生物醫(yī)學(xué)U3A學(xué)習(xí)資料

1、生物醫(yī)學(xué)U3AWhat kind of effective defense mechanism are mentioned in the video?Pre-reading Activities Q & AWhile-reading tasks IText Structure12-13Text StructureIntroductionDevelopment3. Fever(Para.4)2. Body Fluids/Cells(Para.3)1. The Skin and Body Linings(Para.2)4. Immune System(Para.5- ? ) a. Natu

2、ral Immunity (5-9) b. Acquired Immunity (10-13)13While-reading tasksII Text UnderstandingPara. 2: The Skin and Body LiningsHow do the pathogens penetrate through the outer layer of the skin?How can pathogens enter into the human body?How does the first line of defense fight against pathogens?4What i

3、s the ending of the pathogens after overcoming the first line of defense?Para. 3: Body Fluids / CellsHow does the body react to threats from invading organisms, foreign objects, and chemical irritants?How is the cell activity carried out?Para. 4: FeverWhat are the indications of an infection?What ca

4、uses a fever?What is the function of developing a fever?Paras.5-8: natural immune systemWhat are the operative protecting agents?How does an autoimmune disease occur?Para.9-11: TransitionWhen do people need ouside assistance in developing immunity?Under what conditions can giving vaccines become dan

5、gerous?In what way is Salk vaccine different from Sabin vaccine?Para. 12-13: active and passive immunityWhat does it mean by “active acquired immunity”?When do people need “passive immunity”?What is the characteristic of passive immunity?How are antibodies utilized for passive immunity obtained? “Th

6、ey must first overcome a number of effective barriers, many of which were established in the body prior to birth.” 他們必須首先突破多重有效的防御屏障。其中，多道屏障出生前就已經(jīng)建立起來了。Para.1: Introduction( ) In order to penetrate through the outer layer of skin, the pathogen must first survive the acidity of the skin.為了能穿過皮膚的外層，病原

7、體必須首先經(jīng)受住皮膚的酸性。 Having gained initial entry, the pathogen must then escape the internal mucosa of the body linings.一旦進(jìn)入人體，病原體然后必須避開襯于體腔的內(nèi)粘膜。Para. 2: The Skin and Body LiningsWhether threatened by an invading organism, a physical object, or a chemical irritant, the body reacts in a similar way to defe

8、nd itself.不管威脅是來自入侵微生物，某一物體，還是化學(xué)刺激物，人體都以相同的方式作出反應(yīng)以自我防衛(wèi)。The blood supply to the area increases, bringing more oxygen-carrying red blood cells known as erythrocytes to the area.這一區(qū)域的血量供應(yīng)增加,將更多的攜帶氧氣的紅細(xì)胞輸送過來。Para. 3: Body Fluids / Cellsit is()Specialized white blood cells known as leukocytes rush to the

9、 site of infection to fight the invading organism.Another type of white blood cell that is particularly effective in protecting the body, especially against bacterial infections, is the phagocyte.Meaning cells that eat, phagocytes rush to an infected area, engulf the invaders, and digest them.Para.

10、3: Body Fluids / Cells( )( )In addition to cell activity, various enzymes and compounds in the blood itself can kill an infectious organism by causing it to break open, destroying its cell wall, or preventing it from multiplying.除了細(xì)胞活動外，血液中的各種酶和化合物可通過使細(xì)菌開裂，摧毀細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁或阻止其繁殖等手段殺死感染細(xì)菌。Para. 3: Body Fluids

11、 / Cells “Cilia, tiny hairlike projections that move in a sweeping action toward body cavities, attempt to sweep offending microorganisms toward areas where they can be eliminated.” 纖毛是細(xì)小毛發(fā)狀的突起。它們以擺動方式朝體腔運動，試圖將侵犯人體的細(xì)菌（微生物）掃向可以消滅它們的區(qū)域。Para. 2: The Skin and Body Linings()()If the infection is localize

12、d, pus formation, redness, swelling, and irritation often occur.Fever is often caused by toxins secreted by the pathogens that interfere with the control of the body temperature.Para. 4: Fever( ) ( ) Para. 5 “If the above systems are breached, the body turns to its most powerful line of defense, the

13、 immune system.” 如果上述系統(tǒng)被突破，身體就會求助它最強(qiáng)大的防線-免疫系統(tǒng)。 “The body recognizes both the size and the shape of an invading antigen and produces specific antibodies that work to destroy or lessen the effects of the antigen.” 人體識別入侵抗原的大小和形狀并生產(chǎn)特定的抗體以消滅抗原或削弱其影響。Para. 5( )Elevations of body temperature by even 1 to

14、2 degrees provide an environment that destroys some types of disease-causing organisms.體溫升高僅僅1-2度就會提供摧毀某些致病菌的環(huán)境。Para. 4: Fever( ) Para. 8 “-because exposure to the outside world would have proved fatal. ” 虛擬語氣 -because if he had been exposed to the outside world, it would have proved fatal.“This for

15、m of artificial immunity is termed acquired immunity, as compared to natural immunity.” term: to name, call or describe as compared to: as opposed to, as versus 與自然免疫相對，這種人工的免疫被稱為獲得性免疫。Para. 9Para. 8 “Perhaps the most dramatic example of this was demonstrated in 1984, with the death of the bubble bo

16、y, a youngster who lived his life inside a protected environment because exposure to the outside world would have proved fatal. ” 給人印象最深刻的例子就是1984年“泡泡男孩”的去世。他一直生活在受保護(hù)的環(huán)境中, 因為接觸外部環(huán)境將是致命的。Para. 10“Although the Salk vaccine was tremendously effective, the oral vaccine developed a few years later by Albert Sabin, which consisted of weakened polio organisms produced in the laboratory, provided an even more powerful means of stimulating antibody production.” 雖然索爾克疫苗效果顯著，但是幾年后艾伯特.薩賓研發(fā)的口服疫苗提供了更加有力的方法以刺激抗體的產(chǎn)生。這種疫苗含有實驗室制造的已經(jīng)弱化的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病菌。()()()Para. 11“It was believed that the risk of contracting