中考語法專題復習介詞及介詞短語

1、 中考語法復習介詞及介詞短語【考點直擊】1. 常用介詞及其詞組的主要用法及意義2. 介詞表示時間、方位、方式別的基本用法3. 一些易混介詞的辨析【語法講解】 介詞的功能介詞是一種虛詞，用來表示名詞或相當于名詞的其它詞語句中其它詞的關(guān)系，不能單獨使用。介詞可與名詞或相當于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語可在句中作定語，狀語，表語和賓語補足語。例如：The boy over there is Johns brother. (定語)The girl will be back in two hours.  (狀語)Our English teacher is from Australia.

2、 (表語)Help yourself to some fish.   (賓語補足語) 介詞和種類(1) 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。(2) 復合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。不同介詞的用法（1）表時間的介詞1）at, in on表示時間點用at。例如：at six oclock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個世紀，某年，某月，某個季節(jié)以及

3、早晨，上午，下午，晚上時，用in。例如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上時，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。2） since, after由since和after 引導的詞組都可表示從過去某一點開始的時段，但since詞組表示的時段一直延續(xù)到說話的時刻，因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。而after詞組所表示的時段純系過去，因而要與一般過

4、去時連用。例如：I havent heard from him since last summer.After five days the boy came back.3） in, afterin與將來時態(tài)連用時，表示“過多長時間以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段時間的詞語。After與將來時態(tài)連用時，后面只能跟表示時間點的詞語。After與過去時態(tài)連用時，后面才能跟表示一段時間的詞語。例如：He will be back in two months.He will arrive after four oclock.He returned after a month.（2）表示地點的介詞1

5、）at, in, onat一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某個范圍之內(nèi)；on往往表示“在某個物體的表面”。例如：He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.They arrived at a small village before dark.There is a big hole in the wall.The teacher put up a picture on the wall.2） over, above, onover, on和above都可表示“在上面”，但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under。 above也

6、表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。On指兩個物體表面接觸，一個在另一的上面。例如：There is a bridge over the river.We flew above the clouds.    They put some flowers on the teachers desk.3） across, throughacross和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”，但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān)，表示動作在某一物體的表面進行。Through的含義與in有關(guān)，表示動作是在三維空間進行。例如：The dog

7、 ran across the grass.The boy swam across the river.They walked through the forest. I pushed through the crowds.4) in front of, in the front ofin front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某個范圍以外；in the front of 表示“在的前部”，在某個范圍以內(nèi)。例如：There are some tall trees in front of the building.The teacher is sitting in the f

8、ront of the classroom.常用介詞的用法辨析一. at/ in /on .1.表示時間：1).表示某一具體時間點，某一時刻/ 年齡at six oclock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night2)in表示時間段,一天的三個時間段以及月份,年,季節(jié),世紀,人生的某個時期(某人幾十歲時)in the morning/afternoon /eveningin spring /in 2007/in Marchin the twenty-first centuryin his fifties3)on表示星期

9、幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或后有修飾語時.On Monday on New Years Day on Sunday morning on a rainy nighton the evening of April 1st ,20072表地點:1)at 一般指較小的地點或較具體的位置 at the station at the cinema2)in 表示在較大的地點或一個有限空間里.in China in the classroom3)on 指在某物體的表面上.on the desk注意:寫街道時,若有門牌號用at ,否則用on / in

10、都可.He lives at 270 DongChangan Street.二.介詞in /on / to 表方位:1.in表示A地在B地范圍之內(nèi).(包含關(guān)系)Tanwan is _ the southeast of China .2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切關(guān)系)Hubei is _ the north of Hunan .3.to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距.(外離關(guān)系)Japan is _ the east of China .三. between / among 在之間1.between :指兩者之間. 在.之間.2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之間. 在之中.You si

11、t _ him and me .The song is popular _ the students.四.after / in 在之后1. after1)after + 時間段. 表示以過去某一時刻為起點的一段時間之后, 用于過去時.2)after 作介詞. after doing sth2.in +一段時間. 表示說話時或以現(xiàn)在為起點的將來一段時間之后.用于將來時.He came back _ two days .He will go home_finishing his homework .He will come back _ two days .    &

