第五章 句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換的譯法

1、第五章第五章句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換的譯法句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換的譯法v所謂句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換的譯法，是把句子的某一成分（如主語）譯成另一成分（如賓語等）。v在多數(shù)情況下，詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯必然導(dǎo)致句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯，例如：當(dāng)英語的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語的名詞或副詞時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞的謂語部分也就相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)移為漢語的主語、賓語或狀語等。v成分轉(zhuǎn)換的目的是使譯文通順，符合漢語習(xí)慣。例：vIt is because the bounding properties of one pair of electrons in the double bond are not fully saturated. 直譯：這是由于雙鍵上的一對(duì)電子的鍵合性質(zhì)是沒有充分飽和的性

2、質(zhì)。 更好：這是由于雙鍵上的一對(duì)電子不具有充分飽和的鍵合性質(zhì)。v分句主語：the bounding properties 轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語；v分句定語：one pair of electrons 轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語；v分句狀語：in the double bond 轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語；v分句表語：are saturated 轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語。5.1 主語的轉(zhuǎn)譯 5.1.1 轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語的賓語1. 被動(dòng)句譯為漢語的主動(dòng)句時(shí)，可將原文的主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語vWater can be shown as containing admixtures. 可以證明水含有雜質(zhì)。（主語賓語）2. There be 句型的轉(zhuǎn)譯vOrganic co

3、mpounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency to separate their molecules into ions. 有機(jī)化合物不溶于水，因?yàn)樗疀]有將它們的分子分離成離子的傾向。 （主語賓語）5.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語的謂語1. 當(dāng)主語為動(dòng)作性名詞，如care, need, attention, inspection, thought, attempt, improvement等，漢譯時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的謂語。vThe following definitions apply to the terms used in

4、 this specification. 本說明所用的一些術(shù)語定義如下。vEvaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. 蒸發(fā)著重于將溶液濃縮，而不是生成和析出晶體。2. 轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的判斷合成謂語 在英語中，當(dāng)用名詞作表語時(shí)，主語和表語所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容往往是一致的。漢譯時(shí)，主語可轉(zhuǎn)換為判斷合成謂語，即用判斷詞“是”和它后面的名詞等結(jié)合起來，對(duì)主語進(jìn)行判斷，共同作謂語。vMatter is anything having weight and o

5、ccupying space. 凡具有重量和占有空間的東西都是物質(zhì)。5.1.3 其它vMethane is less than half as heavy as water. 甲烷的重量不到水的一半。（主語定語）vAn atom of oxygen weights 16 times as much as an atom of hydrogen. 一個(gè)氧原子的質(zhì)量是一個(gè)氫原子質(zhì)量的16倍。（主語定語）vWhen a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte, very few of its atoms dissolve. 當(dāng)將銅

6、板片置于硫酸電解液中時(shí)，幾乎沒有銅原子溶解。（主語狀語）5.2 謂語的轉(zhuǎn)譯 vThus，an acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction因此，酸與堿的反應(yīng)是一個(gè)質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移的反應(yīng)。 （謂語主語）vThe past few decades have been characterized by prodigious expansion of the organic-chemical industry. 過去數(shù)十年的特征是有機(jī)化學(xué)工業(yè)得到了驚人的發(fā)展。 （謂語主語）vThe melting point of alkanes are rather

7、 irregular at first, but tend to rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger. 烷烴的熔點(diǎn)起初很不規(guī)則，但隨著分子的增大，則有些穩(wěn)步上升的趨勢(shì)。（謂語賓語） 5.3 賓語的轉(zhuǎn)譯 vTNT has high explosive power. TNT的爆炸力很大。（賓語主語）vIt is assumed that there is little if any leakage through the condensers. 可以設(shè)想，電容器即使漏電，也是很少的。 （賓語主語）vLight makes vi

8、sion possible. 有了光，才能看見東西。（賓語謂語）5.4 表語的轉(zhuǎn)譯 vMatter is anything that occupies space. 凡占有空間的都是物質(zhì)。（表語主語）vIn this sense structure analysis is common to most organic research. 從這個(gè)意義上講，結(jié)構(gòu)分析普遍應(yīng)用于大多數(shù)的有機(jī)研究。（表語主語）vThe formula for kinetic energy is applicable to any object that is moving. 動(dòng)能公式適用于任何運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體。 （賓語主語）

9、5.5 定語的轉(zhuǎn)譯 vThere are two groups of metals: pure metals and their alloys. 金屬有兩大類：純金屬及其合金。 （定語主語）vMany factors enter into equipment reliability. 涉及設(shè)備可靠性的因素很多。（定語謂語）vAutomatic machine having many advantages can only do the jobs they have been “told” to do. 自動(dòng)化機(jī)器雖然有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但它們只能干人們“吩咐”它們要干的事。 （定語狀語從句）vBenz

10、ene can undergo the typical substitution reactions of halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reaction. 苯可以進(jìn)行典型的取代反應(yīng)，如鹵化、硝化、磺化和傅氏反應(yīng)。（定語同位語）5.6 狀語的轉(zhuǎn)譯 vWhen oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid, a chemical reaction occurs. 當(dāng)水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸時(shí)，就發(fā)生了化學(xué)反應(yīng)。 （狀語主語）vWhen a spring is tightly stretched, it is ready to do work. 拉緊的彈簧隨時(shí)可以做功。 （狀語從句主語）vTNT is simple and relatively safe to manufacture. 制造TNT簡單而且比較安全。（狀語謂語）vIn the simplest chemical cell the ele