美國現(xiàn)實主義AmericanRealism學(xué)習(xí)教案

1、會計學(xué)1美國美國(mi u)現(xiàn)實主義現(xiàn)實主義American Realism第一頁，共38頁。ImaginationfictionalRealismReality truev. s第1頁/共38頁第二頁，共38頁。3第2頁/共38頁第三頁，共38頁。4第3頁/共38頁第四頁，共38頁。5第4頁/共38頁第五頁，共38頁。6第5頁/共38頁第六頁，共38頁。7第6頁/共38頁第七頁，共38頁。8第7頁/共38頁第八頁，共38頁。9第8頁/共38頁第九頁，共38頁?！癟he industrial North had triumphed over the agrarian South, and fr

2、om that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass consumption.”“an age of extremes”-“of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope”第9頁/共38頁第十頁，共38頁。第10頁/共38頁第十一頁，共38頁。第11頁/共38頁第十二頁，共38頁。The new intercontinental rail system, inaugurated in 1869, and the

3、transcontinental telegraph, which began operating in 1861, gave industry access to materials, markets, and communications. The constant influx of immigrants provided a seemingly endless supply of inexpensive labor as well.D. Social ProblemsD. Social ProblemsProblems of urbanization and industrializa

4、tion appeared: poor and overcrowded housing, unsanitary conditions, low pay (called wage slavery), difficult working conditions, and inadequate restraints on business.第12頁/共38頁第十三頁，共38頁。第13頁/共38頁第十四頁，共38頁。 American Realism 1. American Realism The American Civil War brought the Romantic Period in Ame

5、rican literature to its end, and realism, as a literary movement, came in the latter half of the nineteenth century and became a major trend in the 1870s and 1880s.第14頁/共38頁第十五頁，共38頁。16The three major realistic writers Mark TwainWilliam Dean HowellsHenry James第15頁/共38頁第十六頁，共38頁。Broadly defined as th

6、e faithful representation of reality or verisimilitude, realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class life.A. A. RealismReali

7、smB. American RealismB. American RealismIn American literature, the term realism encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century during which William Dean Howells, Rebecca Harding Davis, Henry James, Mark Twain, and others wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation

8、 and an exploration of American lives in various contexts. 第16頁/共38頁第十七頁，共38頁。a.American realists renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. b. American realists selectively present the reality with an emphasis on verisimilitude, even at the expense of a well-made plot.c. Character is more

9、 important than action and plot; his/her complex ethical choices are often the subject. Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive. They are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, and to their own past. 第17頁/共38頁第十八頁，共38頁。d. Class is importa

10、nt. The novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of middle class. (characters from all social levels are examined in depth).e. Events are usually plausible. Realistic novels avoid the sensational, dramatic elements of naturalistic novels and romances. f. Diction is natural vernac

11、ular, not heightened or poetic; tone being comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact. g. Objectivity in presentation becomes increasingly important: overt authorial comments or intrusions diminish as the century progresses. 第18頁/共38頁第十九頁，共38頁。A. They are instances of realism insofar as they depict contempor

12、ary life, use the speech of the common people, and avoid, in general, fantastic plotlines.B. There are also often a romantic flavor in regional and local color writings as they receive influences from Washington Irving and the frontier tradition of tall tales.第19頁/共38頁第二十頁，共38頁。A. A regional work re

13、lies on the cultural, social and historical settings. If the setting is removed, the work is destroyed. B. Local color writings are just as dependent upon a specific geographical location, but they give more emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, customs, beliefs and sp

14、eech. Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writing. 第20頁/共38頁第二十一頁，共38頁。a. Henry James (18431916), Daisy Miller (1878), The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902) and The Art of Fictionb. William Dean Howells (18371920), The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) and C

15、riticism and Fictionc. Mark Twain (18351910), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Life on the Mississippi (1883)第21頁/共38頁第二十二頁，共38頁。第22頁/共38頁第二十三頁，共38頁。- born in Hannibal, Missouri- apprenticed to a printer- a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi- fought in

16、the Civil War -went to the silver fields of Nevada- joined the staff of Territorial Enterprise- began his career as a frontier humorist第23頁/共38頁第二十四頁，共38頁。Innocents Abroad (1869);Roughing it (1872);The Gilded Age (1873);The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884);Li