12、#160; |五.with / in / by 表示 “用”1.with 表示 “用” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官.He cut the apple into halves _ a knife .注: with 表伴隨, “帶有,含有”He came in _ a big smile on his face .2.in表示用某種語言,方式,途徑. 或書寫/繪畫所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.Can you say it _English ?He wrote a letter _ blue ink .3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法I study for a te

13、st _ working with a group .He makes a living _ selling newspapers .注意: 同義詞組1).by phone = on the phone2).by car = in a car3).in pen = with a pen = with pens六.across / through / over / by 經(jīng)過1.across 指橫穿,穿過. 表示動作從某一物體表面上經(jīng)過.2.through 指穿過,透過,表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過.3.over 表示從某人或某物的上空經(jīng)過或越過,不與表面接觸.4.by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經(jīng)過.

14、Can you swim _ the river ?the elephant is so big that it cant go _ the gate .I dont think anyone can jump _ the fence.I walked _ the bank of China yesterday .        |七.in front of / in the front of1.in the front of 表示在.內(nèi)部的前面2.in front of 表示在外面的前面There is a desk in

15、 _ front of our classroom .There is a big tree in _ front of our classroom.八.其它介詞的用法：1.at的其它用法.1).表示 “從事或正在做某事”,其后加的名詞往往不加冠詞.She is at work now = She is working now .2)at表示 “價格或速度”The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .2.in的其它用法:1)in表示 “在方面”詞組:do well in = be good at be weak in2)in 表示 “穿著”后接表顏色的詞或

16、衣服.詞組: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服3)in作副詞, “在家” = at home3.like 的用法:1).像/和一樣. 常與系動詞連用.詞組: look like sound like2).與what 連用, “是什么樣子, 怎樣”.What is he like ? He is kind .4.off的用法:1).從下來, 脫離某物體.詞組: fall off2).“休假”通常放在時間名詞之后.詞組: have +時間+ offHe hasnt had a night off for two hours .5.except / besides1).excep

17、t 除了.之外, 都. . 不包括在范圍之內(nèi).注: nothing but 除了之外,什么也沒有.2).besdies除了之外,還有 . 包括在范圍之內(nèi).We all went swimming _ Lucy .There is _ a letter in the box .We study Japanese and French_ English .6.with / without1).with具有,含有 -反義詞: without 沒有 詞組: with the help of = with ones help =because of = thanks towithout ones hel

18、p2).without 的用法:A).without + sb./ sth. 沒有某人或某物B).without + doing sth .He left here without_(say ) “Goodbye”to usC). without sth 常與if 引導的否定的條件句.If there is no water , we cant live .= We cant live _ _ .        |7.on the tree /in the treeon the tree 表示 “樹上本身長的東西” 在樹上.

19、 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進入樹中” 人或物在樹上.There are some apples _ the tree .There is a boy _ the tree.8.since / for注: since / for 用于現(xiàn)在完成時.1).since :a).since +時間點b). 現(xiàn)在完成時+ since +一般過去時c).since +一段時間+ ago.2)for: for +一段時間= since +一段時間+ ago9.be made +介詞的區(qū)別:be made of 由制成 (看得見原材料)be made from由制成 (看不見原材料)be m

20、ade in +地點 由哪兒生產(chǎn)be made by sb. 由某人制造10.表示 “數(shù)量的介詞”about , round around over1). about , round around表示 “大約”2).over 表示 “超過”= more than.11.inside / outsideInside 在里面 -反義詞:outside在.外面12.in the wall /on the wallin the wall 表示“門窗在墻上” on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在墻上”九.不用介詞的情況:1).當時間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday,

