.4、作狀語Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his stude