17、fe on the Mississippi (1883) .第24頁/共38頁第二十五頁，共38頁。a. His works sum up the tradition of Western humor and frontier realism. b. He writes about his people and his own life. c. His greatest achievement on literature is his use of the dialect and his portrayal of the locale. 第25頁/共38頁第二十六頁，共38頁。In thema

18、tic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.Technically, Howells wrote in the vein of genteel realism, James pursued an “imaginative” treatment

19、of reality or psychological realism, but Mark Twains contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.第26頁/共38頁第二十七頁，共38頁。A. Plot SummaryMark Twains classic novel,

20、 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, tells the story of a teenaged misfit who finds himself floating on a raft down the Mississippi River with an escaping slave, Jim. In the course of their perilous journey, Huck and Jim meet adventure, danger, and a cast of characters who are sometimes menacing and

21、 often hilarious. 第27頁/共38頁第二十八頁，共38頁。a. Huckleberry Finn: Main character of the book. He is an illegitimate child who runs away from his adopted family to be free of society and civilization. b. Jim: Miss Watsons slave. He runs away and journeys down the Mississippi River with Huck. Together, they

22、have many adventures, and Jim becomes a father figure for Huck. 第28頁/共38頁第二十九頁，共38頁。d. Widow Douglas: Adopts Huck to try and civilize him. e. Miss Watson: Sister of the Widow Douglas. She tries to teach Huck religion and how to spell. f. Pap: Hucks drunkard father. He kidnaps Huck because he wants h

23、is money, but Huck escapes. c. Tom Sawyer: Hucks best friend who freely spins lies and loves adventure. 第29頁/共38頁第三十頁，共38頁。The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the wi

24、dow was in all her ways; and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respec

25、table. So I went back. (Chapter I) Paragraph Analyses道格拉斯寡婦認(rèn)我做干兒子，說要教我做人的規(guī)矩；可是只要想想這寡婦為人道格拉斯寡婦認(rèn)我做干兒子，說要教我做人的規(guī)矩；可是只要想想這寡婦為人處世多古板、多正經(jīng)，就能明白一天到晚呆在她屋里真是活受罪；所以到了我處世多古板、多正經(jīng)，就能明白一天到晚呆在她屋里真是活受罪；所以到了我再也受不了的時候再也受不了的時候(sh hou)，我就溜啦。我又穿上原來的破衣爛衫，重新躲到，我就溜啦。我又穿上原來的破衣爛衫，重新躲到我那只大木桶里，真是自在逍遙，可湯姆我那只大木桶里，真是自在逍遙，可湯姆索亞找到我，說

26、他要成立一個強(qiáng)盜幫索亞找到我，說他要成立一個強(qiáng)盜幫，如果我肯回到寡婦那兒做一個受人尊敬的人，我可以加入這個幫、于是我就，如果我肯回到寡婦那兒做一個受人尊敬的人，我可以加入這個幫、于是我就回去了。回去了。第30頁/共38頁第三十一頁，共38頁。Well, you see, it uz dis way. Ole missus-dats Miss Watson-she pecks on me all de time, en treats me pooty rough, but she awluz said she wouldn sell me down to Orleans. But I notic

27、ed dey wuz a nigger trader roun de place considable lately, en I begin to git oneasy. Well, one night I creeps to de do pooty late, en de do warnt quite shet, en I hear old missus tell de widder she gwyne to sell me down to Orleans, but she didn want to, but she could git eight hundd dollars for me,

28、 en it uz sich a big stack o money she couldn resis. (Chapter VIII)“好吧，聽我說，事情是這樣的。老小姐好吧，聽我說，事情是這樣的。老小姐就是說華珍小姐就是說華珍小姐她從早到晚挑剔我她從早到晚挑剔我對我可兇啦對我可兇啦不過她老說，她不會把我賣到下游奧爾良那里去。不過我注意不過她老說，她不會把我賣到下游奧爾良那里去。不過我注意到，最近到，最近 有一個黑奴販子，老在這里走動，我就心神不定。啊，一天晚上，我有一個黑奴販子，老在這里走動，我就心神不定。啊，一天晚上，我偷偷到了門口偷偷到了門口(mnku)，那是很，那是很 晚了，門沒有關(guān)緊