21、tomorrow 等時,不用介詞.What are you going to do tonight ?2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時間狀語.He went to Wuhan last week .3).以all 開頭的時間狀語前面不用介詞.He has worked all day .4).以some ,any, one 等構(gòu)成的時間狀語前不用介詞.介詞短語 介詞和動詞、形容詞或名詞相結(jié)合后，形成復合詞，有特定的意思。如下： （1） 動詞+介詞（如：talk about，look at） （2） Be動詞+形容詞

22、+介詞（如：be kind of） （3） 介詞+名詞（如：at home，on foot，in time） 動詞+介詞 look up查看，查（字典）； play with sth.玩某物（玩耍）Dont play with fire.別玩火。 think of想起，想到；hear from sb.收到某人的信； talk about sth.談?wù)撃呈?；talk to/with sb.和某人談?wù)摚?look at注視；listen to傾聽；call on sb.拜訪某人； arrive at/in 到達；take care of照顧；wait for等待；look for尋找。 addto

23、 加到上 agree with 同意(某人) arrive at(in) 到達 ask for 詢問 beginwith 從開始 believe in 相信 break into 闖入 break off 打斷 break out 爆發(fā) bring down 降低 bring in 引進 bring up 教育，培養(yǎng) build up 建起 burn down 燒光 call back 回電話 call for 要求約請 call in 召來 call on 拜訪 訪問 care for 喜歡 carry on 繼續(xù)開展 carry out 實行開展 check out 查明 結(jié)帳 clear

24、 up 整理，收拾 come about 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生 come across (偶然)遇見 come out 出來 come to 共計 達到 comparewith 與比較 compare to 比作 cut off 切斷 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 獻于 die out 滅亡 divide up 分配 dream of 夢想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以為食 get down to 專心于 get through 通過 give in 讓步，屈服 give out 分發(fā) give up 放棄 go abro

25、ad 出國 go against 反對 go on with 繼續(xù) go through 瀏覽 grow up 生長 hand down 傳下來 hear about 聽說 hold out 伸出 join up 連接起來 keep off 讓開，不接近 keep on 繼續(xù) lead to 導致 live on 靠為生 look down upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望 look into 調(diào)查 look out 當心 look(a) round 仔細查看 set off 動身 set up 建立 show off 炫耀 shut up 住口 speed up 加速

26、stand for 代表，象征 stick to 堅持 suffer from 遭受 talk of 談?wù)?think of 考慮，想起 try out 試驗 turn down 調(diào)低 turn off 關(guān)掉 worry about 擔心 Be動詞+形容詞+介詞 be kind to對（某人）親切；be good at在做得好；擅長于 be late for遲到；be afraid of害怕；be sorry for sth.為抱歉； be absent from缺席；be proud of以為自豪； be found of 喜歡 be full of 充滿 be interested in

27、對有興趣 be keen on 熱衷于 be confident in 對有信心 be short of 缺乏 be sick of 厭惡 be proud of 對感到驕傲 be loyal to 對忠誠 be ashamed of 為感到羞恥 be worried about 為擔心 be aware of 意識到 be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和不同 be famous for 因而出名 介詞+名詞 1)英語中有大量成語由介詞構(gòu)成，單是一些常用介詞就可構(gòu)成大量成語： at: at a stretch 一連，連續(xù)地 at a time 一次，每

28、次 at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一見(鐘情) at first 最初，開始時 at heart 在內(nèi)心 at home 在家，隨便 at last 最后 at least 至少 at length 最后,詳細地 at most 至多 at once 立即，同時 at peace(war) 處于和平(戰(zhàn)爭)狀態(tài) at play(work) 在玩耍(工作) at present 現(xiàn)在，目前 at random 隨意地，胡亂地 at the risk of 冒的風險 at the same time (與此)同時 at the start 一開頭 at the time

29、 此刻，這時 at times 有時候 at will 任意地 by: by accident 偶然 by air 航空 by all means 想一切辦法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飛機等) by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票 by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天 by day(night) 白天(夜間) by force 靠武力 by mistake 錯誤地，誤把 by turns 輪流 by surprise 突然，出其不意 by the way 順便說一句 in: in a sense 從某種意義上說 in addit

30、ion(to) 此外(除之外) in advance 事前 in all 總共 in any case (event) 不管怎樣，反正 in brief 簡而言之 in case 要是，如果 in case of 在情況下 in comparison 比較起來 in danger 處于危險中 in debt 負債 in demand 有需求 in detail 詳細地 in fact 實際上 in general 一般說來 in ones opinion 在(某人)看來 in order to (that) 以便，為了 in other words 換句話說 in part(s) 部分地 in

31、 person 親自 in practice 實際上 in public(private) 公開(私下)地 in regard to 關(guān)于 in short 總之 in the end 最后 in the middle of 在中間 in time 及時地，經(jīng)過一段時間 in vain 白白地，沒有結(jié)果 on: on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人) on board 在船(飛機)上 on condition 在條件下 on duty 值班 on fire 著火 on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕，值班 on hand 在身邊 on holiday

32、 在休假 on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售 on strike 罷工 on the contrary 相反 on the way 在路上 on time 準時 on the top of 在上面 on the run 正在逃竄 out of: out of action 失靈 out of breath 氣喘吁吁 out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脫離危險 out of doors 在戶外 out of fashion 不時新 out of hand 失去控制 out of order 壞了 out of reach 無法得到(拿到) ou

33、t of sight 看不見 out of temper 發(fā)脾氣 out of question 不可能 out of touch(with) 和失去聯(lián)系 out of tune 走調(diào) out of use 不再使用 out of work 失業(yè) 2)有些介詞夾在名詞之間構(gòu)成成語： day after day 日復一日地 year after year 年復一年 one after another 一個接一個地 one by one 一個接一個 little by little 一點一點地 side by side 并肩 step by step 一步步地 face to face 面對面 a

34、rm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牽手地 day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地 day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天 heart to heart 互相交心的 3)還有一些成語包含兩個介詞： from beginning to end 從頭至尾 from bad to worse 越來越糟 from time to time 不時地 from head to foot 渾身 from morning to night 從早到晚 from start to finish 從頭至尾 from d

35、oor to door 挨門挨戶地 from place to place 到各地 from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (書面) 全部地，從頭至尾 【實例分析】1He has been late for school three times _ the morning of last Friday.  A. in   B. on   C. since   D. until分析：本題介詞的選擇取決于謂語動詞所用的時態(tài)。謂語

36、動詞用了現(xiàn)在完成時，與之相對應(yīng)的介詞應(yīng)當是since。答案  C2I forgot to bring the key _ my office.  A. of   B. for   C. with   D. to分析：在英語中，表達“門的鑰匙”、“練習的答案”要用key這個詞，它需要用介詞to與后面的名詞連用，這是習慣用法。其他的例子還有：an answer to the question 問題的答案，a reply to our letter 對我們信的答復，the entrance

37、to the building 大樓入口處，the monument to the heroes 英雄紀念碑，等等。答案  D3. Youll get one thousand dollars _. A after all B at all C in all D all together分析： “after all”意為“到底”、“畢竟”、“終于”；“at all”通常與“not”連用，意為“完全不”、“一點也不”；“in all”通常用于數(shù)量詞后面，意為“總共”，同義詞是“altogether”。所以本題答案應(yīng)該選“C”?！菊n堂作業(yè)】I. 用適當?shù)慕樵~填空。1.Im sorry I

38、 cant say it _ Chinese.2.Do you usually go to school _bike?3.Look, the farmer is carrying apples _ a truck.4.Is anyone _ home?5.Please look _my bird when Im away.6.Are Jim and Li Lei _ the same class?7.There is a hole _ the wall.8.  _ the beginning of thi

39、s term, I met my new friend, Jim .9.There are a few leaves _the tree.10.The girl _ the red coat is my sister.11.Could you give an orange _ me?12.Its time to go _bed.13.I can see a bottle _ orange.14.Put the basket _ there.15.Whats wrong _ your watch?16.One _&#

40、160;the students is in the classroom. 17.I think the shop is closed _ this time of day.18.My father teaches English _  a school.19.We have lunch _  the middle of the day.20.You can buy some school things _  your way home.21.I was born _ July 1st, 1982 .22.May