29、，我聽到老小姐告訴寡斧婦晚了，門沒有關(guān)緊，我聽到老小姐告訴寡斧婦，說她要把我賣到下游奧爾良去。說她本不愿意賣，不過賣了能得八百塊大洋，說她要把我賣到下游奧爾良去。說她本不愿意賣，不過賣了能得八百塊大洋，這么大的一個數(shù)目，她不能不動心。，這么大的一個數(shù)目，她不能不動心。 第31頁/共38頁第三十二頁，共38頁。And at last, when it hit me all of a sudden that here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness

30、was being watched all time from up there in heaven, whilst I was stealing a poor old womans nigger that hadnt ever done me no harm, and now was showing me theres One thats always on the lookout, and aint a-going to allow no such miserable doings to go only just so fur and no further. I most dropped

31、in my tracks I was so scared. 到后來，我突然之間猛然醒悟了，認(rèn)識到這明明是上帝到后來，我突然之間猛然醒悟了，認(rèn)識到這明明是上帝(Shngd)的手在打我的耳的手在打我的耳光，讓我明白，我的種種邪惡始終逃不開在天上的眼睛。一個可憐的老婦人平生光，讓我明白，我的種種邪惡始終逃不開在天上的眼睛。一個可憐的老婦人平生從沒有損害過我一根毫毛，我卻把她的黑奴拐跑，為了這個，上帝從沒有損害過我一根毫毛，我卻把她的黑奴拐跑，為了這個，上帝(Shngd)正指正指引著我，讓我明白什么都逃不過引著我，讓我明白什么都逃不過“他他”那高懸的明鏡，那高懸的明鏡，“他他”決不允許這類不幸決不允許

32、這類不幸的事再發(fā)展下去，只能到此為止。一想到這些，我差點就跌倒在地，委實嚇得不的事再發(fā)展下去，只能到此為止。一想到這些，我差點就跌倒在地，委實嚇得不得了啦。得了啦。第32頁/共38頁第三十三頁，共38頁。Well, I tried the best I could do to kinder soften it up somehow for myself by saying I was brung up wicked, and so I warnt so much to blame; but something inside of me kept saying, “There was the S

33、unday School, you could a gone (could have gone) to it; and if youd a done it theyd a learnt you there that people that acts as Id been acting about that nigger goes to everlasting fire.” (Chapter XXXI)于是，我就想方設(shè)法地試圖為自己開脫。我對自個兒說：我從小就在邪惡的于是，我就想方設(shè)法地試圖為自己開脫。我對自個兒說：我從小就在邪惡的環(huán)境中長大，因此不能過于怪罪我啊。不過，在我的心里，還有另外一個

34、聲環(huán)境中長大，因此不能過于怪罪我啊。不過，在我的心里，還有另外一個聲音在不停地說，音在不停地說，“還有主日學(xué)校哩。你本該到那兒去。要是你早去的話，他還有主日學(xué)校哩。你本該到那兒去。要是你早去的話，他們會在那兒教導(dǎo)們會在那兒教導(dǎo)(jiodo)你的嘛，教導(dǎo)你的嘛，教導(dǎo)(jiodo)你說，誰要像我那樣為了黑奴你說，誰要像我那樣為了黑奴所干的這一切，是要下地獄受到永恒的烈火的煎熬的。所干的這一切，是要下地獄受到永恒的烈火的煎熬的。第33頁/共38頁第三十四頁，共38頁。It was a close place. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was a

35、- trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: All right, then, Ill GO to hell-and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming. (Chapter XXXI)這真叫我難做。我拿起紙捏在手里。我渾身哆嗦，因為我得在兩種做法中做出決定，從此這真叫我難做。我拿起紙捏在手里。我渾身哆嗦，因為我得在兩種做法中做出決定，從此定局，這一點我心里明白。我?guī)缀跗磷?，琢磨了一陣兒，然后對自己說：定局，這一點我心里明白。我?guī)缀跗磷?，琢磨了一陣兒，然后對自己說：“好吧，我就下地獄吧。好吧，我就下地獄吧?！蔽野鸭埶毫?。我把紙撕了。這是