41、I borrow a pencil _ you?23.Dont sleep _ the open air.24.I often help my mother _ the housework.25.Its time _ school.26.I have quite a lot _homework to do.27.Whats the time ? Its half _ five.28.Ducks are good _ swimming.29.What are you talking _?30.He is sitting _&#

42、160;the front of the car.31.The eraser was passed _ one student _ another.32.Did you live _Beijing in 1997?33.When did you arrive _ the village?34.I think Mary is _ duty today.35.Eating too much isnt good _ your health.36.Im afraid he is _ the cinema _ the moment.37.Thanks _

43、 asking me to your party.38.My watch is very different _ yours.39.Whats the weather _ today?40.The student is asking his teacher _the sports meeting.II.選擇填空。(   )41. _ the money, she bought a new coat _ her father.A. With, for     B. With, to

44、60;     C. For, with     D. To, with (   )42. The beautiful bottle was made _ glass.A. from         B. in          C. of       

45、60;   D. by (   )43. This is a map_China.A. in           B. at          C. of           D. on (   )44. A group_ boys and girl

46、s are dancing in the park.A. with         B. of         C. for           D. to(   )45. Tom always comes late_school.A. at      

47、60;    B. inside      C. to            D. for (   )46. Mr. Smith caught hold_ Bob and said, "This is a good lesson_ you.A. of, for         B. for, of&

48、#160;     C. of, of        D. for; for (   )47. The shop_ clothes is _the right side _ the street.A. of, at, beside    B. for, on, at   C. for, on, of    D. of, in, of   (   )

49、48 .Its hot _summer in Beijing .A .by   B .on     C .at    D .in(   )49 .China is famous _ her Great Wall .A .as   B .for     C .to    D .of (   )50 .These knives ar

50、e made _ metal and wood .A .from  B .of     C .by    D .in(   )51 .My father returned at 10 oclock _ of June 15.A .in the night  B .by the night    C .on the night   D .at night(   )52

51、. _ your help, we finished the work on time.A .Thanks   B .Thanks of  C .Thank for  D .Thanks to(   )53. China built a Great Wall _ the northern part _the country.A. to, in   B. across, of  C. across, on &

52、#160;D. at, of(   )54. He often mistakes me _my brother.A .to    B .as   C .for   D .with(   )55. The woman _a red dress is my aunt.A .in    B .at    C .of   D .on( 

53、  )56. I remember Susan left _a very cold morning of January.A .in    B .on   C .at    D .from(   )57. Thank you very much _lending the eraser _ me.A. for, at   B. to, to   C. for, to &

54、#160; D. to, for(   )58. Dont tell anybody about it .Keep it _ you and me.A .among   B .between   C .in    D .with(   )59. I enjoy reading, but I cant _much time _ it.A. spend, on   B. pay, in  &

55、#160;C. take, in  D. cost, on(   )60. No one can stop her _ leaving for Shanghai.A .of    B .from   C .to    D .for參考答案                 

56、0;               介   詞1 .in  2 .by  3 .with  4 .at  5 .after  6 .in  7 .in  8 .At  9 .on  10 .in  11 .to 12 .to  13 .of  14 .over  15 .With  16 .of

57、60; 17 .at  18 .in  19 .in  20 .on  21 .on 22 .from 23 .in  24 .with  25 .for  26 .of  27 .past  28 .at  29 .about  30 .in  31 .from ,to 32 .in  33 .at  34 .on  35 .for  36 .at ,at  37 .for  38 .from  39 .

58、like  40 .about  41-45 ACCBC  46-50   ACDBB  51-55 CDBCA  56-60 BCBAB 【家庭作業(yè)】一、用適當?shù)慕樵~填空：1. You can find the post office _ a fruit shop and a book shop.2. We have friends all _ the world.3. You have to write a line _ the last name _ the book.4. The answer _ the question was quite difficult.5. The children are not allowed to look _ _ the window in class.6. They have stayed in the ho